Cousin
Encyclopedia
In kinship terminology
, a cousin is a relative
with whom one shares one or more common ancestor
s. The term is rarely used when referring to a relative in one's immediate family where there is a more specific term (e.g., one's ancestors, descendants, or siblings). The term "blood relative" can be used synonymously and establishes the existence of a genetic link. A system of "degrees" and "removals" is used to describe the relationship between the two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. This system can handle kinships with common ancestors existing any number of generations in the past, though non-genealogical usage often eliminates the degrees and removals and refers to people with common ancestry as simply "cousins" or "distant cousin".
By extension, The term "cousin" can also be used when referring to the genetic relationships between human
s and any other form of life
, as per the theory of evolution
of all life on Earth descending from one common ancestor
. However the term in this sense is most commonly restricted to the fields of study surrounding ecological genetics
.
Second cousin also often refers to one's parent's first cousin's child, or someone with whom you share great-grandparents but not grandparents.
, is helpful in identifying the degree of cousin relationship between two individuals using their most recent common ancestor as the reference point. Cousinship between two individuals can be specifically described in degrees and removals by determining how close, generationally, the common ancestor is to each individual.
Additional modifying words are used to clarify the exact degree of relatedness between the two people. Ordinal numbers are used to specify the number of generations between individuals and a common ancestor, and further clarification of exact cousinship is made by specifying the difference in generational level between the two cousins, if any, by using degrees of removal. For example, "first cousins once removed" describes two individuals with the common ancestor being the grandparent of one cousin (one "degree") and the great-grandparent of the other cousin (two "degrees"). The degree of lowest number is considered the degree. The cousins themselves are one generation apart from each other (one "remove"). So, the difference between the degrees is the "removed" part of the equation in this example.
There is a mathematical way to identify the degree of cousinship shared by two individuals. Each "great" or "grand" in the description of one individual's relationship to the common ancestor has a numerical value of 1. For example, if person one's great-great-great-grandfather is person two's grandfather, then person one's "number" is 4 (great + great + great + grand = 4) and person two's "number" is 1 (grand = 1). The smaller of the two numbers is the degree of cousinship. The two people in this example are first cousins. The difference between the two people's "numbers" is the degree of removal. In this case, the two people are thrice (4 − 1 = 3) removed, making them first cousins thrice removed.
Example 2: If someone's great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + grand = 4) is another person's great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + grand = 4), then the two people are 4th cousins. There is no degree of removal, because they are on the same generational level (4 − 4 = 0).
Example 3: If one person's great-grandparent (great + grand = 2) is a second person's great-great-great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + great + great + grand = 6), then the two are second cousins four times removed. The first person's "number" (2) is the lowest, making them second cousins. The difference between the two numbers is 4 (6 − 2 = 4), which is the degree of removal (generational difference).
s of one family reproduce with two siblings of another family. The resulting children are related to each other through both parent
s' families. Double first cousins share both sets of grandparent
s in common and have double the degree of consanguinity
of ordinary first cousins.
When "identical" twins reproduce with a pair of ordinary siblings, the resulting children are more related than ordinary half-siblings but less related than full siblings (they are genetically equivalent to 3/4 siblings) although they are legally double first cousins.
When identical twins reproduce with another set of identical twins (sometimes called "quaternary marriage"), the resulting children are likewise genetically indistinguishable from full siblings, although they are genealogically double first cousins.
Marriage between double cousins is specifically prohibited in the U.S. State of North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51-3). It is permitted in the other 25 states that permit marriage between first cousins.
Chart relationships as sentences:
In some Indian cultures, especially in the state of Tamil Nadu and some Ghanaian cultures especially in the Akan areas, the way they define cousin is different from that of the Western world. Parallel-cousins are considered as siblings and only cross-cousins are considered as cousins.
The brother of the father or the mother's sister's husband is called Periyappa (Tamil: பெரியப்பா) if elder meaning "big-Father" and Chitappa (Tamil: சித்தப்பா) if younger meaning "small-Father". Similarly, the sister of the mother or the father's brother's wife is called Periyamma (Tamil: பெரியம்மா) if elder meaning "big-Mother" and Chithi (Tamil: சித்தி) if younger meaning "small-Mother". Hence, their sons and daughters were same as brothers and sisters and they never inter-marry. Marriages in these cultures are allowed only between the cousins or outside people and not between brothers and sisters specified here.
s between each individual and their nearest common ancestor
, can be calculated by the following:
Note that if one of the individuals is the ancestor of the other, one of Ga and Gb is zero and so x is zero.
If they only share one nearest common ancestor rather than two, then the word "half" is sometimes added at the beginning of the relationship.
