The Cleveland Clinic fire was a major structure fire

Structure fire

A structure fire is a fire involving the structural components of various residential buildings ranging from single-family detached homes and townhouses to apartments and tower blocks, or various commercial buildings ranging from offices to shopping malls...

 at Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland Clinic

The Cleveland Clinic is a multispecialty academic medical center located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Cleveland Clinic is currently regarded as one of the top 4 hospitals in the United States as rated by U.S. News & World Report...

 in Cleveland, Ohio

Cleveland, Ohio

Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately west of the Pennsylvania border...

 on May 15, 1929. It started in the basement of the hospital and it was caused by nitrocellulose

Nitrocellulose

Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as guncotton...

x-ray film that ignited when an exposed light bulb was too close to the film., causing poisonings and two separate explosions. The fire claimed 123 lives, including that of one of the founders, Dr. John Phillips. The first explosion came at a few seconds past 11:30AM; a clock on the third floor balcony stopped at that time. Despite the heavy loss of life, firemen estimated the property damage at only $50,000. Policeman Ernest Staab was killed by the gas while rescuing 21 victims.

Background

The Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit Ohio corporation, one of the four best medical centers in the country, and was created in 1921 by four physicians for the purpose of providing patient care, research, and medical education in an ideal medical setting.

Disaster

Late in the morning of May 15, 1929, an exposed light bulb too close to some nitrocellulose x-ray film ignited the film. The burning nitrocellulose film quickly produced a significant amount of poisonous gases, causing victims to suffocate and, witnesses state, the faces of the victims turned yellowish brown within minutes. Further complicating fire-fighting, nitrocellulose will burn even while immersed in water, and fighting the film-fueled fire would simply have caused more poisonous smoke to accumulate, raising the death toll.

After the hollow center of the building was filled with deadly bromine gas, a second explosion shattered the skylight and sent the vapors reaching into every corner of the clinic. As many of the staff and patients had no escape from the gas other than windows, and fewer still had little way of reaching these, many of the building occupants succumbed to the poisons.

Aftermath

While the clinic wasn't at fault for the fire, according to investigators, the disaster was responsible for influencing significant changes to fire-fighting techniques. The city of Cleveland, for instance, decided to issue gas masks to its fire departments and proposed a city ambulance service.

One national response to the disaster was for medical facilities to establish standards for the storage of nitrocellulose film, among other hazardous materials.