David Holden
Encyclopedia
David Holden was a writer, journalist, and broadcaster, best known as a journalist specialising in Middle-Eastern affairs, who was murdered in Cairo.
Born in Sunderland (Tyne and Wear), Northeast England, he was educated at Great Ayton Friends' School
in North Yorkshire, Emmanuel College, Cambridge
, and Northwestern University
, Evanston, Illinois (USA).
After a three-year stint as a schoolteacher in Scotland, he worked as a professional actor, then returned to North America, where he wandered as an odd-job man in the US and Mexico. In 1955 he was recruited as an assistant correspondent in Washington by The Times
(London) and was transferred the following year to the Middle East to cover the political and diplomatic crisis following the joint invasion of Egypt
by Israel, France, and Britain.
As Middle East Correspondent for The Times, he travelled throughout the Arab World during the next four years, then was named roving correspondent. In 1961 he joined The Guardian
with the same wide brief and in 1965 became Chief Foreign Correspondent of The Sunday Times
.
Holden wrote not only newspaper pieces, but also books—his Farewell to Arabia (1966) and Greece Without Columns (1972) the helped confirm his reputation for eurocentrism and racism.
He began working on a third book, The House of Saud, about the Saudi royal family, in 1976. Before he could finish it however, he was mysteriously killed, and the book had to be completed later by two other Middle-Eastern specialists, Richard Johns and James Buchan, both then with the Financial Times.
The murder of David Holden took place in Cairo, Egypt, early in the morning of 7 December 1977. There are several theories about the crime, none of which has been reliably confirmed.
Holden had initially flown into Cairo several days earlier to cover the radical diplomatic moves then being initiated by Anwar Sadat
, the Egyptian president, making a separate peace with Israel, which since 1967 had occupied the Egyptian province of Sinai. He was thus alienating himself from the rest of the Arab world.
Sadat then closed the cultural centres of the USSR, East Germany, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. These melodramatic moves were part of the prelude to his own newly conceived Mena House Conference, to be convened in Cairo from 14 December onward, which would bring Israeli officials and their multitudinous entourages, including security personnel, officially into an Arab country for the first time.
Since nothing much was happening in Cairo as yet that required his physical presence, Holden decided to pay a quick visit to Israel, which still had no diplomatic or commercial relations with any Arab country. For this purpose he therefore flew to Amman
. As Time magazine reported: "Holden told friends in Amman that he was going to make a detour to Jerusalem on his way [back] to Cairo. 'Haven't been there for years,' he said. 'I guess they consider me public enemy No. 1'."
Holden was joking, though it is true that Israeli officials considered him pro-Arab because of his sensitive reporting on the plight of Palestinians. Holden entered and left Israel overland by way of the Allenby Bridge
, the only practical inland portal of entry from the rest of the Middle East. Meanwhile Sadat had expelled the Syrian, Libyan, Algerian, and South Yemeni ambassadors.
Holden returned to Cairo shortly after midnight on 7 December. After clearing passport control and passing out of the baggage hall, he was seen meeting three people whom he apparently knew, two young men and a young woman, with whom he left the airport. A quarter of an hour or so later, according to the best evidence, he was shot once through the heart from behind and his body was dumped.
After he failed to contact his home office as agreed from the hotel where he had booked to stay, the Sunday Times raised the alarm. Found beside a road near a building site not far from the airport, “stripped of all means of identification”, his body had been taken to the Cairo morgue, where it was finally discovered and claimed on 10 December.
The car in which the killing took place was found abandoned in another part of the city. It had been stolen, a fact that, with other details, indicates that the murder was not only premeditated and unprompted by hope of gain, but had also been carried out by technically skilled experts who had arranged local support in advance.
The crime could therefore be presumed to be the work of an intelligence agency. This conclusion was likewise reached by the Egyptian police. The primary suspect in his murder, not surprisingly, was Mossad
, the Israeli intelligence bureau, which maintains many agents in Cairo on both a permanent and casual basis and has successfully carried out scores of similarly Russian-style assassinations in other countries, typically using female agents in lethal roles.
Three motives were clearly possible: a) Holden might have discovered something during his brief visit to Israel that it was thought prudent to keep concealed; or, more likely, b) his death was thought to serve as a means of intimidating other journalists deemed to be pro-Palestinian. Certainly such journalists were alarmed at the time. But it was also possible c) that Menachem Begin
, the Israeli prime minister, who had been trapped by Sadat's showmanship into agreeing to send a delegation to a conference of which he loathed not only the aims, but also the very conception, had therefore arranged the crime to suggest that Egyptian security was inadequate.