Granduncle/grandaunt and grandnephew/grandniece are equivalent to great-uncle/great-aunt and great-nephew/great-niece. Both great-uncle and granduncle refer to an uncle of one's father or mother. Neither form is definitively more correct than the other.
The mathematical definition is more elegant if consanguinity is expressed as the ordered pair of natural numbers (x, y) as defined above. In that case, the relationship between parent and child is (0, 1), and the relationship between grandparent and grandchild is (0, 2). The relationship between siblings is (1, 0); and between aunt/uncle and nephew/niece is (1, 1). First cousins are (2, 0). The first number expresses how many generations back the two people's most recent common ancestor
is, while the second number expresses the generation difference between the two people.
Another visual chart used in determining the legal relationship between two people who share a common ancestor is based upon a diamond shape, usually referred to as a "canon law
relationship chart".
The chart is used by placing the "common progenitor" (the person from whom both people are descended) in the top space in the diamond shaped chart, and then following each line down the outside edge of the chart. Upon reaching the final place along the opposing outside edge for each person, the relationship is then determined by following that line inward to the point where the lines intersect. The information contained in the common "intersection" defines the relationship.
For a simple example, in the illustration to the right, if two siblings use the chart to determine their relationship, their common parents are placed in the topmost position and each child is assigned the space below and along the outside of the chart. Then, following the spaces inward, the two would meet in the "brother (sister)" diamond. If their children want to determine their relationship, they would follow the path established by their parents, but descend an additional step below along the outside of the chart (showing that they are grandchildren of the common progenitor); following their respective lines inward, they would come to rest in the space marked "1st cousin". In cases where one side descends the outside of the diamond further than the other side because of additional generations removed from the common progenitor, following the lines inward shows both the cousin rank (1st cousin, 2nd cousin) plus the number of times (generations) "removed".
In the example provided at the right, generations one (child) through ten (8th great-grandchild) from the common progenitor are provided; however the format of the chart can easily be expanded to accommodate any number of generations needed to resolve the question of relationship.
Kinship terminology
Kinship terminology refers to the various systems used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship. Different societies classify kinship relations differently and therefore use different systems of kinship terminology - for example some languages...
, a cousin is a relative
Kinship
Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin, through either biological, cultural, or historical descent. And descent groups, lineages, etc. are treated in their own subsections....
with whom one shares one or more common ancestor
Common descent
In evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share common descent if they have a common ancestor. There is strong quantitative support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor....
s. The term is rarely used when referring to a relative in one's immediate family where there is a more specific term (e.g., one's ancestors, descendants, or siblings). The term "blood relative" can be used synonymously and establishes the existence of a genetic link. A system of "degrees" and "removals" is used to describe the relationship between the two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. This system can handle kinships with common ancestors existing any number of generations in the past, though non-genealogical usage often eliminates the degrees and removals and refers to people with common ancestry as simply "cousins" or "distant cousin".
By extension, The term "cousin" can also be used when referring to the genetic relationships between human
Human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
s and any other form of life
Life
Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased , or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate...
, as per the theory of evolution
Evolution
Evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.Life on Earth...
of all life on Earth descending from one common ancestor
Most recent common ancestor
In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended...
. However the term in this sense is most commonly restricted to the fields of study surrounding ecological genetics
Ecological genetics
Ecological genetics is the study of genetics in natural populations.This contrasts with classical genetics, which works mostly on crosses between laboratory strains, and DNA sequence analysis, which studies genes at the molecular level....
.
Colloquial usage
Although precise nomenclature exists, in colloquial speech, "cousin" is used unmodified. Thus one's "cousin" may be a first cousin, child of a first cousin, second cousin, cousin's cousin, et cetera. Modifiers like half- or step- are almost never added in everyday speech. It is also used for people one is close to, even if they are not actually a blood relative,Second cousin also often refers to one's parent's first cousin's child, or someone with whom you share great-grandparents but not grandparents.
Cousin chart
A cousin chart, or table of consanguinityConsanguinity
Consanguinity refers to the property of being from the same kinship as another person. In that respect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person...
, is helpful in identifying the degree of cousin relationship between two individuals using their most recent common ancestor as the reference point. Cousinship between two individuals can be specifically described in degrees and removals by determining how close, generationally, the common ancestor is to each individual.
