Chronological summary of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia against the Persian Empire of king Darius III, with indication of the countries/places visited or simply crossed, including the most important battles/sieges and the cities founded (Alexandrias). The events of the expedition are shown in chronological order. For each event is given, separated by ― : 1) Date of event, 2) Places/cities crossed, indicated by Ancient name (Present name, Country), 3) Regions, provinces or Persian satrapies of the places/cities crossed, with indication of their capital cities (where appropriate).

Expedition

Date	Event	Source
April 334 B.C.	Departure of the expedition from Amphipolis Amphipolis Amphipolis was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day region of Central Macedonia. It was built on a raised plateau overlooking the east bank of the river Strymon where it emerged from Lake Cercinitis, about 3 m. from the Aegean Sea. Founded in...  (Greece)
May 334	Troy (Turkey)―Troades, capital city
May 334	Battle of the Granicus Battle of the Granicus The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire...  River (Biga Çay, near Dimetoka, Turkey)―Hellespontine Phrygia (capital city Dascylium (Ergili), captured by Parmenion Parmenion Parmenion was a Macedonian general in the service of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, murdered on a suspected false charge of treason.... )
Jun 334	Sardes (near Salihli, Turkey)―Lydia, capital city
Jun 334	Ephesus (Turkey)―Ionia
Jul 334	Siege of Miletus Siege of Miletus The Siege of Miletus was Alexander the Great's first naval encounter with the Achaemenid Empire. This minor siege was directed against the inhabitants of Miletus, a city in southern Ionia, in Caria. Which is now located in the Anatolia province of modern-day Turkey. It was captured by Parmenion's...  (Turkey)―Ionia, capital city
Sep 334	Siege of Halicarnassus Siege of Halicarnassus The Siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC. Alexander, who had no navy, was constantly being threatened by the Persian navy. It continuously attempted to provoke an engagement with Alexander, who would have none of it. Eventually,...  (Bodrum, Turkey)―Caria, capital city
?	Lycia (Turkey)―Lycia (capital city Xanthos)
Dec 334	Phaselis (near Kemer, Turkey)―Pamphylia
?	Termessos (Turkey)―Pamphylia
Jan 333	Perge (modern Murtina, near Aksu, Turkey)―Pamphylia, capital city
?	Aspendos (near Serik, Turkey)―Pamphylia
?	Side (near Manavgat, Turkey)―Pamphylia
?	Kelainai (near Dinar, Turkey)―Pisidia (capital city Sagalassos)
Apr 333	Gordion (Yassihöyük, near Polatli, Turkey)―Great Phrygia, capital city
?	Ankyra (Ankara, Turkey)―Cappadocia (capital city Comana (Kayseri))
?	Cilician Gates (Turkey)―Cilicia
Sep 333	Cydnos River (Tarsus Çayi River, Turkey )―Cilicia
Sep 333	Tarsus (Turkey)―Cilicia, capital city
Oct 333	Soli (Mezetlu, west of Mersin, Turkey)―Cilicia
Nov 333	Battle of Issus Battle of Issus The Battle of Issus occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC. The invading troops, led by the young Alexander of Macedonia, defeated the army personally led by Darius III of Achaemenid Persia in the second great battle for primacy in Asia... , Pinarus River (Payas River, near Dörtyol, Turkey)―Cilicia
Nov 333	Alexandretta or Alexandria near Issus (Iskenderun, Turkey)―Cilicia
Dec 333	Aradus Island (Arwad, 3 km off the Syrian coastal town of Tartus, Syria)―Phoenicia (Syria)
Jan 332	Byblos (40 km north of Beirut, Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)
Jan 332	Sidon (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)
Jan 332	Siege of Tyre Siege of Tyre The Siege of Tyre was a siege of the city of Tyre, a strategic coastal base on the Mediterranean Sea, orchestrated by Alexander the Great in 332 BC during his campaigns against the Persians. The Macedonian army was unable to capture the city through conventional means because it was on an island...  (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)
