Conserved name
Encyclopedia
A conserved name or nomen conservandum (plural nomina conservanda, abbreviation nom. cons.) is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection. Nomen conservandum is a Latin
term, meaning a "name which should be conserved". The terms are often used interchangeably, such as by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, while the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
favours "conserved name". The process for conserving botanical names is different from that for zoological names.
In botanical nomenclature, conservation is a nomenclatural procedure governed by Art. 14 of the ICBN. Its purpose is
Conservation is possible only for names at the rank of family
, genus
or species
. Besides conservation of a name (Art. 14) the ICBN also offers the option of rejection of a name (Art. 56), creating a nomen rejiciendum (nom. rej., rejected name) that cannot be used anymore. Rejection is possible for a name at any rank.
Conservation may be restricted to the spelling of a name: Euonymus
(not Evonymus), Guaiacum
(not Guajacum), Hieronyma
(not Hyeronima or Hieronima), etc. (see orthographical variant). Conservation may also concern the type of a name, thus fixing the application of that name to a taxon
.
A name that has been rejected versus a conserved name under article 14 has no more nomenclatural consequence than one that has been rejected under article 56.
In the course of time there have been different standards for the majority required for a decision. However, for decades the Nomenclature Section has required a 60% majority for an inclusion in the Code, and the Committees have followed this example, in 1996 adopting a 60% majority for a decision.
, although informally both terms are used interchangeably.
In the glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code for names of animals, one of several Nomenclature Codes
), this definition is given:
conserved name
This is a more generalized definition than the one for nomen protectum, which is specifically a conserved name that is either a junior synonym or homonym
, and would therefore ordinarily be considered invalid.
An example of a conserved name, one that is also a nomen protectum, is the dinosaur
genus
name Pachycephalosaurus
, which was formally described in 1943. Later, Tylosteus (which was formally described in 1872) was found to be the same genus as Pachycephalosaurus (a synonym). By the usual rules, the genus Tylosteus has precedence and would normally be the correct name. But the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
(ICZN) ruled that the name Pachycephalosaurus was to be given precedence and treated as the valid name, because it was in more common use and better known to scientists.
The ICZN
's procedural details are different from those in botany, but the basic operating principle is the same, with petitions submitted for review by the Commission.
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
term, meaning a "name which should be conserved". The terms are often used interchangeably, such as by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, while the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals...
favours "conserved name". The process for conserving botanical names is different from that for zoological names.
Botany
A nomen conservandum, although the term is not explicitly defined within the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), is "...any name of a genus, family, or taxon of intermediate rank that must be adopted in accordance with special legislation (Arts. 14, 15) as a correct name although otherwise contrary to the rules" (McVaugh et al., 1968). The principle of conservation has since been extended to specific names as well.In botanical nomenclature, conservation is a nomenclatural procedure governed by Art. 14 of the ICBN. Its purpose is
- "to avoid disadvantageous nomenclatural changes entailed by the strict application of the rules, and especially of the principle of priority [...]" (Art. 14.1).
Conservation is possible only for names at the rank of family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
, genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
or species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
. Besides conservation of a name (Art. 14) the ICBN also offers the option of rejection of a name (Art. 56), creating a nomen rejiciendum (nom. rej., rejected name) that cannot be used anymore. Rejection is possible for a name at any rank.
Conservation may be restricted to the spelling of a name: Euonymus
Euonymus
Euonymus , often called spindle or spindle tree, is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. It comprises about 170–180 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs and small trees...
(not Evonymus), Guaiacum
Guaiacum
Guaiacum, sometimes spelled Guajacum, is a genus of flowering plants in the caltrop family Zygophyllaceae. It contains five species of slow-growing shrubs and trees, reaching a height of approximately but are usually less than half of that...
(not Guajacum), Hieronyma
Hieronyma
Hieronyma is a genus belonging to the plant family Phyllanthaceae. This family was formerly united with spurges, crotons, copperleaves, etc , but have turned out to be well distinct....
(not Hyeronima or Hieronima), etc. (see orthographical variant). Conservation may also concern the type of a name, thus fixing the application of that name to a taxon
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
.
Effects
Conflicting conserved names are treated according to the normal rules of priority. Separate proposals (informally referred to as "superconservation" proposal) may be made to protect the latter of a conserved name that would be overtaken by another. However, conservation does not have the same consequences depending on the type of name that is conserved:- A conserved family name is protected against all other family names based on genera encompassed by the family definition.
