Coiled tubing
Encyclopedia
In the oil and gas industries, coiled tubing refers to metal piping, normally 1" to 3.25" in diameter, used for interventions
in oil and gas wells
and sometimes as production tubing in depleted gas wells, which comes spooled on a large reel. Coiled tubing is often used to carry out operations similar to wirelining. The main benefits over wireline are the ability to pump chemicals through the coil and the ability to push it into the hole rather than relying on gravity. However, for offshore operations, the 'footprint' for a coiled tubing operation is generally larger than a wireline spread, which can limit the number of installations where coiled tubing can be performed and make the operation more costly. A coiled tubing operation is normally performed through the drilling derrick
on the oil platform
, which is used to support the surface equipment, although on platforms with no drilling facilities a self supporting tower can be used instead. For coiled tubing operations on sub-sea wells a Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) e.g. semi-submersible
, Drillship etc. has to be utilised to support all the surface equipment and personnel, whereas wireline can be carried out from a smaller and cheaper intervention vessel. Onshore, they can be run using smaller service rigs, and for light operations a mobile self-contained coiled tubing rig can be used.
The tool string at the bottom of the coil is often called the bottom hole assembly (BHA). It can range from something as simple as a jetting nozzle, for jobs involving pumping chemicals or cement through the coil, to a larger string of logging tools, depending on the operations.
Coil tubing has also been used as a cheaper version of work-over operations. It is used to perform open hole drilling and milling operations. It can also be used to fracture the reservoir, a process where fluid is pressurised to thousands of psi on a specific point in a well to literally break the rock apart and allow the flow of product. Coil tubing can perform almost any operation for oil well operations if used correctly.
. A hydrostatic head (a column of fluid in the well bore) may be inhibiting flow of formation fluids due to its weight (the well is said to have been killed
). The safest (though not the cheapest) solution would be to attempt to circulate out the fluid, using a gas, frequently nitrogen
(Often called a 'Nitrogen Kick). By running coiled tubing into the bottom of the hole and pumping in the gas, the kill fluid can be forced out to production. Circulating can also be used to clean out light debris, which may have accumulated in the hole. Coiled tubing umbilical
s can convey hydraulic submersible pumps and jet pumps into wells. These pumps allow for inexpensive and non invasive well cleanouts on low pressure CBM (coal bed methane) gas wells. These umbilicals can also be run into deviated wells and horizontal laterals.
technologies enable the deployment of complex pumps which require multiple fluid strings on coiled tubing. In many cases, the use of coiled tubing to deploy a complex pump can greatly reduce the cost of deployment by eliminating the number of units on site during the deploy.
by using a rotary table or top drive at the surface, it is turned by a downhole motor, powered by the motion of drilling fluid
pumped from surface. Drilling which is powered by a mud motor instead of a rotating pipe is generally called slide drilling. When carrying out directional or horizontal drilling a downhole orienter is an essential part of the bottom hole assembly
, so that the tool can be rotated to change the direction.
. Because coiled tubing is rigid, it can be pushed into the well from the surface. This is an advantage over wireline
, which depends on the weight of the toolstring to be lowered into the well. For highly deviated and horizontal wells, gravity may be insufficient for wireline logging. Roller stem and tractors can often overcome this disadvantage at greatly reduced cost, particularly on small platforms and subsea wells where coiled tubing would require mobilising an expensive mobile drilling rig. The use of coiled tubing for these tasks is usually confined to occasions where it is already on site for another purpose, for example a logging
run following a chemical wash.
s can convey hydraulic submersible pumps, electric submersible pumps and jet pumps into wells for both permanent deliquification schemes and service applications.
Below the stripper is the blowout preventer
, which provides the ability to cut the coiled tubing pipe and seal the well bore (shear-blind) and hold and seal around the pipe (pipe-slip). Older quad-BOPs have a different ram for each of these functions (blind, shear, pipe, slip). Newer dual-BOPs combine some of these functions together to need just two distinct rams (shear-blind, pipe-slip).
The BOP sits on top of the riser, which provides the pressurised tunnel down to the top of the Xmas tree
. Between the Xmas tree and the riser is the final pressure barrier, the shear-seal BOP, which can cut and seal the pipe.
These type of coil tubing units have a permanent drum mounted amidships (They are generally tandem drive Class 3 trucks, 40 feet (12.2 m) long or so), and a large air compressor, usually good for 2500 psi at 660 CFM, mounted between the drum and cab. In lower pressure, natural gas wells, with no hydrocarbons, the compressor is actually used to blow air to bottom hole in these live natural gas wells, for the purpose of "cleaning out" mud and fluid from the wellbore and perforations. In higher pressure wells, or oil wells, nitrogen or carbon dioxide is the preferred, and much safer method.