Additional modifying words are used to clarify the exact degree of relatedness between the two people. Ordinal numbers are used to specify the number of generations between individuals and a common ancestor, and further clarification of exact cousinship is made by specifying the difference in generational level between the two cousins, if any, by using degrees of removal. For example, "first cousins once removed" describes two individuals with the common ancestor being the grandparent of one cousin (one "degree") and the great-grandparent of the other cousin (two "degrees"). The degree of lowest number is considered the degree. The cousins themselves are one generation apart from each other (one "remove"). So, the difference between the degrees is the "removed" part of the equation in this example.
There is a mathematical way to identify the degree of cousinship shared by two individuals. Each "great" or "grand" in the description of one individual's relationship to the common ancestor has a numerical value of 1. For example, if person one's great-great-great-grandfather is person two's grandfather, then person one's "number" is 4 (great + great + great + grand = 4) and person two's "number" is 1 (grand = 1). The smaller of the two numbers is the degree of cousinship. The two people in this example are first cousins. The difference between the two people's "numbers" is the degree of removal. In this case, the two people are thrice (4 − 1 = 3) removed, making them first cousins thrice removed.
Example 2: If someone's great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + grand = 4) is another person's great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + grand = 4), then the two people are 4th cousins. There is no degree of removal, because they are on the same generational level (4 − 4 = 0).
Example 3: If one person's great-grandparent (great + grand = 2) is a second person's great-great-great-great-great-grandparent (great + great + great + great + great + grand = 6), then the two are second cousins four times removed. The first person's "number" (2) is the lowest, making them second cousins. The difference between the two numbers is 4 (6 − 2 = 4), which is the degree of removal (generational difference).
Explanation chart
| If one person's → | Grandparent Grandparent Grandparents are the parents of a person's own parent, whether that be a father or a mother. Every sexually-reproducing creature who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, etc... |
Great-grandparent | Great-great-grandparent | Great-great-great-grandparent | Great-great-great-great-grandparent | Great-great-great-great-great-grandparent | |
| is the other person's ↓ |
then they are ↘ | ||||||
| Grandparent | 1st cousins | 1st cousins once removed | 1st cousins twice removed | 1st cousins thrice removed | 1st cousins four times removed | 1st cousins five times removed | |
| Great-grandparent | 1st cousins once removed | 2nd cousins | 2nd cousins once removed | 2nd cousins twice removed | 2nd cousins thrice removed | 2nd cousins four times removed | |
| Great-great-grandparent | 1st cousins twice removed | 2nd cousins once removed | 3rd cousins | 3rd cousins once removed | 3rd cousins twice removed | 3rd cousins thrice removed | |
| Great-great-great-grandparent | 1st cousins thrice removed | 2nd cousins twice removed | 3rd cousins once removed | 4th cousins | 4th cousins once removed | 4th cousins twice removed | |
| Great-great-great-great-grandparent | 1st cousins four times removed | 2nd cousins thrice removed | 3rd cousins twice removed | 4th cousins once removed | 5th cousins | 5th cousins once removed | |
| Great-great-great-great-great-grandparent | 1st cousins five times removed | 2nd cousins four times removed | 3rd cousins thrice removed | 4th cousins twice removed | 5th cousins once removed | 6th cousins | |
Double cousins
"Double first cousins" arise when two siblingSibling
Siblings are people who share at least one parent. A male sibling is called a brother; and a female sibling is called a sister. In most societies throughout the world, siblings usually grow up together and spend a good deal of their childhood socializing with one another...
s of one family reproduce with two siblings of another family. The resulting children are related to each other through both parent
Parent
A parent is a caretaker of the offspring in their own species. In humans, a parent is of a child . Children can have one or more parents, but they must have two biological parents. Biological parents consist of the male who sired the child and the female who gave birth to the child...
s' families. Double first cousins share both sets of grandparent
Grandparent
Grandparents are the parents of a person's own parent, whether that be a father or a mother. Every sexually-reproducing creature who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, etc...
s in common and have double the degree of consanguinity
Consanguinity
Consanguinity refers to the property of being from the same kinship as another person. In that respect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person...
of ordinary first cousins.
When "identical" twins reproduce with a pair of ordinary siblings, the resulting children are more related than ordinary half-siblings but less related than full siblings (they are genetically equivalent to 3/4 siblings) although they are legally double first cousins.
When identical twins reproduce with another set of identical twins (sometimes called "quaternary marriage"), the resulting children are likewise genetically indistinguishable from full siblings, although they are genealogically double first cousins.
Marriage between double cousins is specifically prohibited in the U.S. State of North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51-3). It is permitted in the other 25 states that permit marriage between first cousins.
