Compound term processing
Encyclopedia
Compound term processing is the name that is used for a category of techniques in Information retrieval
applications that performs matching on the basis of compound terms. Compound terms are built by combining two (or more) simple terms, for example "triple" is a single word term but "triple heart bypass" is a compound term.
In August 2003 Concept Searching Limited
introduced the idea of using statistical Compound Term Processing via an article published in INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (VOL 36 PART 4). A British Library Direct catalogue entry can be found here: .
The complete original article can also be downloaded from here: .
Further discussion of Compound Term Processing can be found here: . CLAMOUR is a European collaborative project which aims to find a better way to classify when collecting and disseminating industrial information & statistics. In contrast to the techniques discussed by Concept Searching Limited, CLAMOUR appears to be primarily a linguistic approach, rather than one based on statistical modelling. The final project report (dated March 2002) can be found here:
Compound Term Processing is important because it allows search (and other Information Retrieval) applications to perform their matching on the basis of multi-word concepts rather than single words in isolation which can be highly ambiguous.
Most search engines simply look for documents that contain the words that the user enters into the search box (aka "keyword search" engines). Boolean search engines add a degree of sophistication by allowing the user to specify additional requirements but most users struggle to comprehend and use the necessary syntax (e.g. Tiger NEAR Woods AND (golf OR golfing) NOT Volkswagen). Phrase search
is easier to understand but can lead to many useful documents being missed if they do not contain the exact phrase specified.
Techniques for probabilistic weighting of single word terms dates back to at least 1976 and the landmark publication by Stephen E. Robertson and Karen Spärck Jones
: Relevance weighting of search terms originally published in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science. Robertson has stated that the assumption of word independence is not justified and exists simply as a matter of mathematical convenience. The objection to assumptions about term independence are not new, dating back to at least 1964 when H. H. Williams expressed it this way: "The assumption of independence of words in a document is usually made as a matter of mathematical convenience".
Compound term processing is a new approach to an old problem: how to improve the relevance of search results without missing anything important whilst maintaining ease of use. By forming compound (i.e. multi-word) terms and placing these in the search engine's index the search can be performed with a higher degree of accuracy because the ambiguity inherent in single words is no longer a problem. A search for survival rates following a triple heart bypass in elderly people will locate documents about this topic even if this precise phrase is not contained in any document. A concept search
using "Compound Term Processing" can extract the key concepts automatically (in this case "survival rates", "triple heart bypass" and "elderly people") and use these to select the most relevant documents.
In 2004 Anna Lynn Patterson filed a number of patents on the subject of "Phrase based indexing and retrieval" and to which Google subsequently acquired the rights. A full discussion of the patents can be found here: Webmaster Woman. The patents themselves can be found online, for example: .
Statistical Compound Term Processing is more adaptive than the "phrase based indexing and retrieval" detailed by Anna Lynn Patterson in her patent applications. The "phrase based indexing" is targeted at searching the World Wide Web where an extensive statistical knowledge of common searches can be used to identify candidate phrases. Statistical Compound Term Processing is more suited to Enterprise Search
applications where such a priori knowledge is not available.
Statistical Compound Term Processing is also more adaptive than the linguistic approach taken by the CLAMOUR project which considers the syntactic properties of the terms (part of speech, gender, number) and their combination. CLAMOUR is highly language dependent, whereas the statistical approach is language independent.
Information retrieval
Information retrieval is the area of study concerned with searching for documents, for information within documents, and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching structured storage, relational databases, and the World Wide Web...
applications that performs matching on the basis of compound terms. Compound terms are built by combining two (or more) simple terms, for example "triple" is a single word term but "triple heart bypass" is a compound term.
In August 2003 Concept Searching Limited
Concept Searching Limited
Concept Searching Limited is a software company which specializes in information retrieval software. Its has products for Enterprise search, Taxonomy Management and Statistical classification.-History:...
introduced the idea of using statistical Compound Term Processing via an article published in INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (VOL 36 PART 4). A British Library Direct catalogue entry can be found here: .
The complete original article can also be downloaded from here: .
Further discussion of Compound Term Processing can be found here: . CLAMOUR is a European collaborative project which aims to find a better way to classify when collecting and disseminating industrial information & statistics. In contrast to the techniques discussed by Concept Searching Limited, CLAMOUR appears to be primarily a linguistic approach, rather than one based on statistical modelling. The final project report (dated March 2002) can be found here:
Compound Term Processing is important because it allows search (and other Information Retrieval) applications to perform their matching on the basis of multi-word concepts rather than single words in isolation which can be highly ambiguous.
Most search engines simply look for documents that contain the words that the user enters into the search box (aka "keyword search" engines). Boolean search engines add a degree of sophistication by allowing the user to specify additional requirements but most users struggle to comprehend and use the necessary syntax (e.g. Tiger NEAR Woods AND (golf OR golfing) NOT Volkswagen). Phrase search
Phrase search
Phrase Search is a type of search that allows users to search for documents containing an exact sentence or phrase opposed to being limited to keywords...
is easier to understand but can lead to many useful documents being missed if they do not contain the exact phrase specified.
Techniques for probabilistic weighting of single word terms dates back to at least 1976 and the landmark publication by Stephen E. Robertson and Karen Spärck Jones
Karen Spärck Jones
Karen Spärck Jones FBA was a British computer scientist.Karen Spärck Jones was born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England. Her father was Owen Jones, a lecturer in chemistry, and her mother was Ida Spärck, a Norwegian who moved to Britain during World War II...
: Relevance weighting of search terms originally published in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science. Robertson has stated that the assumption of word independence is not justified and exists simply as a matter of mathematical convenience. The objection to assumptions about term independence are not new, dating back to at least 1964 when H. H. Williams expressed it this way: "The assumption of independence of words in a document is usually made as a matter of mathematical convenience".
Compound term processing is a new approach to an old problem: how to improve the relevance of search results without missing anything important whilst maintaining ease of use. By forming compound (i.e. multi-word) terms and placing these in the search engine's index the search can be performed with a higher degree of accuracy because the ambiguity inherent in single words is no longer a problem. A search for survival rates following a triple heart bypass in elderly people will locate documents about this topic even if this precise phrase is not contained in any document. A concept search
Concept Search
A concept search is an automated information retrieval method that is used to search electronically stored unstructured text for information that is conceptually similar to the information provided in a search query...
using "Compound Term Processing" can extract the key concepts automatically (in this case "survival rates", "triple heart bypass" and "elderly people") and use these to select the most relevant documents.
In 2004 Anna Lynn Patterson filed a number of patents on the subject of "Phrase based indexing and retrieval" and to which Google subsequently acquired the rights. A full discussion of the patents can be found here: Webmaster Woman. The patents themselves can be found online, for example: .
Statistical Compound Term Processing is more adaptive than the "phrase based indexing and retrieval" detailed by Anna Lynn Patterson in her patent applications. The "phrase based indexing" is targeted at searching the World Wide Web where an extensive statistical knowledge of common searches can be used to identify candidate phrases. Statistical Compound Term Processing is more suited to Enterprise Search
Enterprise search
Enterprise search is the practice of making content from multiple enterprise-type sources, such as databases and intranets, searchable to a defined audience.-Enterprise search summary:...
applications where such a priori knowledge is not available.
Statistical Compound Term Processing is also more adaptive than the linguistic approach taken by the CLAMOUR project which considers the syntactic properties of the terms (part of speech, gender, number) and their combination. CLAMOUR is highly language dependent, whereas the statistical approach is language independent.