D with stroke
Encyclopedia
Đ formed from D
with the addition of a bar or stroke
through the letter. This is the same modification that was used to create eth
(ð), but eth is based on an insular
variant of d while đ is based on its usual upright shape. Đ is part of the alphabets of several languages, as well as being used in linguistics
as a phonetic symbol
.
, the variant with the stroke through the bowl is preferred.
In the uppercase, the stroke is normally drawn through just the left side, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.
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to mark abbreviation
s of words containing the letter d. For example, could stand for "of the heirs". Similar strokes were added to other letters to form abbreviations.
, đ represents a simultaneous d and glottal stop
, ʔd. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between D
and E
in alphabetical order.
The Vietnamese alphabet
was developed in the 17th century, but did not replace the existing chữ nôm system (which used Chinese characters) until the 20th century when the French colonial administration made the Latin alphabet official.
(through the Serbian
and Croatian
historical chapters) and then Macedonian
(its Latinic transliterations heavily influenced by Serbo-Croat from the Yugoslav period) to represent the affricate and Bosnian
dʑ.
Đ is considered a distinct letter, and placed between Dž
and E
in alphabetical order. Its Cyrillic
equivalent is Ђ ђ. Its partial equivalent in Macedonian
is Ѓ ѓ (as only some regions contain the /dʑ/ sound). When a true đ is not available or not desired, it is transcribed
as dj in Serbo-Croatian, and as gj in Macedonian.
and E
in alphabetical order.
schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative
[ð] (English th in this). Eth
(ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but đ has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard typewriter
, by putting a hyphen
over a d.
, Latin-4
and Latin-10
as D0 and F0 respectively; in Latin-6
as A9 and B9; and in Unicode
as U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE and U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE, respectively. In PostScript
they are Dcroat, Dmacron, Dslash, dcroat, dmacron and dslash. In Unicode, both the version with the stroke through the ascender and the version with the stroke through the bowl are considered glyph variants of U+0111.
Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital Eth, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.
As part of WGL4, Đ and đ can be expected to display correctly on most computer systems.
D
D is the fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History :The Semitic letter Dâlet may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are various Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek, and Latin, the letter represented ; in the...
with the addition of a bar or stroke
Bar (diacritic)
A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a grapheme. It may be used as a diacritic to derive new letters from old ones, or simply as an addition to make a grapheme more distinct from others....
through the letter. This is the same modification that was used to create eth
Eth
Eth is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese , and Elfdalian. It was also used in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, but was subsequently replaced with dh and later d. The capital eth resembles a D with a line through the vertical stroke...
(ð), but eth is based on an insular
Insular script
Insular script was a medieval script system originally used in Ireland, then Great Britain, that spread to continental Europe under the influence of Celtic Christianity. Irish missionaries also took the script to continental Europe, where they founded monasteries such as Bobbio. The scripts were...
variant of d while đ is based on its usual upright shape. Đ is part of the alphabets of several languages, as well as being used in linguistics
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....
as a phonetic symbol
Phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds . The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, e.g., the International Phonetic Alphabet....
.
Appearance
In the lowercase, the stroke is usually drawn through the ascender, but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through the bowl. In some African languages' orthographies, such as that of MoroMoro language
Moro is a Niger–Congo language in the Heiban family spoken in Kordofan, Sudan....
, the variant with the stroke through the bowl is preferred.
In the uppercase, the stroke is normally drawn through just the left side, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.
Usage
Latin
Đ was used in Medieval LatinMedieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration. Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors,...
to mark abbreviation
Abbreviation
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase...
s of words containing the letter d. For example, could stand for "of the heirs". Similar strokes were added to other letters to form abbreviations.
Vietnamese
In VietnameseVietnamese language
Vietnamese is the national and official language of Vietnam. It is the mother tongue of 86% of Vietnam's population, and of about three million overseas Vietnamese. It is also spoken as a second language by many ethnic minorities of Vietnam...
, đ represents a simultaneous d and glottal stop
Glottal stop
The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. In English, the feature is represented, for example, by the hyphen in uh-oh! and by the apostrophe or [[ʻokina]] in Hawaii among those using a preservative pronunciation of...
, ʔd. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between D
D
D is the fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History :The Semitic letter Dâlet may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are various Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek, and Latin, the letter represented ; in the...
and E
E
E is the fifth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in the Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish languages.-History:...
in alphabetical order.
The Vietnamese alphabet
Vietnamese alphabet
The Vietnamese alphabet, called Chữ Quốc Ngữ , usually shortened to Quốc Ngữ , is the modern writing system for the Vietnamese language...
was developed in the 17th century, but did not replace the existing chữ nôm system (which used Chinese characters) until the 20th century when the French colonial administration made the Latin alphabet official.
