The Communist League was the first Marxist

Marxism

Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid 19th...

 international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

 in 1834. This was initially a utopian socialist

Utopian socialism

Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen which inspired Karl Marx and other early socialists and were looked on favorably...

 and Christian communist

Christian communism

Christian communism is a form of religious communism based on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system...

 group devoted to the ideas of Gracchus Babeuf. It became an international organization, which Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...

, Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels was a German industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx. In 1845 he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research...

 and Johann Eccarius

Johann Eccarius

Johann Georg Eccarius was a Thuringian tailor and labour activist. He was a member of the League of the Just and later of the League of Communists and the International Workingmen's Association. Here he served jointly with Marx on General Council for a number of years...

 later joined.

Origins

The motto of the League of the Just (Bund der Gerechten) was "All Men are Brothers" and its goals were "the establishment of the Kingdom of God on Earth, based on the ideals of love of one's neighbor, equality and justice". The League of the Just was itself a splinter group from the League of Outlaws (Bund der Geaechteten) created in Paris in 1834 by Theodore Schuster

Theodore Schuster

Theodor Schuster was born in Germany. He became a socialist and a follower of the Swiss-born liberal economistJean Charles Léonard de Sismondi. Schuster joined the League of Outlaws in the 1830s and became one of the League's leaders. He gave financial aid to the German refugees in the 1840s....

, Wilhelm Weitling

Wilhelm Weitling

Wilhelm Weitling was an important 19th-century European radical.Both praised and critiqued by disciples of the growing Marxist philosophy during the 19th century, Weitling was characterized as a "utopian socialist" by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, although Engels also referred to Weitling as the...

 and others German emigrants, mostly journeymen. Schuster was inspired by the works of Philippe Buonarroti

Philippe Buonarroti

Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti more usually referred to under the French version Philippe Buonarroti was an Italian egalitarian and utopian socialist, revolutionary, journalist, writer, agitator, and freemason; he was mainly active in France.-Early activism:Buonarroti was born in Pisa...

. The latter league had a pyramidal structure inspired by the secret society

Secret society

A secret society is a club or organization whose activities and inner functioning are concealed from non-members. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla insurgencies, which hide their...

 of the Republican Carbonari

Carbonari

The Carbonari were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in Spain, France, Portugal and possibly Russia. Although their goals often had a patriotic and liberal focus, they lacked a...

, and shared ideas with Saint-Simon

Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon

Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon was a French early socialist theorist whose thought influenced the foundations of various 19th century philosophies; perhaps most notably Marxism, positivism and the discipline of sociology...

 and Charles Fourier

Charles Fourier

François Marie Charles Fourier was a French philosopher. An influential thinker, some of Fourier's social and moral views, held to be radical in his lifetime, have become main currents in modern society...

's utopic socialism. Their goal was to establish a "Social Republic" in the German states which would respect "freedom", "equality" and "civic virtue".

The League of the Just participated in the Blanquist

Louis Auguste Blanqui

Louis Auguste Blanqui was a French political activist, notable for the revolutionary theory of Blanquism, attributed to him....

 rebellion of May 1839 in Paris. While Weitling relocated to Switzerland, Bauer and Schapper escaped to London. Thereafter expelled from France, the League of the Just relocated to London where they initiated a front group, the Educational Society for German Working-men, in 1840.

Wilhelm Weitling's 1842 book, Guarantees of Harmony and Freedom, which criticized private property and bourgeois society, was one of the bases of the League of Just's social theory.

By 1847 the League of the Just numbered about 1,000, including members in Latin America.

Creation of the Communist League

The Communist League was created in London in June 1847 by a merging of the League of the Just and of the fifteen-man Communist Correspondence Committee of Bruxelles, headed by Karl Marx. The initial conference was attended by Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels was a German industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx. In 1845 he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research...

, who convinced the League to change its motto to Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...

's phrase, Working Men of All Countries, Unite!. At the same conference, the organization was renamed the Communist League and was reorganized significantly.
In particular, Marx did away with all "superstitious authoritarianism," as he called the rituals pertaining to secret societies. The conference itself was counted as the first congress of the new League.