- A conserved genus or species name is against any homonyms, homotypic synonyms, and those specific heterotypic synonyms that are simultaneously declared nomina rejicienda (as well as their own homotypic synonyms). As such, other names may arise that require nomenclatural changes or new conservation proposal.
A name that has been rejected versus a conserved name under article 14 has no more nomenclatural consequence than one that has been rejected under article 56.
Procedure
- The procedure starts by submitting a proposal to the journal Taxon (published by the IAPTInternational Association for Plant TaxonomyThe International Association for Plant Taxonomy promotes an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitates international communication of research between botanists, and oversees matters of uniformity and stability in plant names . The IAPT was founded on July 18, 1950 at the Seventh...
). This proposal should present the case both for and against conservation of a name. Publication notifies anybody concerned that the matter is being considered and makes it possible for those interested to write in. Publication is the start of the formal procedure: it counts as referring the matter "to the appropriate Committee for study" and Rec14A.1 comes into effect. The name in question is (somewhat) protected by this Recommendation ("... authors should follow existing usage as far as possible ..."). - After reviewing the matter, judging the merits of the case, "the appropriate Committee" makes a decision either against ("not recommended") or in favor ("recommended"). Then the matter is passed to the General Committee.
- After reviewing the matter, mostly from a procedural angle, the General Committee makes a decision, either against ("not recommended") or in favor ("recommended"). At this point Art 14.14 comes into effect. Art 14.14 authorizes all users to indeed use that name. If this should be relevant the name can be printed in the relevant Appendix, but only if accompanied by an asterisk to indicate that although it is printed in the physical book which carries the title International Code of Botanical Nomenclature it is not de jure part of the Code.
- The General Committee reports to the Nomenclature Section of the International Botanical CongressInternational Botanical CongressInternational Botanical Congress is a large-scale meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, from all over the world. Authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies , congresses are held every six years with the venue circulating around the world. The XVIII...
, stating which names (including types and spellings) it recommends for conservation. Then, by Div.III.1, the Nomenclature Section makes a decision on which names (including types, spellings) are accepted into the Code. At this stage the de facto decision is made to modify the Code. - The Plenary Session of that same International Botanical Congress receives the "resolution moved by the Nomenclature Section of that Congress" and makes a de jure decision to modify the Code. By long tradition this step is ceremonial in nature only.
In the course of time there have been different standards for the majority required for a decision. However, for decades the Nomenclature Section has required a 60% majority for an inclusion in the Code, and the Committees have followed this example, in 1996 adopting a 60% majority for a decision.
Zoology
For zoology, the term "conserved name", rather than nomen conservandum, is used in the International Code of Zoological NomenclatureInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals...
, although informally both terms are used interchangeably.
In the glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code for names of animals, one of several Nomenclature Codes
Nomenclature Codes
Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature, each in their own broad field of organisms...
), this definition is given:
conserved name
- A name otherwise unavailable or invalid that the Commission, by the use of its plenary power, has enabled to be used as a valid name by removal of the known obstacles to such use.
This is a more generalized definition than the one for nomen protectum, which is specifically a conserved name that is either a junior synonym or homonym
Homonym (zoology)
In biology, a homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon.The rule in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is that the first such name to be published is the senior homonym and is to be used ; any others are junior...
, and would therefore ordinarily be considered invalid.
An example of a conserved name, one that is also a nomen protectum, is the dinosaur
Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade and superorder Dinosauria. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous , when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of...
genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
name Pachycephalosaurus
Pachycephalosaurus
Pachycephalosaurus is a genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur. It lived during the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. Remains have been excavated in Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. It was an herbivorous or omnivorous creature which is only known from a single skull and a few...
, which was formally described in 1943. Later, Tylosteus (which was formally described in 1872) was found to be the same genus as Pachycephalosaurus (a synonym). By the usual rules, the genus Tylosteus has precedence and would normally be the correct name. But the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 28 members from 20 countries, mainly practicing zoological taxonomists...
(ICZN) ruled that the name Pachycephalosaurus was to be given precedence and treated as the valid name, because it was in more common use and better known to scientists.
The ICZN
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 28 members from 20 countries, mainly practicing zoological taxonomists...
's procedural details are different from those in botany, but the basic operating principle is the same, with petitions submitted for review by the Commission.