Well intervention
A well intervention, or 'well work', is any operation carried out on an oil or gas well during, or at the end of its productive life, that alters the state of the well and or well geometry, provides well diagnostics or manages the production of the well....
in oil and gas wells
Oil well
An oil well is a general term for any boring through the earth's surface that is designed to find and acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons. Usually some natural gas is produced along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce mainly or only gas may be termed a gas well.-History:The earliest...
and sometimes as production tubing in depleted gas wells, which comes spooled on a large reel. Coiled tubing is often used to carry out operations similar to wirelining. The main benefits over wireline are the ability to pump chemicals through the coil and the ability to push it into the hole rather than relying on gravity. However, for offshore operations, the 'footprint' for a coiled tubing operation is generally larger than a wireline spread, which can limit the number of installations where coiled tubing can be performed and make the operation more costly. A coiled tubing operation is normally performed through the drilling derrick
Drilling rig
A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes or shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person...
on the oil platform
Oil platform
An oil platform, also referred to as an offshore platform or, somewhat incorrectly, oil rig, is a lаrge structure with facilities to drill wells, to extract and process oil and natural gas, and to temporarily store product until it can be brought to shore for refining and marketing...
, which is used to support the surface equipment, although on platforms with no drilling facilities a self supporting tower can be used instead. For coiled tubing operations on sub-sea wells a Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) e.g. semi-submersible
Semi-submersible
A semi-submersible is a specialised marine vessel with good stability and seakeeping characteristics. The semi-submersible vessel design is commonly used in a number of specific offshore roles such as for offshore drilling rigs, safety vessels, oil production platforms and heavy lift cranes.The...
, Drillship etc. has to be utilised to support all the surface equipment and personnel, whereas wireline can be carried out from a smaller and cheaper intervention vessel. Onshore, they can be run using smaller service rigs, and for light operations a mobile self-contained coiled tubing rig can be used.
The tool string at the bottom of the coil is often called the bottom hole assembly (BHA). It can range from something as simple as a jetting nozzle, for jobs involving pumping chemicals or cement through the coil, to a larger string of logging tools, depending on the operations.
Coil tubing has also been used as a cheaper version of work-over operations. It is used to perform open hole drilling and milling operations. It can also be used to fracture the reservoir, a process where fluid is pressurised to thousands of psi on a specific point in a well to literally break the rock apart and allow the flow of product. Coil tubing can perform almost any operation for oil well operations if used correctly.
Circulation
The most popular use for coiled tubing is circulation or deliquificationGas well deliquification
Gas well deliqufication, also referred to as "gas well dewatering", is the general term for technologies used to remove water or condensates build-up from producing gas wells....
. A hydrostatic head (a column of fluid in the well bore) may be inhibiting flow of formation fluids due to its weight (the well is said to have been killed
Well kill
A well kill is the operation of placing a column of heavy fluid into a well bore in order to prevent the flow of reservoir fluids without the need for pressure control equipment at the surface. It works on the principle that the weight of the "kill fluid" or "kill mud" will be enough to suppress...
). The safest (though not the cheapest) solution would be to attempt to circulate out the fluid, using a gas, frequently nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere...
(Often called a 'Nitrogen Kick). By running coiled tubing into the bottom of the hole and pumping in the gas, the kill fluid can be forced out to production. Circulating can also be used to clean out light debris, which may have accumulated in the hole. Coiled tubing umbilical
Coiled tubing umbilical
Coiled tubing umbilicals are a type of piping used in and gas wells, which can be used during interventions. They encapsulate multiple coiled tubing and electrical strings into a single string which can be deployed by one conventional unit. These technologies allow for the deployment of complex...
s can convey hydraulic submersible pumps and jet pumps into wells. These pumps allow for inexpensive and non invasive well cleanouts on low pressure CBM (coal bed methane) gas wells. These umbilicals can also be run into deviated wells and horizontal laterals.
Pumping
Pumping through coiled tubing can also be used for dispersing fluids to a specific location in the well such as for cementing perforations or performing chemical washes of downhole components such as sandscreens. In the former case, coiled tubing is particularly advantageous compared to simply pumping the cement from surface as allowing it to flow through the entire completion could potentially damage important components, such as the downhole safety valve. Coiled tubing umbilicalCoiled tubing umbilical
Coiled tubing umbilicals are a type of piping used in and gas wells, which can be used during interventions. They encapsulate multiple coiled tubing and electrical strings into a single string which can be deployed by one conventional unit. These technologies allow for the deployment of complex...
technologies enable the deployment of complex pumps which require multiple fluid strings on coiled tubing. In many cases, the use of coiled tubing to deploy a complex pump can greatly reduce the cost of deployment by eliminating the number of units on site during the deploy.
Drilling
A relatively modern drilling technique involves using coiled tubing instead of conventional drill pipe. This has the advantage of requiring less effort to trip in and out of the well (the coil can simply be run in and pulled out while drill string must be assembled and dismantled joint by joint while tripping in and out). Additionally, the coiled tubing is stripped into and out of hole, providing a hermetic seal around the coil and, if desired, allowing the well to flow during drilling operations. Instead of rotating the drill bitDrill bit
Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. Bits are held in a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial force to create the hole. Specialized bits are also available for non-cylindrical-shaped holes....
by using a rotary table or top drive at the surface, it is turned by a downhole motor, powered by the motion of drilling fluid
Drilling fluid
In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid is a fluid used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. Often used while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as water wells. Liquid drilling fluid...
pumped from surface. Drilling which is powered by a mud motor instead of a rotating pipe is generally called slide drilling. When carrying out directional or horizontal drilling a downhole orienter is an essential part of the bottom hole assembly
Bottom hole assembly
A Bottom hole assembly is a component of a drilling rig. It is the lower part of the drill string, extending from the bit to the drill pipe. The assembly can consist of drill collars, subs such as stabilizers, reamers, shocks, hole-openers, and the bit sub and bit.-Variations:The bottom-hole...