The Communist League had a second congress, also in London, in November and December 1847. Both Marx and Engels attended, and they were mandated to compose a manifesto for the organization. This became The Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto, originally titled Manifesto of the Communist Party is a short 1848 publication written by the German Marxist political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It has since been recognized as one of the world's most influential political manuscripts. Commissioned by the...

.

The League was not able to function effectively during the 1848 revolutions, despite temporarily abandoning its clandestine nature. The Workers' Brotherhood was established in Germany by members of the League, and became the most significant revolutionary organization there. During the revolution Marx edited the radical journal the Neue Rheinische Zeitung

Neue Rheinische Zeitung

The Neue Rheinische Zeitung - Organ der Demokratie was a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between June 1, 1848 and May 19, 1849. Its name refers to a paper earlier edited by Marx, the Rheinische Zeitung...

. Engels fought in the Baden campaign against the Prussians (June and July 1849) as the aide-de-camp of August Willich

August Willich

August Willich , born Johann August Ernst von Willich, was a military officer in the Prussian Army and a leading early proponent of Communism in Germany. In 1847 he discarded his title of nobility...

.

The Communist League reassembled in late 1849, and by 1850 they were publishing the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Revue journal, but by the end of the year, publication had ceased amid disputes between the managers of the group.

In 1850, the German master spy Wilhelm Stieber

Wilhelm Stieber

Wilhelm Johann Carl Eduard Stieber was Otto von Bismarck's master spy and director of the Prussian Feldgendarmerie. Stieber was both an agent of domestic surveillance and an external agent...

 broke into Marx's house and stole the register of the League's members, which he sent to France and several German states. This caused the imprisonment of several members.

In 1852, after the Cologne Communist Trial

Cologne Communist Trial

The Cologne Communist Trial took place in 1852 in Cologne, Germany, and was conducted by the Prussian government against eleven members of the Communist League who were suspected of having participated in the 1848 uprising. The trial lasted from October 4 to November 12, and when it was over the...

, the organization was ended formally.

Members

• Friedrich Anneke
• Mathilde Franziska Anneke
  Mathilde Franziska Anneke
  Mathilde Franziska Anneke was a German feminist, socialist, and newspaper editor, owner, and reporter. Born Mathilde Franziska Geisler, her first marriage to Alfred von Tabouillot, a rich wine merchant, ended in divorce...
  
  
• Bruno Bauer
  Bruno Bauer
  Bruno Bauer was a German philosopher and historian. As a student of GWF Hegel, Bauer was a radical Rationalist in philosophy, politics and Biblical criticism...
  
  
• Heinrich Bauer
  Heinrich Bauer
  Heinrich Bauer was born in 1813. He was a shoemaker. He was a leader of the League of the Just. When the League of the Just changed to the Communist League Heinrich Bauer became a member of the Central Authority of the Communist League. He was prominent figure in the German and the international...
  
  
• Johann Baer
  Johann Baer
  Johann Baer was born in Germany. He became a member of the Communist League. Following the Revolution of 1848 and 1849, he fled to London. Baer lived in London throughout the early 1850s. He was an associate of both Karl Marx and Frederick Engels....
  
  
• Hermann Heinrich Becker
  Hermann Heinrich Becker
  Hermann Heinrich Becker was a German politician and member of the DFP. Becker was born to Dr. Hermann Becker and Theodora Helene Caroline Wilhelmine Friedrike Becker, née Krackrügge...
  
  
• Johann Philip Becker
  Johann Philip Becker
  Johann Phillip Becker was born in Germany in 1809. He became a revolutionary and participated in the democratic movement in Germany and Switzerland in the 1830s and 1840s. In Baden during the 1848-1849 Baden-Palatinate revolution, Becker commanded the Baden Peoples Militia. In the 1860s he ...
  
  
• Adolph Bermbach
  Adolph Bermbach
  Adolph Bermbach was a German lawyer who worked in Cologne. Bermbach, a member of the Communist party, was a correspondent of Karl Marx and kept him abreast of anti-communist trials in Cologne after Marx had moved to London. Bermbach also was a witness for the defence at that the Cologne Communist...
  