The Egyptian authorities took the case very seriously, no doubt because the timing—the eve of a conference that their president regarded as vital—was so awkward. The investigation was thus overseen personally by Mamdouh Salem
, the Prime Minister himself, who had previously served as Minister of the Interior and thus knew quite well how such matters should be handled.
The Egyptians, however, found themselves in a dilemma: to have produced any conclusive evidence at all against Mossad would have jeopardised the forthcoming conference, which was the Egyptian president's current pet project. If any such evidence had surfaced, it might therefore well have been deliberately suppressed. An obscure counter-allegation to the effect that the perpetrators must have been Palestinians attempting to derail the conference beforehand was generally dismissed as ridiculous, since Holden's death had only a negative relevance to their interests, to the Mena House Conference itself, where they were in any case not represented, or to its eventual outcome.
A secondary suspect was Egyptian intelligence, on the theory that Holden might have been mistaken for another British journalist, David Hirst
, who had recently been expelled from Egypt and blacklisted by the Egyptian government for his negative commentary on the Sadat regime. A black-listed journalist, however, would never have been admitted into Egypt in the first place.
A tertiary candidate was Saudi intelligence, on the presumption that there might be something harmful to the Saud family in the manuscript for House of Saud, but of course Holden had left the manuscript safely stowed with his wife in England. When Holden's book on the Saud family was finally published, moreover, it was found to be thorough and just, but also quite harmless. There has thus in fact never been any evidence of any kind that might suggest Saudi involvement, which is rendered additionally unlikely by the participation of a woman.
Ultimately even the CIA and MI6 were suspect. In any case, the Sunday Times carried on an investigation that lasted exactly one year (January–December 1978) and failed to reach any firm conclusion. No report was ever published.
Born in Sunderland (Tyne and Wear), Northeast England, he was educated at Great Ayton Friends' School
Great Ayton Friends' School
Great Ayton Friends' School in Great Ayton, North Yorkshire, England, was an independent, co-educational, agricultural boarding school, run by the Religious Society of Friends ....
in North Yorkshire, Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Emmanuel College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge.The college was founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay on the site of a Dominican friary...
, and Northwestern University
Northwestern University
Northwestern University is a private research university in Evanston and Chicago, Illinois, USA. Northwestern has eleven undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools offering 124 undergraduate degrees and 145 graduate and professional degrees....
, Evanston, Illinois (USA).
After a three-year stint as a schoolteacher in Scotland, he worked as a professional actor, then returned to North America, where he wandered as an odd-job man in the US and Mexico. In 1955 he was recruited as an assistant correspondent in Washington by The Times
The Times
The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register . The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary since 1981 of News International...
(London) and was transferred the following year to the Middle East to cover the political and diplomatic crisis following the joint invasion of Egypt
Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, Suez War was an offensive war fought by France, the United Kingdom, and Israel against Egypt beginning on 29 October 1956. Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to Egypt and Israel,...
by Israel, France, and Britain.
As Middle East Correspondent for The Times, he travelled throughout the Arab World during the next four years, then was named roving correspondent. In 1961 he joined The Guardian
The Guardian
The Guardian, formerly known as The Manchester Guardian , is a British national daily newspaper in the Berliner format...
with the same wide brief and in 1965 became Chief Foreign Correspondent of The Sunday Times
The Sunday Times
The Sunday Times is a British Sunday newspaper.The Sunday Times may also refer to:*The Sunday Times *The Sunday Times *The Sunday Times *The Sunday Times...
.
Holden wrote not only newspaper pieces, but also books—his Farewell to Arabia (1966) and Greece Without Columns (1972) the helped confirm his reputation for eurocentrism and racism.
He began working on a third book, The House of Saud, about the Saudi royal family, in 1976. Before he could finish it however, he was mysteriously killed, and the book had to be completed later by two other Middle-Eastern specialists, Richard Johns and James Buchan, both then with the Financial Times.
The murder of David Holden took place in Cairo, Egypt, early in the morning of 7 December 1977. There are several theories about the crime, none of which has been reliably confirmed.
Holden had initially flown into Cairo several days earlier to cover the radical diplomatic moves then being initiated by Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat
Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981...
, the Egyptian president, making a separate peace with Israel, which since 1967 had occupied the Egyptian province of Sinai. He was thus alienating himself from the rest of the Arab world.
Sadat then closed the cultural centres of the USSR, East Germany, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. These melodramatic moves were part of the prelude to his own newly conceived Mena House Conference, to be convened in Cairo from 14 December onward, which would bring Israeli officials and their multitudinous entourages, including security personnel, officially into an Arab country for the first time.