?	Damascus (Syria)―Syria, capital city
Aug 332	Jerusalem (Israel)―Syria
Sep 332	Siege of Gaza Siege of Gaza During the Siege of Gaza, Alexander the Great, by utilizing the engines he had employed against Tyre, succeeded in reaching the walls. After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold was taken by storm....  (Palestine)―Syria
Dec 332	Pelusium (Port Said, Egypt)―Egypt
Jan 331	Memphis (Egypt)―Egypt, capital city
Jan 331	Alexandria (Egypt)―Egypt
Feb 331	Siwa, oracle (Egypt)―Egypt
May 331	Tyre (Lebanon)―Phoenicia (Syria)
?	Damascus (Syria)―Syria
?	Alep (Syria)―Syria
Jul 331	Thapsacus (Tipsah) (Dibsi Faray, Euphrates River, Syria)―Mesopotamia
Jul 331	Harran (Turkey)―Mesopotamia
Jul 331	Edessa or Urhai (Urfa, Turkey)―Mesopotamia
Jul 331	Tigris River (Iraq)―Mesopotamia
Oct 331	Battle of Gaugamela Battle of Gaugamela The Battle of Gaugamela took place in 331 BC between Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia. The battle, which is also called the Battle of Arbela, resulted in a massive victory for the ancient Macedonians and led to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.-Location:Darius chose a flat, open plain...  (Tel Gomel, Iraq)―Mesopotamia
Oct 331	Arbela (Arbil/Irbil, Iraq)―Mesopotamia (ancient Assyria), capital city
Oct 331	Babylon Babylon Babylon was an Akkadian city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad...  (on the Euphrates, Iraq)―Babylonia Babylonia Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia , with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged as a major power when Hammurabi Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged as... , capital city
Dec 331	Susa Susa Susa was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires of Iran. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers....  (Iran)―Susiana (Elam), capital city
?	Battle of the Persian Gate Battle of the Persian Gate The Battle of the Persian Gate was a military conflict between the Achaemenid Empire and Alexander the Great at the Persian Gates. The Achaemenid army was commanded by the satrap of Persis, Ariobarzanes and the invading Macedonian army was commanded by Alexander the Great. In the winter of 330 BC,...  (Darvazeh-ye Fars, northeast of Yasuj, Iran)―Persia
Jan 330	Persepolis Persepolis Perspolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire . Persepolis is situated northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as Takht-e Jamshid...  (Iran)―Persia, capital city
?	Pasargad (plain of Morghab, Iran)―Persia
Jun 330	Deh Bid Pass (Zagros Range) to modern Yazd and Esfahan, Iran―Persia/Media
Jun 330	Ecbatana Ecbatana Ecbatana is supposed to be the capital of Astyages , which was taken by the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great in the sixth year of Nabonidus...  (Hamadan, Iran)―Media Medes The MedesThe Medes... , capital city
Jun 330	Rhagae (Rey, Iran)―Media
Jun 330	Caspian Gates (between modern Eyvanakey and Aradan or Theran and Semnan, Iran, Media/Parthia border)―Media/Parthia
Jul 330	Alexander's detour from modern Semnan to the Dasht-e-Kavir desert (Iran)―Parthia Parthia Parthia is a region of north-eastern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire....
Jul 330	Thara (near Ahuan, between Semnan and Qusheh, Iran) where the Persian king Darius III was killed―Parthia
Jul 330	Hecatompylos (Shahrud, near Emamshahr, Iran)―Parthia, capital city
Jul 330	Zadracarta (Gorgan, Iran)―Hyrcania, capital city
Aug 330	Hyrcanian campaign (Caspian Sea/Elburz Range, Iran)―Hyrcania Hyrcania Hyrcania was the name of a satrapy located in the territories of present day Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran and part of Turkmenistan, lands south of the Caspian Sea. To the Greeks, the Caspian Sea was the "Hyrcanian Sea".-Etymology:...