  
• Friedrich Heinrich Karl Bobzin
  Friedrich Heinrich Karl Bobzin
  Friedrich Heinrich Karl Bobzin was an artisan in Germany and became a member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels in 1847. He participated in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849. Together with Struve, Bobzin headed the petty bourgeoisie emigrants in London.-References:...
  
  
• Stephen Boldern
• Karl Heinrich Brüggermann
  Karl Heinrich Bruggerman
  Karl Heinrich Brüggermann German by birth, Brüggermann became a journalist of moderate liberal beliefs. He became editor-in-chief of the Kölnische Zeitung from 1845 through 1855.-References:...
  
  
• Karl von Bruhn
  Karl von Bruhn
  Karl von Bruhn was a journalist. Because of his philosophical beliefs, Bruhn joined the League of Outlaws and the League of the Just. When the League of the Just was dissolved into the Communist League, Bruhn became a member of the Communist League. However, in 1850, Bruhn was expelled from the...
  
  
• Heinrich Bürgers
  Heinrich Burgers
  Heinrich Bürgers was born in Germany in 1820. He became a journalist and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung He became a member of the Communist League and, in 1850, he became a member of the League's Central Authority. For his participation in the 1848-1849 uprising, Bürgers became one of...
  
  
• Oswald Dietz
  Oswald Dietz
  Oswald Dietz was born in Germany in 1824. He became an architect. He participated in the German revolution of 1848-1849. When the German uprising was suppressed, Dietz escaped to London. Oswald Dietz became a member of the August Willich-Karl Schapper sectarian proletarian group within the...
  
  
• Friedrich Christian Diez
  Friedrich Christian Diez
  Friedrich Christian Diez , German philologist, was born at Gießen, in Hessen-Darmstadt.He was educated first at the gymnasium and then at the university of his native town and Göttingen...
  
  
• Collet Dobson Collet
  Collet Dobson Collet
  Collet Dobson Collet was a radical freethinker, Chartist and campaigner against newspaper taxation.- Background & Work :...
  
  
• Ernst Dronke
  Ernst Dronke
  Ernst Dronke was a journalist. Because of his philosophical beliefs, Dronke became a "true socialist". Later he became a member of the Communist League and became an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. He participated in the German uprising of 1848-1849; after the suppression of this...
  
  
• Johann Eccarius
  Johann Eccarius
  Johann Georg Eccarius was a Thuringian tailor and labour activist. He was a member of the League of the Just and later of the League of Communists and the International Workingmen's Association. Here he served jointly with Marx on General Council for a number of years...
  
  
• Friedrich Engels
  Friedrich Engels
  Friedrich Engels was a German industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx. In 1845 he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research...
  
  
• Karl Ludwig Johann D'Ester
  Karl Ludwig Johann D'Ester
  Karl Ludwig Johann d'Ester was born in 1813. He was a physician by vocation and a democrat and socialist by philosophy. Because of his beliefs, d'Ester joined the Cologne chapter of the Communist League. In 1848, he was elected as a deputy to the Prussian National Assembly where he caucused with...
  
  
• August Herman Ewerbeck
• Ferdinand Freiligrath
  Ferdinand Freiligrath
  Ferdinand Freiligrath was a German poet, translator and liberal agitator.-Biography:Freiligrath was born in Detmold, Principality of Lippe. His father was a teacher. He left a Detmold gymnasium at 16 to be trained for a commercial career in Soest...
  
  
• August Gebert
  August Gebert
  August Gebert was born in Mecklenburg, Germany and was a joiner by profession. He became a member of the Communist League while living in Switzerland. He continued to participate in the Communist League when he moved to London in 1850. There he became a part of the sectarian Willich-Schapper...
  
  
• Andreas Gottschalk
  Andreas Gottschalk
  Andreas Gottschalk was born in Germany in 1815. He was a member of the Cologne community Communist League. He became president of the Cologne Workers Association from April until June 1848. He was an exponent of the "Left" sectarian tendendancies of the German working class movement. Gottschalk...
  
  
• Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grun
  Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün
  Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grűn was born in Germany in 1817. He became a journalist by profession and a "true socialist" by profession in the mid-1840s. Grün was a follower of the petty bourgeoisie trend during the uprisings of 1848 and 1849. He was elected as a deputy to the Prussian National...
  
