David Easton
Encyclopedia
David Easton is a Canadian political scientist who was born in Toronto
, Ontario, went to the United States in 1943, and is currently Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine
.
He is a former President of the American Political Science Association
, a past President of the International Committee on Social Science Documentation, and was for many years active in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
. At the forefront of both the behavioralist and post-behavioralist revolutions
in the discipline of political science during the 1950s and 1970s, Easton provided the discipline's most widely used definition of politics and is renowned for his application of systems theory to the study of political science. During his career he has served as a consultant to many prominent organizations and authored numerous influential scholarly publications.
in 1939, his M.A. in 1943 and Ph.D. from Harvard University
in 1947; an LL.D. at McMaster University
in 1970 and he attended Kalamazoo College
in 1972. He married Sylvia Isobel Victoria Johnstone and they raised one son.
From 1944-1947 Easton was a teaching fellow at Harvard University. He was appointed assistant of political science at the University of Chicago
In 1947; associate professor in 1953; professor in 1955; and was Andrew McLeish Distinguished Service Professor in Social Thought there in 1984. He was appointed Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Irvine in 1997. Easton was a member of the executive committee of the Inter-University Consortium for Political Research (1962–64); chairman of the Committee on Information and Behavioral Sciences Division, National Academy of Sciences
-National Research Council
(1968–70); and a fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
, Stanford University
(1957–58). He has served as a consultant to The Brookings Institution (1955); the Mental Health Research Institute
of the University of Michigan
(1955–56); the Canadian Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
(1964–66); and as a Ford Professor (1960–61), funded by a grant from the Ford Foundation
. Easton also served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Political Methodology, Youth and Society, and International Political Science Abstracts, and was editor of Varieties of Political Theory (1966).
Easton is a former President of the American Political Science Association
(1968–1969), past President of the International Committee on Social Science Documentation (1969–1971), and Vice President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
. He was an active Behavioral Science Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, serving as a council member (1975–1984), chairman of its Research and Planning Committee (1979–82), and a member of its Executive Board (1979–1984). He was a trustee and chairman of the and Academy of Independent Scholars (1979–81); a member of the Committee on Higher Education of the Royal Society of Canada
(1978–80); and also served as chairman of the Committee on Scientific Information Exchange of the American Political science Association (1972).
Easton’s book The Political System drove home the failure of 1950s political science to build anything resembling coherent theories of politics or to develop systematic techniques for gathering and analyzing data, with which such theories might be constructed. The most widely known and used definition of politics was provided by Easton in his identification of the political system with the “authoritative allocation of values for a society.”
This provided many political scientists with a useful guideline for delimiting the content of political science.
Some years later, after Easton became President of the American Political Science Association, he led the charge of a new post-behavioralist revolution, arguing that political science research should be both relevant and action-oriented, so it might better serve the needs of society by solving social and political problems revealed during the 1960s. This new revolution was not a change in the methods of inquiry but a change in orientation that grew out of a deep discontent with the direction of contemporary political research and which advocated more attention to the public responsibilities of the discipline and to relevant research on contemporary political problems and issues. According to John Gunnell, this was the official birth announcement of the public policy enterprise in political science which became the basis of the self-image of orthodox political science in the 1970s. With this shift came a distinct de-emphasis of concern for establishing a general unified theory as the core of the discipline, and a retreat from any pointed confrontation with the history of political theory.
Easton is renowned for his application of systems theory
to political science
, and for his definition of politics as the "authoritative allocation of value" in A Framework for Political Analysis and A Systems Analysis of Political Life, both published in 1965.
Easton’s principal research interest is in elaborating a systems analytical approach as a central means of understanding how political systems operate. In recent years he has turned to structural constraints as a second major element underlying political systems. He has written about the influence of political structure on various aspects of political life, on the state and development of political science, and on the political socialization of children.