South Slavic languages
Đ was added to Gaj’s Latin alphabet by Đuro Daničić in the 19th century. The lexeme soon found its way into the Latinic transliterations firstly of SerbianSerbian language
Serbian is a form of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and neighbouring countries....
(through the Serbian
Serbian language
Serbian is a form of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and neighbouring countries....
and Croatian
Croatian language
Croatian is the collective name for the standard language and dialects spoken by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighbouring countries...
historical chapters) and then Macedonian
Macedonian language
Macedonian is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by approximately 2–3 million people principally in the region of Macedonia but also in the Macedonian diaspora...
(its Latinic transliterations heavily influenced by Serbo-Croat from the Yugoslav period) to represent the affricate and Bosnian
Bosnian language
Bosnian is a South Slavic language, spoken by Bosniaks. As a standardized form of the Shtokavian dialect, it is one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina....
dʑ.
Đ is considered a distinct letter, and placed between Dž
Dž
Dž is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Bosnian alphabets, and the Latin forms of Serbian, Montenegrin and Macedonian, after D and before Đ. It is pronounced . Dž is a digraph that corresponds to the letter Dzhe of the Cyrillic alphabet used for writing the Serbian, Montenegrin and...
and E
E
E is the fifth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in the Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish languages.-History:...
in alphabetical order. Its Cyrillic
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script for the Serbian language, developed in 1818 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić. It is one of the two standard modern alphabets used to write the Serbian language, the other being Latin...
equivalent is Ђ ђ. Its partial equivalent in Macedonian
Macedonian language
Macedonian is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by approximately 2–3 million people principally in the region of Macedonia but also in the Macedonian diaspora...
is Ѓ ѓ (as only some regions contain the /dʑ/ sound). When a true đ is not available or not desired, it is transcribed
Transcription (linguistics)
Transcription in the linguistic sense is the systematic representation of language in written form. The source can either be utterances or preexisting text in another writing system, although some linguists only consider the former as transcription.Transcription should not be confused with...
as dj in Serbo-Croatian, and as gj in Macedonian.
Sami languages
In Northern Sami and Skolt Sami, đ represents the fricative ð. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between DD
D is the fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.- History :The Semitic letter Dâlet may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are various Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek, and Latin, the letter represented ; in the...
and E
E
E is the fifth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in the Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish languages.-History:...
in alphabetical order.
Phonetic transcription
The lowercase đ is used in some phonetic transcriptionPhonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds . The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, e.g., the International Phonetic Alphabet....
schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative
Voiced dental fricative
The voiced dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound, eth, is . The symbol was taken from the Old English letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced...
[ð] (English th in this). Eth
Eth
Eth is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese , and Elfdalian. It was also used in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, but was subsequently replaced with dh and later d. The capital eth resembles a D with a line through the vertical stroke...
(ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but đ has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard typewriter
Typewriter
A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical device with keys that, when pressed, cause characters to be printed on a medium, usually paper. Typically one character is printed per keypress, and the machine prints the characters by making ink impressions of type elements similar to the pieces...
, by putting a hyphen
Hyphen
The hyphen is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. The hyphen should not be confused with dashes , which are longer and have different uses, or with the minus sign which is also longer...
over a d.
Computer encoding
Đ and đ are encoded in Latin-2ISO/IEC 8859-2
ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 2: Latin alphabet No. 2, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. It is informally referred to as "Latin-2". It is generally...
, Latin-4
ISO/IEC 8859-4
ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 4: Latin alphabet No. 4, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin-4 or North European. It...
and Latin-10
ISO/IEC 8859-16
ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 16: Latin alphabet No. 10, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 2001. It is informally referred to as Latin-10 or South-Eastern...
as D0 and F0 respectively; in Latin-6
ISO/IEC 8859-10
ISO/IEC 8859-10:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 10: Latin alphabet No. 6, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1992. It is informally referred to as Latin-6. It was designed to...
as A9 and B9; and in Unicode
Unicode
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...
as U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE and U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE, respectively. In PostScript
PostScript
PostScript is a dynamically typed concatenative programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982. It is best known for its use as a page description language in the electronic and desktop publishing areas. Adobe PostScript 3 is also the worldwide printing and imaging...
they are Dcroat, Dmacron, Dslash, dcroat, dmacron and dslash. In Unicode, both the version with the stroke through the ascender and the version with the stroke through the bowl are considered glyph variants of U+0111.
Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital Eth, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.
As part of WGL4, Đ and đ can be expected to display correctly on most computer systems.