  
• Theodor Hagen
  Theodor Hagen
  Theodor Hagen was born in 1823. He was a member of the local Communist League in Hamburg, Germany. He took part in the publication and distribution of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Politisch-ökonomische Revue. Hagen died in 1871....
  
  
• August Hain
• Hermann Wilhelm Haupt
  Hermann Wilhelm Haupt
  Hermann Wilhelm Haupt was born in Germany in 1831. He was a business clerk and became a member of the Communist League. However, he betrayed the other defendants during the Cologne Communist Trial and was subsequently released by the police during the official investigation....
  
  
• Friedrich Wihlelm Hühnerbein
• Johann Joseph Jansen
  Johann Joseph Jansen
  Johann Joseph Jansen was born in Germany. He was the brother of Karl Jansen, Johann Joseph was a democrat and as a result he became leader of the Cologne Workers' Association. He was a supporter of Gottschalk. He was shot by Prussian authorities in 1849 for his particiapation in the...
  
  
• Karl Joseph Jansen
• G. Klose
• Albert Lehmann
  Albert Lehmann
  Born in Germany, Albert Lehmann was a worker and a leading figure of the League of Just. Following the suppression of the uprising of 1848 and 1849, Lehmann fled Germany to settle in London, England. In London, he became a member of the German Workers Educational Society and a member of the...
  
  
• Wilhelm Liebknecht
  Wilhelm Liebknecht
  Wilhelm Martin Philipp Christian Ludwig Liebknecht was a German social democrat and a principal founder of the SPD. His political career was a pioneering project combining Marxist revolutionary theory with practical, legal political activity...
  
  
• Karl Marx
  Karl Marx
  Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...
  
  
• Friedrich Wilhelm German Mauer
• Joseph Moll
  Joseph Moll
  Joseph Moll was a German labour leader and revolutionary. He was a pioneer of the German labour movement and a figure in early German socialism. Moll was an early associate of Karl Marx.-Early life:...
  
  
• Peter Nothjung
  Peter Nothjung
  Peter Nothjung was born in Germany in 1821. He became a tailor in Cologne, Germany, where he joined the Cologne Workers' Association. Nothjung also became a member of the Communist League. As such, he served as an emissary between the Cologne Workers Association and the Central Authority of the...
  
  
• Karl Pfänder
  Karl Pfänder
  Karl Pfander was born in 1818. He was an artist and a prominent figure in the German and international working class movement. He was a friend and associate of both Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. emigrated to London, England in 1845. He was a member of the German Workers Educational Society...
  
  
• Jakob Lukas Schabelitz
  Jakob Lukas Schabelitz
  Jakob Lukas Schabelitz was born in Switzerland in 1827. He was a publisher and a bookseller. He joined the Communist League and was an associate and friend of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the late 1840s and early 1850s. Schabelitz died in 1899....
  
  
• Karl Schapper
  Karl Schapper
  Karl Schapper was a German socialist and labour leader. He was one of the pioneers of the labour movement in Germany and an early associate of Wilhelm Weitling and Karl Marx.-Young Germany and Mazzini:...
  
  
• Alexander Schimmelpfennig
• Konrad Schramm
  Konrad Schramm
  Konrad Schramm was born was born in Germany in 1822. He was a proletarian revolutionary and as a result joined the Communist League. Following the suppression of the uprisings of 1848 and 1849, Schramm refugeed to London, England in 1849. He became a manager of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung:...
  
  
• Sebastian Seiler
  Sebastian Seiler
  Sebastian Seiler was born in Germany in 1810. He was an associate of Wilhelm Weitling, a Swiss reformer. He was a journalist on the Rheinische Zeitung and a member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee in 1846. Seiler was "a stenographer to the French National Assembly in 1848 and...
  
  
• Georg Weerth
  Georg Weerth
  Georg Weerth was a German writer. Weerth's poems celebrated the solidarity of the working class in its fight for liberation from exploitation and oppression...
  
  
• Wilhelm Christian Weitling
  Wilhelm Weitling
  Wilhelm Weitling was an important 19th-century European radical.Both praised and critiqued by disciples of the growing Marxist philosophy during the 19th century, Weitling was characterized as a "utopian socialist" by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, although Engels also referred to Weitling as the...
  