Since nothing much was happening in Cairo as yet that required his physical presence, Holden decided to pay a quick visit to Israel, which still had no diplomatic or commercial relations with any Arab country. For this purpose he therefore flew to Amman
Amman
Amman is the capital of Jordan. It is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The Greater Amman area has a population of 2,842,629 as of 2010. The population of Amman is expected to jump from 2.8 million to almost...
. As Time magazine reported: "Holden told friends in Amman that he was going to make a detour to Jerusalem on his way [back] to Cairo. 'Haven't been there for years,' he said. 'I guess they consider me public enemy No. 1'."
Holden was joking, though it is true that Israeli officials considered him pro-Arab because of his sensitive reporting on the plight of Palestinians. Holden entered and left Israel overland by way of the Allenby Bridge
Allenby Bridge
The Allenby Bridge , also known as the King Hussein Bridge , is a bridge that crosses the Jordan River, and connects Jericho in the West Bank to the country of Jordan...
, the only practical inland portal of entry from the rest of the Middle East. Meanwhile Sadat had expelled the Syrian, Libyan, Algerian, and South Yemeni ambassadors.
Holden returned to Cairo shortly after midnight on 7 December. After clearing passport control and passing out of the baggage hall, he was seen meeting three people whom he apparently knew, two young men and a young woman, with whom he left the airport. A quarter of an hour or so later, according to the best evidence, he was shot once through the heart from behind and his body was dumped.
After he failed to contact his home office as agreed from the hotel where he had booked to stay, the Sunday Times raised the alarm. Found beside a road near a building site not far from the airport, “stripped of all means of identification”, his body had been taken to the Cairo morgue, where it was finally discovered and claimed on 10 December.
The car in which the killing took place was found abandoned in another part of the city. It had been stolen, a fact that, with other details, indicates that the murder was not only premeditated and unprompted by hope of gain, but had also been carried out by technically skilled experts who had arranged local support in advance.
The crime could therefore be presumed to be the work of an intelligence agency. This conclusion was likewise reached by the Egyptian police. The primary suspect in his murder, not surprisingly, was Mossad
Mossad
The Mossad , short for HaMossad leModi'in uleTafkidim Meyuchadim , is the national intelligence agency of Israel....
, the Israeli intelligence bureau, which maintains many agents in Cairo on both a permanent and casual basis and has successfully carried out scores of similarly Russian-style assassinations in other countries, typically using female agents in lethal roles.
Three motives were clearly possible: a) Holden might have discovered something during his brief visit to Israel that it was thought prudent to keep concealed; or, more likely, b) his death was thought to serve as a means of intimidating other journalists deemed to be pro-Palestinian. Certainly such journalists were alarmed at the time. But it was also possible c) that Menachem Begin
Menachem Begin
' was a politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before independence, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944,...
, the Israeli prime minister, who had been trapped by Sadat's showmanship into agreeing to send a delegation to a conference of which he loathed not only the aims, but also the very conception, had therefore arranged the crime to suggest that Egyptian security was inadequate.
The Egyptian authorities took the case very seriously, no doubt because the timing—the eve of a conference that their president regarded as vital—was so awkward. The investigation was thus overseen personally by Mamdouh Salem
Mamdouh Salem
Mamdouh Muhammad Salem was the Prime Minister of Egypt from April 16, 1975 to October 2, 1978.Salem was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He served as governor of Asyut, Gaarbiya and Alexandria from 1967 to 1971 and then served as interior minister...
, the Prime Minister himself, who had previously served as Minister of the Interior and thus knew quite well how such matters should be handled.
The Egyptians, however, found themselves in a dilemma: to have produced any conclusive evidence at all against Mossad would have jeopardised the forthcoming conference, which was the Egyptian president's current pet project. If any such evidence had surfaced, it might therefore well have been deliberately suppressed. An obscure counter-allegation to the effect that the perpetrators must have been Palestinians attempting to derail the conference beforehand was generally dismissed as ridiculous, since Holden's death had only a negative relevance to their interests, to the Mena House Conference itself, where they were in any case not represented, or to its eventual outcome.
A secondary suspect was Egyptian intelligence, on the theory that Holden might have been mistaken for another British journalist, David Hirst
David Hirst (journalist)
David Hirst is a veteran Middle East correspondent based in Beirut. He attended Rugby School from 1949 to 1954 and performed his national service in Egypt and Cyprus from 1954 to 1956. From 1956 to 1963 he studied at Oxford University and the American University of Beirut...
, who had recently been expelled from Egypt and blacklisted by the Egyptian government for his negative commentary on the Sadat regime. A black-listed journalist, however, would never have been admitted into Egypt in the first place.