Sep 330	Susia (Tus, near Mashhad, Iran)―Parthia
?	Nisa-Alexandroupolis (Bagir Village, 18 km southwest of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)???―Parthia
Sep 330	Artacoana, Alexandria in Aria (Herat, Afghanistan)―Aria, capital city
Oct 330	Phrada, Alexandria Prophthasia (Farah, Afghanistan)―Drangiana, capital city
Dec 330	Alexandria in Arachosia (Kandahar, Afghanistan)―Arachosia, capital city
Winter 329	Alexandria (Ghazni, Afghanistan)―Arachosia
Apr 329	Ortospana, Kabura (Kabul, Afghanistan)―Gandara
Apr 329	Cophen River (Kabul River, Afghanistan)―Gandara
Apr 329	Kapisa, Alexandria in the Caucasus (Bagram near Charikar, Afghanistan)―Gandara, capital city
May 329	Paropamisus (Hindu Kush, Afghanistan) (Paropamisus is the western part of Gandara)―Gandara
May 329	Khawak Pass (leading from Badakhshan to Panjshir valley, 100 km northeast of Kabul, Afghanistan)―Gandara
May 329	Drapsaca (Konduz/Kondoz or Qonduz/Qondoz, Afghanistan)―Bactria
May 329	Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria Bactria Bactria and also appears in the Zend Avesta as Bukhdi. It is the ancient name of a historical region located between south of the Amu Darya and west of the Indus River... , capital city
May 329	Oxus River (Gozan Gozan Gozan may refer to:* The Ancient River Gozan, Amu Darya, The River Amu or Oxus, a river in North Afghanistan & Central Asia.* the Five Mountain System, a Japanese network of Zen temples... , (Amudar'ja River, Afghanistan/Uzbekistan border)
May 329	Alexandria Tarmita (Termez/Termiz, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia (or Transoxiana)
Jun 329	Nautaca (Uzunkir, near Shakhrisabz, between Samarkand and Karshi, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia
Jun 329	Maracanda (Samarkand, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia, capital city
Jul 329	Jaxartes River (Syrdar'ya River) and Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan)―Sogdia
Jul 329	Fergana Valley with 7 Achaemenid cities-fortresses, among which Cyropolis or Cyreschata/Kurushkatha (Uroteppa, Tajikistan)―Sogdia
Jul 329	Alexandria Eschate (Leninabad, Khodzent, Khudzhand or Hudzand, Tajikistan)―Sogdia
Oct 329	Sogdians and Scythians Massagetes (Spitamenes' revolt) (north of Jaxartes River)
Nov 329	Maracanda (Samarkand, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia
Nov 329	Tribactra (Bukhara, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia
Nov 329	Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria
Spring 328	Alexandria Oxiane/on the Oxus (perhaps Ai Khanum/Ay Khanom???) (confluence of the Amudar'ja and Kowkcheh rivers, near Deshitiqala (Badakhshan region), northern frontier of Afghanistan )―Bactria
?	Alexandria in Margiana (Mary/Merv, Turkmenistan) (founded by Craterus and refounded by Antiochus I and called Antiochia)―Margiana, capital city
Summer/Autumn 328	Sogdian campaigns and attack of the Sogdian settlements in the Gissarskiy (or Hissar) Range (Pamiro-Alai region, Tajikistan)―Sogdia
Dec 328	Nautaca (Uzunkir, near Shakhrisabz, between Samarkand and Karshi, Uzbekistan)―Sogdia
Mar 327	Sogdian Rock o Rock of Sisimithres (where Oxyartes and Roxana Roxana Roxana sometimes Roxane, was a Bactrian noble and a wife of Alexander the Great. She was born earlier than the year 343 BC, though the precise date remains uncertain....  were) (Gissarskiy (or Hissar) Range, Pamiro-Alai region, Tajikistan)―Sogdia
Spring 327	Bactra (Balkh, near Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan)―Bactria
Spring 327	Kapisa, Alexandria in the Caucasus (Bagram near Charikar, Afghanistan)―Gandara, capital city
?	Cophen River (Kabul River, Afghanistan/Pakistan)―Gandara
Sep 327	Passo Khyber/Khyber Pass (Afghanistan/Pakistan)―Gandara