Other types of cousins
When identical twins reproduce with different partners, the resulting children are first cousins but are genetically indistinguishable from half-siblings (because sharing a genetically identical parent is indistinguishable from sharing the same parent). When identical twins reproduce with the same person, the resulting children are likewise genetically indistinguishable from full siblings despite being legally half-siblings. When identical twins reproduce with siblings the resulting children are more related than half-siblings but less related than full siblings. When two siblings who are not identical twins reproduce with the same person, the resulting children are likewise more related than half-siblings but less related than full siblings. Both of these scenarios produce 3/4 siblings. Similar situations arise when two half-siblings marry the same person and when identical twins reproduce with two half-siblings. Children of double first cousins are double second cousins to each other.Chart relationships as sentences:
- If two first cousin men have children with two first cousin women then these children are double second cousins because they share both sets of great-grandparents on both the maternal and the paternal family trees.
- If two female first cousins have children with two male second cousins, these children are maternal second cousins / paternal third cousins.
- If two siblings procreate with two second cousins then the resulting children would be paternal first cousins and maternal third cousins, or vice versa.
- Inbreeding: If a male and a female third cousins have children, then these children would be siblings / double fourth cousins. (See cousin marriageCousin marriageCousin marriage is marriage between two cousins. In various jurisdictions and cultures, such marriages range from being considered ideal and actively encouraged, to being uncommon but still legal, to being seen as incest and legally prohibited....
.) This could be construed as incest in some cultures, especially if the third cousins know that they are related. Technically, it is considered inbreeding as geneticists can easily detect a genetic relationship with third cousins. - If a male and a female second cousins have children with siblings a brother and sister and then these children are first cousins / third cousins.
Half-cousins
Half-siblings share only one parent. Half-cousins share just one grandparent (whereas full first cousins share two grandparents with each other). Half-cousins are the children of two half-siblings (and their different partners). For example, if one of John's parents and one of Mary's parents are half-siblings, then John and Mary are half-first cousins. The half-sibling of each of their respective parents would be their half-aunt or half-uncle but these terms, although technically specific, are rarely colloquially. While it would not be unusual to hear of another's half-brother, or half-sister, so described, in common usage one would rarely hear of another's half-cousins or half-aunt, so described, and instead hear them described simply as the other's cousin or aunt. Also, children of half-first cousins are half-second cousins to each other and so on because they would share only one common great-grandparent out of eight instead of two, and so on.Step-cousins
Step-cousins are either stepchildren of an individual's aunt or uncle, children of one's step-aunt or uncle, or half-siblings of one's cousin. No blood relationship exists between step-cousins, although there does not need to be a blood relationship between cousins, as in the case of one or both of the siblings being adopted. Step first cousins once removed would be the stepchildren of one's first cousins. A stepchild of one's first cousin would be a step second cousin to their children (they would share a great-grand parent/step great-grand parent).Cousin-in-law
A cousin-in-law is the spouse of an individual's cousin, similarly the cousin of an individual's spouse, e.g. Owen Henderson will become a cousin-in-law with Nigel Gumbleton when he marries Nigel's cousin, Cerys Baldwin.Cousin from mother/father side
A person's cousins may be on either their mother's side or their father's side. If one person's mother's sibling is another's parent, then the second person is the first person's cousin on their mother's side. Similarly, if one person's father's sibling is another's parent, then the second person is the first person's cousin on their father's side. In the Chinese kinship system and other kinship systems, the terms for cousins related through only paternal relationships are different.In some Indian cultures, especially in the state of Tamil Nadu and some Ghanaian cultures especially in the Akan areas, the way they define cousin is different from that of the Western world. Parallel-cousins are considered as siblings and only cross-cousins are considered as cousins.
The brother of the father or the mother's sister's husband is called Periyappa (Tamil: பெரியப்பா) if elder meaning "big-Father" and Chitappa (Tamil: சித்தப்பா) if younger meaning "small-Father". Similarly, the sister of the mother or the father's brother's wife is called Periyamma (Tamil: பெரியம்மா) if elder meaning "big-Mother" and Chithi (Tamil: சித்தி) if younger meaning "small-Mother". Hence, their sons and daughters were same as brothers and sisters and they never inter-marry. Marriages in these cultures are allowed only between the cousins or outside people and not between brothers and sisters specified here.
Mathematical definitions
The "family relationship" between two individuals a and b, where Ga and Gb respectively are the number of generationGeneration
Generation , also known as procreation in biological sciences, is the act of producing offspring....
s between each individual and their nearest common ancestor
Ancestor
An ancestor is a parent or the parent of an ancestor ....
, can be calculated by the following:
- x = min (Ga, Gb)
- y = |Ga − Gb|
Note that if one of the individuals is the ancestor of the other, one of Ga and Gb is zero and so x is zero.
- If x = 0 and y = 1 then they are parent and child.