In a reputational study of political scientists published in 1978, Easton ranked fourth among those most prominent during 1945-1960, and second most prominent among those in the period 1960-1970. In a subsequent reputational study based on number of times an author’s publications were cited in publications of others, Easton ranked seventh among the twenty most significant political scientist contributors in the period 1970-79.
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...
, Ontario, went to the United States in 1943, and is currently Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine
University of California, Irvine
The University of California, Irvine , founded in 1965, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California, located in Irvine, California, USA...
.
He is a former President of the American Political Science Association
American Political Science Association
The American Political Science Association is a professional association of political science students and scholars in the United States. Founded in 1903, it publishes three academic journals...
, a past President of the International Committee on Social Science Documentation, and was for many years active in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
. At the forefront of both the behavioralist and post-behavioralist revolutions
Post-behavioralism
Post-behavioralism also known as neo-behavioralism was a reaction against the dominance of behavioralist methods in the study of politics. One of the key figures in post-behaviouralist thinking was David Easton who was originally one of the leading advocates of the "behavioural revolution"...
in the discipline of political science during the 1950s and 1970s, Easton provided the discipline's most widely used definition of politics and is renowned for his application of systems theory to the study of political science. During his career he has served as a consultant to many prominent organizations and authored numerous influential scholarly publications.
Education and career
Easton earned his undergraduate degree at the University of TorontoUniversity of Toronto
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada...
in 1939, his M.A. in 1943 and Ph.D. from Harvard University
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
in 1947; an LL.D. at McMaster University
McMaster University
McMaster University is a public research university whose main campus is located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on of land in the residential neighbourhood of Westdale, adjacent to Hamilton's Royal Botanical Gardens...
in 1970 and he attended Kalamazoo College
Kalamazoo College
Kalamazoo College, also known as K College or simply K, is a private liberal arts college in Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1833, the college is among the 100 oldest in the country. Today, it produces more Peace Corps volunteers per capita than any other U.S...
in 1972. He married Sylvia Isobel Victoria Johnstone and they raised one son.
From 1944-1947 Easton was a teaching fellow at Harvard University. He was appointed assistant of political science at the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
In 1947; associate professor in 1953; professor in 1955; and was Andrew McLeish Distinguished Service Professor in Social Thought there in 1984. He was appointed Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Irvine in 1997. Easton was a member of the executive committee of the Inter-University Consortium for Political Research (1962–64); chairman of the Committee on Information and Behavioral Sciences Division, National Academy of Sciences
United States National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine." As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and...
-National Research Council
United States National Research Council
The National Research Council of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names.The National Academies include:* National Academy of Sciences...
(1968–70); and a fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences is an American interdisciplinary research body in Stanford, California focusing on the social sciences and humanities . Fellows are elected in a closed process, to spend a period of residence at the Center, released from other duties...
, Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
(1957–58). He has served as a consultant to The Brookings Institution (1955); the Mental Health Research Institute
Mental Health Research Institute (Michigan)
The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute at the University of Michigan is an interdisciplinary research institute, which played a key role in the development of general systems theory...
of the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
(1955–56); the Canadian Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was a Canadian royal commission established on 19 July 1963, by the government of Prime Minister Lester B...
(1964–66); and as a Ford Professor (1960–61), funded by a grant from the Ford Foundation
Ford Foundation
The Ford Foundation is a private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by Edsel Ford and Henry Ford....
. Easton also served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Political Methodology, Youth and Society, and International Political Science Abstracts, and was editor of Varieties of Political Theory (1966).
Easton is a former President of the American Political Science Association
American Political Science Association
The American Political Science Association is a professional association of political science students and scholars in the United States. Founded in 1903, it publishes three academic journals...
(1968–1969), past President of the International Committee on Social Science Documentation (1969–1971), and Vice President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
. He was an active Behavioral Science Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, serving as a council member (1975–1984), chairman of its Research and Planning Committee (1979–82), and a member of its Executive Board (1979–1984). He was a trustee and chairman of the and Academy of Independent Scholars (1979–81); a member of the Committee on Higher Education of the Royal Society of Canada
Royal Society of Canada
The Royal Society of Canada , may also operate under the more descriptive name RSC: The Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada , is the oldest association of scientists and scholars in Canada...