  
• Joseph Weydemeyer
  Joseph Weydemeyer
  Joseph Arnold Weydemeyer was a military officer in the Kingdom of Prussia and the United States, as well as a journalist, politician and Marxist revolutionary....
  
  
• August Willich
  August Willich
  August Willich , born Johann August Ernst von Willich, was a military officer in the Prussian Army and a leading early proponent of Communism in Germany. In 1847 he discarded his title of nobility...
  
  
• Ferdinand Wolff
  Ferdinand Wolf
  Ferdinand Wolf was born in Germany in 1812. Wolf was a journalist by profession and a proletarian revolutionary. He joined the Communist League and became an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848 and 1849. He was a close friend and associate of both Karl Marx and of Frederick Engels and...
  
  
• Wilhelm Wolff
  Wilhelm Wolff
  Wilhelm Friedrich Wolff, nicknamed Lupus was a German schoolmaster from Tarnau , Galicia. In 1831 he became active as a radical student organization member, something he was imprisoned for between 1834 and 1838...
  
  

Other 1848-1849 Revolution Personalities

• Michael Bakunin
• Johann Baptist Bekk
• Armand Barbès
  Armand Barbès
  Armand Barbès , was a French Republican revolutionary and a fierce and steadfast opponent of the July monarchy . He is remembered as a man whose life centers on two days:...
  
  
• Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot
• Emmanuel Barthélemy
  Emmanuel Bartelemy
  Emmanuel Barthélemy , was a French worker and a member of secret Blanquist societies durin the reign of Louis-Phillipe, the citizen king of France during the July monarchy from 1830 until 1848. Barthélemy participated in the June, 1848 uprising in Paris. Following the suppression of the...
  
  
• Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
  Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
  Friedrich Daniel Bassermann was a German liberal politician who is best known for calling for a pan-German Parliament at the Frankfurt Parliament...
  
  
• Count Lajos von Batthyány
  Lajos Batthyány
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• Hermann von Beckerath
  Hermann von Beckerath
  Hermann von Beckerath was a banker and Prussian statesman.-Biography:He was born at Krefeld, in Rhenish Prussia. His youth was spent in learning the business of banking, after which he became the head of a banking firm which had considerable influence in German financing, especially in the Rhenish...
  
  
• Pierre Jean de Béranger
• Julius Berends
• Philipp Karl Peter Berg
• Karl Blind
  Karl Blind
  Karl Blind was a German revolutionist and journalist. He was born in Mannheim on 4 September 1826 and died in London on 31 May 1907.Blind took part in the risings of 1848. He was sentenced to prison in consequence of a pamphlet he wrote entitled "German Hunger and German Princes," but he was...
  
  
• Robert Blum
  Robert Blum
  thumb|Painting by August Hunger of Robert Blum between 1845 and 1848Robert Blum was a German democratic politician, publicist, poet, publisher, revolutionist and member of the National Assembly of 1848. In his fight for a strong, unified Germany he opposed ethnocentrism and it was his strong...
  
  
• Lorenz Peter Brentano
• Lothar Bucher
  Lothar Bucher
  Lothar Bucher was a German publicist and trusted aide of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck.Bucher was born in Neustettin, Pomerania, his father being master at a gymnasium. After studying at the University of Berlin he adopted the legal profession...
  
  
• Budinski
• Ètienne Cabot
• Ludolf Camphausen
• Lorenz Cantador
• Paulin Caperon
• Edward Cardwell
  Edward Cardwell
  Edward Cardwell was an English theologian also noted for his contributions to the study of English church history. In addition to his scholarly work, he filled various administrative positions in the University of Oxford....
  
  
• Hippolyte Carnot
  Hippolyte Carnot
  Lazare Hippolyte Carnot was a French statesman.- Early life :Lazare was the younger brother of the founder of thermodynamics Sadi Carnot and second son of the revolutionary politician Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, who also served in the government of Napoleon. He was born at Saint-Omer,...
  