Autumn 327	Peucelaotis (Charsadda, north of Peshawar, at the Kabul River, Pakistan), occupied by Perdiccas Perdiccas Perdiccas was one of Alexander the Great's generals. After Alexander's death in 323 BC he became regent of all Alexander's empire.Arrian tells us he was son of Orontes, a descendant of the independent princes of the Macedonian province of Orestis...  and Hephaestion―Gandara, Western Punjab
Autumn 327	Arigaeum (Arigaion), capital city of the Aspasians (Nawagai, Pakistan), Alexander campaign against Aspasians and Guraei―Gandara, Western Punjab
Autumn 327	Massaca/Massaga, capital city of the Assacenes (Alexander campaign) (Wuch near Chakdara, lower Swat (Soastus) valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab
Autumn 327	Bazira (Bir-Kot, lower Swat valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab
Autumn 327	Ora (Ude-Gram, lower Swat valley, Pakistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab
Autumn 327	Shang-La Pass, Pakistan (4300m)―Gandara, Western Punjab
Autumn 327	Aornus Rock (Pir-Sar or Pir Sarai, 1600m, at the Indus River, Pakistan)―Western Punjab
Winter 326	Modern Hund, Pakistan (the two Macedonian armies reunited)―Western Punjab
Mar 326	Alexander's detour to Nysa (legend: founded by Dionysius) (near Jalalabad, at the river Chitral or Kunar (Euas) in eastern Afghanistan)―Gandara, Western Punjab
Spring 326	Taxila (Takshaçila, 20 km west from Islamabad, Pakistan)―Western Punjab, capital city
Jul 326	Battle of Hydaspes River against Porus (modern Jhelum, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab (kingdom of Porus, Pauravas)
Jul 326	Alexandria Nicaea (west bank of Jhelum, Haranpur???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Jul 326	Alexandria Bucephala Bucephala Bucephala may refer to:* Bucephala , the goldeneye, a duck genus* Bucephala is the name of at least two Greek cities:** Bucephala, or Alexandria Bucephalus, a city founded by Alexander the Great and named in honor of his horse, Bucephalus...  (east bank of Jhelum, Haranpur???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Aug 326	Acesines River (Chenab, Pakistan) (crossing between Gujrat and Sialkot, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Aug 326	Hydraotes River (Ravi, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Aug 326	Sangala (near Amritsar, India) (siege against the Mallians/Malli Malli Mallı is a village in the Goychay Rayon of Azerbaijan. The villages forms part of the municipality of Mallı-Şıxlı.... )―Eastern Punjab
31 Aug 326	Hyphasis River (Bias/Beas, India) (the eastern-most border of Alexander's expedition, mutiny of the army)―Eastern Punjab
Sep 326	Alexandria on the Hyphasis (west bank, eastern border of Alexander's empire, near Amritsar, India)―Eastern Punjab
Sep 326	Return to Hydaspes River (modern Jhelum, Pakistan), Nicaea and Bucephala (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Nov 326	Departure of the fleet at the Hydaspes River (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Nov-Dec 326	Mallians and Oxydracae campaign (Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Nov-Dec 326	Town of the Brahmans (Harmatelia???, Pakistan)―Eastern Punjab
Nov-Dec 326	Siege of Multan Multan Multan , is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about from Islamabad, from Lahore and from Karachi...  (capital city of the Mallians (Malava)), Pakistan (where Alexander was seriously wounded by an arrow)―Eastern Punjab
Nov-Dec 326	Alexandria on the Indus (at the confluence of Indus and Chenab) (Uch, Pakistan) (Alexandria of Opiane???)―Eastern Punjab
Dec 326	Campaigns against the kingdoms of Musicanus (modern Alor, Pakistan) and Sambus (modern Sehwan, Pakistan)―Sind (capital city Thatta)
Dec 326	Patala (modern Hyderabad???, Pakistan)―Sindh Sindh Sindh historically referred to as Ba'ab-ul-Islam , is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran". Though Muslims form the largest religious group in Sindh, a good number of Christians, Zoroastrians and Hindus can...