- If x = 0 and y = 2 then they are grandparent and grandchild.
- If x = 0 and y > 2 then they are great- ... great-grandparent and great- ... great-grandchild, with y − 2 greats.
- If x = 1 and y = 0 then they are siblings (brothers, sisters or brother and sister).
- If x = 1 and y = 1 then they are uncle/aunt and nephew/niece.
- if x = 1 and y = 2 then they are granduncle/grandaunt and grandnephew/grandniece (or great-uncle/great-aunt and great-nephew/great-niece).
- If x = 1 and y > 2 then they are great- ... great-granduncle/great-grandaunt and great- ... great-grandnephew/great-grandniece, with y − 2 greats (or great- ... great-uncle/great- ... great-aunt and great- ... great-nephew/great- ... great-niece, with y − 1 greats).
- If x > 1 and y = 0 then they are (x − 1)th cousins. First cousins are usually just called cousins when contrast with more distant relations is not called for.
- If x > 1 and y > 0 then they are (x − 1)th cousins y times removed.
If they only share one nearest common ancestor rather than two, then the word "half" is sometimes added at the beginning of the relationship.
Granduncle/grandaunt and grandnephew/grandniece are equivalent to great-uncle/great-aunt and great-nephew/great-niece. Both great-uncle and granduncle refer to an uncle of one's father or mother. Neither form is definitively more correct than the other.
The mathematical definition is more elegant if consanguinity is expressed as the ordered pair of natural numbers (x, y) as defined above. In that case, the relationship between parent and child is (0, 1), and the relationship between grandparent and grandchild is (0, 2). The relationship between siblings is (1, 0); and between aunt/uncle and nephew/niece is (1, 1). First cousins are (2, 0). The first number expresses how many generations back the two people's most recent common ancestor
Most recent common ancestor
In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended...
is, while the second number expresses the generation difference between the two people.
Alternative canon law charts
Canon law
Canon law is the body of laws & regulations made or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church , the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion of...
relationship chart".
The chart is used by placing the "common progenitor" (the person from whom both people are descended) in the top space in the diamond shaped chart, and then following each line down the outside edge of the chart. Upon reaching the final place along the opposing outside edge for each person, the relationship is then determined by following that line inward to the point where the lines intersect. The information contained in the common "intersection" defines the relationship.
For a simple example, in the illustration to the right, if two siblings use the chart to determine their relationship, their common parents are placed in the topmost position and each child is assigned the space below and along the outside of the chart. Then, following the spaces inward, the two would meet in the "brother (sister)" diamond. If their children want to determine their relationship, they would follow the path established by their parents, but descend an additional step below along the outside of the chart (showing that they are grandchildren of the common progenitor); following their respective lines inward, they would come to rest in the space marked "1st cousin". In cases where one side descends the outside of the diamond further than the other side because of additional generations removed from the common progenitor, following the lines inward shows both the cousin rank (1st cousin, 2nd cousin) plus the number of times (generations) "removed".
In the example provided at the right, generations one (child) through ten (8th great-grandchild) from the common progenitor are provided; however the format of the chart can easily be expanded to accommodate any number of generations needed to resolve the question of relationship.
See also
- Collateral descendantCollateral descendantA collateral descendant is a relative descended from a brother or sister of an ancestor, and thus a niece, nephew, or cousin.Compare with lineal descendant....
- ConsanguinityConsanguinityConsanguinity refers to the property of being from the same kinship as another person. In that respect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person...
- Cousin marriageCousin marriageCousin marriage is marriage between two cousins. In various jurisdictions and cultures, such marriages range from being considered ideal and actively encouraged, to being uncommon but still legal, to being seen as incest and legally prohibited....
- Cross cousin
- FamilyFamilyIn human context, a family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies it is the principal institution for the socialization of children...
- Genealogical numbering systemsGenealogical numbering systemsSeveral genealogical numbering systems have been widely adopted for presenting family trees and pedigree charts in text format. Among the most popular numbering systems are: Ahnentafel , and the Register, NGSQ, Henry, d'Aboville, Meurgey de Tupigny, and de Villiers/Pama Systems...
- Kinship terminologyKinship terminologyKinship terminology refers to the various systems used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship. Different societies classify kinship relations differently and therefore use different systems of kinship terminology - for example some languages...
- List of coupled cousins
- Most recent common ancestorMost recent common ancestorIn genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended...
- Parallel cousinParallel cousinIn discussing consanguineal kinship in anthropology, a parallel cousin is a cousin from a parent's same sex sibling, while a cross cousin is from a parent's opposite-sexed sibling...