In a complementary monopoly consent must be obtained from more than one agent in order to obtain the good. This effect was originally observered in . The leads to a reduction in surplus generated relative to an outright monopoly, if the two agents do not cooperate.

This can be seen in private toll roads where more than one operator controls a different section of the road. The solution is for one agent to purchase all sections of the road.

Complementary goods are a less extreme form of this effect. In this case, one good is still of value even if the other good is not obtained.

Example

Consider a road between two towns where half of the road is owned by two agents. A customer must pass two toll booth in order to pass from one town to the other. Each agent sets the price of his toll booth.

Given a demand function,

,

The optimal price for a monopolist is



leading to revenue of



If both agents are independently setting their prices, then the Nash equilibrium is for each to set their price at

.

This leads to an increase in the total price to



and a decrease in total revenue to



The total revenue generated by the two owners is reduced and the price is increased. This means that both the owners and the users of the road are worse off than they would otherwise be.