  
• Marc Cassidiere
• Otto Julius Bernhard von Corvin-Wiersbitzki
  Otto von Corvin
  Otto Julius Bernhard von Corvin-Wiersbitzki was a German author.-Biography:Corvin was born in Gumbinnen to the Rittmeister, and later director of the postal administration, of Gumbinnen Friedrich August Heinrich von Corvin-Wiersbitzki...
  
  
• Isaac Moise Crémieux
  Adolphe Crémieux
  Adolphe Crémieux was a French-Jewish lawyer and statesman, and a staunch defender of the human rights of the Jews of France. - Biography :...
  
  
• Nicolas Joseph Creton
• Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
• Janos Damjanich
  János Damjanich
  János Damjanich was a Hungarian general of Serb origin. He is considered a national hero in Hungary.He never lost on the battlefield.-Life:...
  
  
• Albert Darasz
  Albert Darasz
  Albert Darasz was a leading figure in the Polish National Liberation Movement. He took part in the 1830-1831 insurrection in Poland. Darasz also belonged to the democratic group of Polish emigrants and was a member of the Central Committee of European Democracy.-References:...
  
  
• Napoléon comte Daru
  Napoléon, comte Daru
  Napoléon, comte Daru, , was a French soldier and politician. Son of Pierre Daru and godson of Napoléon and Joséphine, he studied at the lycée Louis-le-Grand, then at the l'Ecole polytechnique and at the l'Ecole militaire d'application in Metz...
  
  
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• Henryk Dembinski
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  Henryk Dembiński was a Polish engineer, traveler and general.Dembiński was born in Strzałków, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. In 1809 he entered the Polish army of the Duchy of Warsaw and took part in most of the Napoleonic campaigns in the East. Among others, he took part in the Battle of Leipzig in...
  
  
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  Heinrich Didier
  Heinrich Didier was a German emigrant to the United States of America and was one of the editors of the Deutsche Schnellpost in 1850.-References:...
  
  
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  Franz von Dingelstedt
  Franz von Dingelstedt was a German poet, dramatist and theatre administrator.-Biography:Dingestedt was born at Halsdorf, Hesse-Kassel , Germany, and later studied at the University of Marburg nearby. In 1836 he became a master at the Lyceum in Kassel, from where he was transferred to Fulda in 1838...
  
  
• Friedrich Doll
  Friedrich Doll
  Friedrich Doll was a German democrat and commercial travellor. He took part in the republican uprisings in Baden in 1848. Doll also commanded a division during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849....
  
  
• Max Dortu
  Max Dortu
  Max Dortu was a German born revolutionary democrat. He took part in the Berlin uprising of March 18, 1849 and participated in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849. Following the suppression of the uprisings, Dortu was captured by Prussian authorities, tried by court martial and executed....
  
  
• Ferdinand Dreher
  Ferdinand Dreher
  Ferdinand Dreher was a participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849. He commanded a battlion of the people's militia in Karlsruhe, Germany during that uprising....
  
  
• Charles Théodore Eugene Duclerc
  Charles Duclerc
  Charles Théodore Eugène Duclerc was a French journalist and politician of the Third Republic. He was a member of the editorial board of the National newspaper. Duclerc served as Minister of Finance from May through June in the Provisional government of France...
  
  
• Charles François du Périer Dumouriez
  Charles François Dumouriez
  Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. He shared the victory at Valmy with General François Christophe Kellermann, but later deserted the Revolutionary Army and became a royalist intriguer during the reign of Napoleon.-Early life:Dumouriez...
  
  
• André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin
  André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin
  André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin , commonly called Dupin the Elder, was a French advocate, president of the chamber of deputies and of the Legislative Assembly....
  
  
• Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
  Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
  Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure was a French lawyer and statesman.He is best known as the first head of state of the Second Republic, after the collapse of the July Monarchy.-Early career:...
  
  
• Michel Auguste Dupoty
  Michel Auguste Dupoty
  Michel Auguste Dupoty was a French journalist and a politician with republican beliefs. He took part in publishing several republican-democratic newspapers.-References:...
  
  
• Pascal Pierre Duprat
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  Pascal Pierre Duprat was a French journalist and politician with republican beliefs. He was elected as a deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the second Republic. He was an opponent of Louis Bonaparte.-References:...
  