, so that the tool can be rotated to change the direction.
Logging and perforating
These tasks are by default the realm of wirelineWireline
In the oil and gas industry, the term wireline usually refers to a cabling technology used by operators of oil and gas wells to lower equipment or measurement devices into the well for the purposes of well intervention and reservoir evaluation....
. Because coiled tubing is rigid, it can be pushed into the well from the surface. This is an advantage over wireline
Wireline
In the oil and gas industry, the term wireline usually refers to a cabling technology used by operators of oil and gas wells to lower equipment or measurement devices into the well for the purposes of well intervention and reservoir evaluation....
, which depends on the weight of the toolstring to be lowered into the well. For highly deviated and horizontal wells, gravity may be insufficient for wireline logging. Roller stem and tractors can often overcome this disadvantage at greatly reduced cost, particularly on small platforms and subsea wells where coiled tubing would require mobilising an expensive mobile drilling rig. The use of coiled tubing for these tasks is usually confined to occasions where it is already on site for another purpose, for example a logging
Well logging
Well logging, also known as borehole logging is the practice of making a detailed record of the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole. The log may be based either on visual inspection of samples brought to the surface or on physical measurements made by instruments lowered into the hole...
run following a chemical wash.
Production
Coiled tubing is often used as a production string in shallow gas wells that produce some water. The narrow internal diameter results in a much higher velocity than would occur inside conventional tubing or inside the casing. This higher velocity assists in lifting liquids to surface, liquids which might otherwise accumulate in the wellbore and eventually "kill" the well. The coiled tubing may be run inside the casing instead or inside conventional tubing. When coiled tubing is run inside of conventional tubing it is often referred to as a "velocity string" and the space between the outside of the coiled tubing and the inside of the conventional tubing is referred to as the"micro annulus". In some cases gas is produced up into the micro annulus. Coiled tubing umbilicalCoiled tubing umbilical
Coiled tubing umbilicals are a type of piping used in and gas wells, which can be used during interventions. They encapsulate multiple coiled tubing and electrical strings into a single string which can be deployed by one conventional unit. These technologies allow for the deployment of complex...
s can convey hydraulic submersible pumps, electric submersible pumps and jet pumps into wells for both permanent deliquification schemes and service applications.
Coiled tubing rigup
The main engine of a coiled tubing intervention is the injector head. This component contains the mechanism to push and pull the coil in and out of the hole. An injector head has a curved guide beam on top called a gooseneck which threads the coil into the injector body. Below the injector is the stripper, which contains rubber pack off elements providing a seal around the tubing to isolate the well's pressure.Below the stripper is the blowout preventer
Blowout preventer
A blowout preventer is a large, specialized valve used to seal, control and monitor oil and gas wells. Blowout preventers were developed to cope with extreme erratic pressures and uncontrolled flow emanating from a well reservoir during drilling. Kicks can lead to a potentially catastrophic...
, which provides the ability to cut the coiled tubing pipe and seal the well bore (shear-blind) and hold and seal around the pipe (pipe-slip). Older quad-BOPs have a different ram for each of these functions (blind, shear, pipe, slip). Newer dual-BOPs combine some of these functions together to need just two distinct rams (shear-blind, pipe-slip).
The BOP sits on top of the riser, which provides the pressurised tunnel down to the top of the Xmas tree
Christmas tree (oil well)
In petroleum and natural gas extraction, a Christmas tree, or "tree", is an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used for an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well and other types of wells...
. Between the Xmas tree and the riser is the final pressure barrier, the shear-seal BOP, which can cut and seal the pipe.
Onshore light coiled tubing unit
A Coil Tubing Unit is a self contained multi-use machine that can approximately do anything a conventional service rig is capable of - with the exception of tripping jointed pipe. There are generally two types in shallow service - Arch and Picker. One uses a vertical elevator with a horsehead on top, and an injector hanging by winch line off it. The Picker units have a picker, and a horsehead bolted directly to the injector.These type of coil tubing units have a permanent drum mounted amidships (They are generally tandem drive Class 3 trucks, 40 feet (12.2 m) long or so), and a large air compressor, usually good for 2500 psi at 660 CFM, mounted between the drum and cab. In lower pressure, natural gas wells, with no hydrocarbons, the compressor is actually used to blow air to bottom hole in these live natural gas wells, for the purpose of "cleaning out" mud and fluid from the wellbore and perforations. In higher pressure wells, or oil wells, nitrogen or carbon dioxide is the preferred, and much safer method.