A tertiary candidate was Saudi intelligence, on the presumption that there might be something harmful to the Saud family in the manuscript for House of Saud, but of course Holden had left the manuscript safely stowed with his wife in England. When Holden's book on the Saud family was finally published, moreover, it was found to be thorough and just, but also quite harmless. There has thus in fact never been any evidence of any kind that might suggest Saudi involvement, which is rendered additionally unlikely by the participation of a woman.
Ultimately even the CIA and MI6 were suspect. In any case, the Sunday Times carried on an investigation that lasted exactly one year (January–December 1978) and failed to reach any firm conclusion. No report was ever published.
Footnotes
- 1. Holden's years there were 1939-1941. Founded in 1841, the school was dissolved in 1997. See Ayton Old Scholars' Association, Annual Report 2001, “News of Old Scholars,” p. 3.
- 2. For basic biographical information, see Richard Johns, “Author's Preface and Acknowledgments” in David Holden, Richard Johns, and James Buchan, The House of Saud: The Rise and Rule of the Most Powerful Dynasty in the Arab World, (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1981), pp. xi-xiii and the publisher's biographical sketch on the original dustjacket.
- 3. For a full and authoritative treatment of these developments as seen at first hand, see Ismail FahmiIsmail FahmiIsmail Fahmi was an Egyptian diplomat and politician. He served as an Egyptian ambassador to Austria - 1968-1971, Egyptian tourism minister - 1973, Egyptian foreign minister - 1973-1977, deputy prime minister of Egypt - 1975-1977. He was awarded to professorship. He resigned from the government in...
, Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East (London and Canberra: Croom Helm, 1983), pp. 233–301. Fahmi, Egypt's foreign minister, had resigned on 17 November. - 4. See Moustafa Ahmed, ed., Egypt in the 20th Century: Chronology of Major Events. (London: MegaZette Press, 2003), pp. 304–305.
- 5. “Press: Murder in Cairo,” Time, December 26, 1977.
- 6. Not five or six hours later, as claimed in some reports, which apparently confused the time of death with the time of the discovery of the body and its removal to the morgue. See [Humphrey Trevelyan] Lord Trevelyan, Foreword to David Holden, Richard Johns, and James Buchan, The House of Saud, p. v]. Trevelyan had known Holden since 1956, when he was ambassador to Egypt.
- 7. Richard Johns, op. cit, p. xi.
- 8. Desmond Stewart, another British journalist specialized in the Middle East, was poisoned in Cairo in 1981. Having apparently recovered there, he was then shipped off to England, where he mysteriously died. A biographer of Theodor Herzl and T. E. Lawrence, Stewart's book on the plight of the Palestinians, The Palestinians: Victims of Expediency (London, Melbourne, New York: Quartet, 1982) was published posthumously and nearly all copies have completely disappeared.
- 9. Similar operations on Egyptian soil have been the assassination of Lord Moyne in Cairo on 6 November 1944 by members of Lehi, the so-called Stern Gang (see Bowyer Bell, Terror Out Of Zion: Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929-1949. [New York: St Martin’s Press], p. 92) and the bombings of British and American facilities in Alexandria carried out ten years later as part of an officially conducted "Operation Susannah,” which was at the centre of the so-called Lavon AffairLavon AffairThe Lavon Affair refers to a failed Israeli covert operation, code named Operation Susannah, conducted in Egypt in the Summer of 1954. As part of the false flag operation, a group of Egyptian Jews were recruited by Israeli military intelligence for plans to plant bombs inside Egyptian, American and...
. Members of the Stern Gang murdered Count Folke BernadotteFolke BernadotteFolke Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg was a Swedish diplomat and nobleman noted for his negotiation of the release of about 31,000 prisoners from German concentration camps during World War II, including 450 Danish Jews from Theresienstadt released on 14 April 1945...
, the UN mediator, in Jerusalem on 17 September 1948, carrying out a plan authorized by a three-man committee that included Yitzhak Shamir, a future Israeli prime minister. In 1975 the remains of the murderers of Lord Moyne were sent from Egypt to Israel, where they received a hero's burial. - 10. See, for example, the Australian Associated Press-Reuters story “Cairo Inquiry Into Killing,” The Sydney Morning Herald, Tuesday December 13, 1977. p. 4.
- 11. Hirst's analysis of Sadat's reign is contained in the book he wrote with fellow correspondent Irene Beeson, Sadat (London: Faber and Faber, 1981).
- 12. Copies of Holden's book were in fact presented as gifts to various Western individuals, agencies, and organizations by members of the Saud family. The copy used in preparing this memoir, for example, as testified by a book-plate, was a gift to the Arab-British Centre in London from Prince Turki ibn Muhammad ibn Fahd ibn ‘Abd-ul-Aziz al-Saud, one of the more prominent princes, in June 1983.