  
• Count Pál Esterházy of Galántha
• Count Miklós Esterházy Galántha
• Gottfried Eisenmann
• Adolph Fischhof
• Stefano Franscini
  Stefano Franscini
  Stefano Franscini was a Swiss politician and statistician. He was one of the initial members of the Swiss Federal Council elected in 1848 and Switzerland's first native Italian speaking federal councillor. Franscini was affiliated to the Liberal Radical Party of Switzerland. During his office...
  
  
• Miklós Gaal
  Miklós Gaál
  Miklós Gaál is a Hungarian footballer who plays for FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod in Russian Premier League.He has played 47 matches in the Hungarian National Championship without scoring a goal...
  
  
• Baron Heinrich Wilhelm August Gagern
  Heinrich von Gagern
  Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern was a statesman who argued for the unification of Germany.The third son of Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron von Gagern, a liberal statesman from Hesse, Heinrich von Gagern was born at Bayreuth, educated at the military academy at Munich, and, as an officer in...
  
  
• Albert Frédéric Jean Galeer
  Albert Frédéric Jean Galeer
  Albert Frédéric Jean Galeer was a Swiss-born teacher and man of letters who held democratic beliefs. He took part in the war against the Sonderbund in 1847 and participated in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849....
  
  
• Louis Antoine Garnier-Pagès
• András Gáspár
• Émile de Girardin
  Émile de Girardin
  Émile de Girardin , was a French journalist, publicist, and politician. He was born in Paris in 1802, the son of General Alexandre de Girardin and of Madame Dupuy , wife of a Parisian advocate....
  
  
• Arthur Görgey
• Armand Gregg
  Armand Gregg
  Armand Gregg was a German-born journalist with democratic beliefs. He was a member of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849. He was also of the First International and a member of the German Social Democratic Party in the 1870s.-References:...
  
  
• Theodor Ludwig Greiner
  Theodor Ludwig Greiner
  Theodor Ludwig Greiner was a German by birth and a lawyer by profession. Greiner held democratic beliefs. Thus, he became a member of the Palatinate Provisional government in 1849. After the Provisional Governmen was crushed by the Prussian counter-revolutionary authorities, Greiner fled to...
  
  
• Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün
  Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün
  Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grűn was born in Germany in 1817. He became a journalist by profession and a "true socialist" by profession in the mid-1840s. Grün was a follower of the petty bourgeoisie trend during the uprisings of 1848 and 1849. He was elected as a deputy to the Prussian National...
  
  
• Auguste Joseph Guinard
  Auguste Joseph Guinard
  Auguste Joseph Guinard was born in France and developed democratic beliefs. He was elected as a deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1848 through 1849. In the Constituent Assembly, Guinard caucused with the Mountain party. On January 15, 1849, he took part in uprisings by the Mountain...
  
  
• Richard Debaufre Guyon
  Richard Debaufre Guyon
  Richard Debaufre Guyon , British soldier, general in the Hungarian revolutionary army and Turkish pasha , was born at Walcot, near Bath, Somerset....
  
  
• Johann von Hám
• David Justus Hansemann
  David Hansemann
  David Justus Ludwig Hansemann was a Prussian politician and banker, serving as the Prussian Minister of Finance in 1848.- Life :...
  
  
• Friedrich Wilhelm Harkar
• George Julian Harney
  George Julian Harney
  George Julian Harney was a British political activist, journalist, and Chartist leader. He was also associated with Marxism, socialism, and universal suffrage.-Early life:...
  
  
• Karl Hausner
• Friedrich Karl Franz Hecker
• Karl Hecker
• Heinrich Heine
  Heinrich Heine
  Christian Johann Heinrich Heine was one of the most significant German poets of the 19th century. He was also a journalist, essayist, and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of Lieder by composers such as Robert Schumann...
  
  
• Adolf Hexamer
• Baron August von der Heydt
• Joseph Iovanovich
• Kosta Ionvanovich
• Edward von Müller-Tellering
• Stephen Adolph Naut
• François Pardigon
• Julius Schuberth
• François Vidal

External links

• The Communist League, 1847 - 1850, documents of the league on Marxists.org.
• Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne by Karl Marx.
• Bund der Geächteten