Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Paralympics
Encyclopedia
Cross-country skiing
at the 1988 Winter Paralympics
consisted of 38 events, 23 for men and 15 for women.
Each event had separate standing, sitting, or visually impaired classifications:
Cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiing is a winter sport in which participants propel themselves across snow-covered terrain using skis and poles...
at the 1988 Winter Paralympics
1988 Winter Paralympics
The 1988 Winter Paralympic Games, were the fourth Winter Paralympics, held again in Innsbruck, Austria. These were the last Winter Paralympics to be held in a separate location from the Winter Olympics. Beginning in 1992, the Olympics and the Paralympics were held in the same city or in an adjacent...
consisted of 38 events, 23 for men and 15 for women.
Medal table
| Rank | Nation |  |
 |
 |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Norway |
14 | 11 | 4 | 29 |
| 2 |  Finland |
8 | 7 | 7 | 22 |
| 3 |  Canada |
4 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 |  Switzerland |
3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| 5 |  West Germany |
2 | 6 | 4 | 12 |
| 6 |  France |
2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 7 |  Austria |
1 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| 8 |  Sweden |
1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| 9 |  Poland |
1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 10 |  Italy |
1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 11 |  United States |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 12 |  Spain |
0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 13 |  Soviet Union |
0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Total | 38 | 36 | 34 | 108 | |
Medal summary
The competition events were:- 2.5 km: - women
- 5 km: men - women
- 10 km: men - women
- 15 km: men
- 20 km: men
- 30 km: men
- 3x2.5 km relay: men
- 3x5 km relay: - women
- 4x5 km relay: men
- 4x10 km relay: men
Each event had separate standing, sitting, or visually impaired classifications:
- LW2 - standing: single leg amputationAmputationAmputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma, prolonged constriction, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for...
above the knee - LW 3 - standing: double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsyCerebral palsyCerebral palsy is an umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non-contagious motor conditions that cause physical disability in human development, chiefly in the various areas of body movement....
, or equivalent impairment - LW4 - standing: single leg amputation below the knee
- LW5/7 - standing: double arm amputation
- LW6/8 - standing: single arm amputation
- LW9 - standing: amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg
- Gr I - sitting: paraplegiaParaplegiaParaplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic Greek: παραπληγίη "half-striking". It is usually the result of spinal cord injury or a congenital condition such as spina bifida that affects the neural elements of the spinal canal...
with no or some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance - Gr II - sitting: paraplegia with fair functional sitting balance
- B1 - visually impaired: no functional vision
- B2 - visually impaired: up to ca 3-5% functional vision
Men's events
| 5 km - short distance | Grade I |
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| Grade II |
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| LW2 |
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| LW3/9 |
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| LW4 |
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| LW5/7 |
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| 10 km - short distance | LW6/8 |
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| 10 km - long distance | Grade I |
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| Grade II |
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| LW2 |
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| LW3/9 |
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| 15 km - short distance | B1 |
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| B2 |
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| B3 |
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| 15 km - long distance | LW4 |
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| LW5/7 |
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| 20 km - long distance | LW6/8 |
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| 30 km - long distance | B1 |
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| B2 |
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| B3 |
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| 3x2.5 km relay | Grade I-II |
Terje Johansen Knut Lundstroem Erik Sandbraaten |
Walter Baertschi Heinz Frei Heinz Frei Heinz Frei is a Swiss wheelchair athlete. Frei has had a long career of racing, winning the London Marathon wheelchair race three times, and earning 5 medals at the 2003 European games at the age of 45... Walter Widmer |
Guenther Lercher Adolf Stuber Michael Weymann |
| 4x5 km relay | LW2-9 |
Svein Tore Fauskrud Terje Gruer Svein Lilleberg Svein Lilleberg Svein Lilleberg is a Norwegian cross-country skier.He contracted polio early, when he was only six months old. To begin with, he was totally paralysed, later regaining most movement, but he has never had use of one foot. He competes in the LW2.Svein has 3 sisters, and is married with 4 children.... Viggo Norseth |
Jouko Grip Jouko Grip Jouko Grip is a Paralympic athlete who has won medals in both the Summer and Winter Games. Most of his medals were in Nordic skiing. He is Finnish and has polio in his left hand. In 2006 he was inducted into the Paralympic Hall of Fame... Kimmo Kettunen Kalervo Pieksaemaeki Pertti Sankilampi |
Roland Gaess Martin Haag Martin Haag Martin Haag was an English rugby union player who principally played for Bath Rugby and was capped twice by England... Wolfgang Mahler Reinhold Schwer |
| 4x10 km relay | B1-3 |
Hans Anton Aalien Hans Anton Aalien Hans Anton Aalien is a blind skier from Norway. He won a gold medal in the disabled skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics event in Calgary, Alberta, Canada with a time of 18 minutes, 52.2 seconds. He participated in track and field athletics at four consecutive Summer Paralympics, from 1976 to 1988,... Arild Hovslien Terje Loevaas Asmund Tveit |
Eskil Hoeglund Ake Pettersson Max Stalnacke Bertil Tegelund |
Paolo Lorenzini Riccardo Tomasini Hubert Tscholl Erich Walch |
Women's events
| 2.5 km - short distance | Grade I |
None | ||
| Grade II |
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| 5 km - short distance | B1 |
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| B2 |
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| B3 |
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| LW3/4/9 |
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| LW6/8 |
None | None | ||
| 5 km - long distance | Grade I |
None | ||
| Grade II |
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| 10 km - long distance | B1 |
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| B2 |
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| B3 |
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| LW3/4/9 |
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| LW6/8 |
None | None | ||
| 3x5 km relay | B1-3 |
Tarja Hovinen Kirsti Pennanen Miia Ryynaenen |
Renata Hoenisch Veronika Preining Marian Susitz |
Sandra Lecour Tricia Lovegrove Kim Umback |