(1978–80); and also served as chairman of the Committee on Scientific Information Exchange of the American Political science Association (1972).
Scholarship
Easton has been described as one of the “first generation of behavioral revolutionaries” in the discipline of political science. Like other early behavioralists, Easton initially sought to gain control over the masses of data being generated by social science research in the early 1950s, which they thought was overwhelming social scientists with quantitative and qualitative data in the absence of an organizing theoretical framework. Easton argued for development of a proper science of political studies that would produce reliable, universal knowledge about social phenomena, and that the purpose of scientific rules of procedure was to make possible the discovery of a highly generalized theory of politics. Easton’s vision was one of a “general theory” of political science that would consist of a deductive system of thought so that a limited number of postulates, as assumptions and axioms, a whole body of empirically valid generalizations might be deduced in descending order of specificity and provide predictive causal explanations of political behavior.Easton’s book The Political System drove home the failure of 1950s political science to build anything resembling coherent theories of politics or to develop systematic techniques for gathering and analyzing data, with which such theories might be constructed. The most widely known and used definition of politics was provided by Easton in his identification of the political system with the “authoritative allocation of values for a society.”
This provided many political scientists with a useful guideline for delimiting the content of political science.
Some years later, after Easton became President of the American Political Science Association, he led the charge of a new post-behavioralist revolution, arguing that political science research should be both relevant and action-oriented, so it might better serve the needs of society by solving social and political problems revealed during the 1960s. This new revolution was not a change in the methods of inquiry but a change in orientation that grew out of a deep discontent with the direction of contemporary political research and which advocated more attention to the public responsibilities of the discipline and to relevant research on contemporary political problems and issues. According to John Gunnell, this was the official birth announcement of the public policy enterprise in political science which became the basis of the self-image of orthodox political science in the 1970s. With this shift came a distinct de-emphasis of concern for establishing a general unified theory as the core of the discipline, and a retreat from any pointed confrontation with the history of political theory.
Systems theory in political science
Systems theory in political science is a highly abstract, partly holistic view of politics, influenced by cybernetics. The adaptation of system theory to political science was first conceived by David Easton in 1953.-Overview:...
to political science
Political science
Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior...
, and for his definition of politics as the "authoritative allocation of value" in A Framework for Political Analysis and A Systems Analysis of Political Life, both published in 1965.
Easton’s principal research interest is in elaborating a systems analytical approach as a central means of understanding how political systems operate. In recent years he has turned to structural constraints as a second major element underlying political systems. He has written about the influence of political structure on various aspects of political life, on the state and development of political science, and on the political socialization of children.
In a reputational study of political scientists published in 1978, Easton ranked fourth among those most prominent during 1945-1960, and second most prominent among those in the period 1960-1970. In a subsequent reputational study based on number of times an author’s publications were cited in publications of others, Easton ranked seventh among the twenty most significant political scientist contributors in the period 1970-79.
Selected publications
Easton has written several books and articles. A selection:- 1951, The Decline of Modern Political Theory, in Journal of Politics 13.
- 1953, The Political System. An Inquiry into the State of Political Science, New York: Knopf.
- 1957, An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems, in World Politics 9.
- 1965, A Framework for Political Analysis, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
- 1965, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York: Wiley.
- 1966, Varieties of Political Theory, (Ed.), Englewood Cliffs.
- 1969, Children in the Political System - Origins of Political Legitimacy, (with Jack Dennis), McGraw-Hill.
- 1990, The Analysis of Political Structure.
- 1991, Divided Knowledge: Across Disciplines, Across Cultures, (Ed. with C. Schelling).
- 1991, The Development of Political Science: A Comparative Survey, (Ed. with J. Gunnell, and L. Graziano).
- 1995, Regime and Discipline: Democracy and the Development of Political Science, (Ed. with J. Gunnell and M. Stein).