Jul-Dec 325	Expedition of Craterus Craterus Craterus was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi.He was the son of a Macedonian nobleman named Alexander from Orestis and brother of admiral Amphoterus. Craterus commanded the phalanx and all infantry on the left wing in Battle of Issus...  from Patala to Hormuz: Patala, Bolan Pass, between Sibi and Quetta (Pakistan), Kandahar (Afghanistan), Hamun Lake, Hormuz (Bandare Abbas) (Iran)
Aug-Dec 325	The return of Alexander: Patala-Hormuz (with Hephaestion Hephaestion Hephaestion , son of Amyntor, was a Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of Alexander the Great... )
Aug 325	Arabius River (Hab River, crossing near modern Karachi, Pakistan)―Sind
?	Arabitians and Oreitans campaigns, Pakistan―Gedrosia
Autumn 325	Alexandria Rhambacia (Bela, Pakistan)―Gedrosia
?	Alexandria in Makarene (120 km west of Karachi, area of Hab River, Pakistan)
Autumn 325	Gedrosian Desert (Baluchistan (Makkran), Pakistan/Iran)―Gedrosia Gedrosia Gedrosia from Pashto Gwadar-khua is the hellenized name of an area that corresponds to today's Balochistan. Eastern Balochistan is southwestern province of Pakistan and parts of southwestern and south-central Afghanistan and western Balochistan is divided between Iranian provinces of Hormozgan and...
Nov 325	Pura (Bampur, Iran)―Gedrosia, capital city
Dec 325	Alexandria in Carmania (Golashkerd, Iran)―Carmania (capital city Harmozia/Hormuz)
Sep-Dec 325	Expedition of Nearchus Nearchus Nearchus was one of the officers, a navarch, in the army of Alexander the Great. His celebrated voyage from India to Susa after Alexander's expedition in India is preserved in Arrian's account, the Indica....  from Patala to Hormuz: Patala, Karachi, Hab River, Sonmiani Bay, Ormara, Pasni, Gwadar (Pakistan), Jask, Strait of Hormuz, Hormuz (Bandare Abbas) (Iran)
Dec 325	The reuniting at Hormuz Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow, strategically important waterway between the Gulf of Oman in the southeast and the Persian Gulf. On the north coast is Iran and on the south coast is the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman.... ―Carmania
Jan-Feb 324	The return of Alexander from Hormuz to Susa:
Jan 324	Pasargad (plain of Morghab, Iran) (visit to the tomb of Cyrus the Great)―Persia
Feb 324	Persepolis Persepolis Perspolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire . Persepolis is situated northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as Takht-e Jamshid...  (Iran)―Persia
Feb 324	Susa (Iran)―Susiana (Elam), capital city
Jan-Feb 324	The return of Hephaestion and Craterus along the coastline of Carmania Carmania Carmania may refer to* Carmania, ancient satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian empire.* Carmania - a diecast model producer.* Kermān Province in the south-east of Iran.* RMS Carmania , a Cunard liner built 1905...  and Persia (from Hormuz to Susa)
Jan-Feb 324	The return of Nearchus from Hormuz to Susa: Hormuz, Qeshm Island, Mand River, Karun River, Susa
Mar 324	The marriages of Susa (Iran)
?	Persian Gulf, Mouth of the Tigris (Iraq/Iran)―Susiana
Spring 324	Alexandria in Susiana or Alexandria of Characene, later Alexandria Antiocheia), Karka (Charax, near Al Qurnah, Iraq)―Susiana
Spring 324	Mutiny of the army at Opis (east bank of the Tigris, not far from the confluence of Tigris and Diyala rivers, south of Baghdad, Iraq)―Babylonia
Summer 324	Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media, capital city
Oct 324	Death of Hephaestion in Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran)―Media
Winter 323	Cossaeans campaign (Loristan/Luristan, Zagros Range, Iran)―Media/Babylonia
Spring 323	Babylon (on the Euphrates, Iraq)―Babylonia, capital city
10 or 11 June 323 B.C.	Death of Alexander in Babylon Babylon Babylon was an Akkadian city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad...  (Iraq)―Babylonia Babylonia Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia , with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged as a major power when Hammurabi Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged as...

External links

• Alexander the Great: chronology www.livius.org