Democratic Defense
Encyclopedia
Democratic Defense was one of the many anti-dictatorial struggle groups that fought against the Greek military junta of 1967-1974
. It evolved from the "Alexandros Papanastasiou" political research group in 1967, as a response to the regime.
In reality,there was no leader but after the arrest, the members nominated as leader a prominent retired general, general George Iordanides, because he was the most well known personality among all the participants as he had held high ranking positions in the NATO during the '50s. The organisation responded to the brutal regime with bombings to some targets that represented the financial supporters of the junta (like the ESSO-PAPPAS gas station blowing in 1969).
Among its most widely known members were Costas Simitis
, subsequently Prime Minister of Greece, Nikos Konstantopoulos
, subsequently president of the Synaspismos party, professor of economics in Panteion UniversitySakis Karagiorgas,George Magkakis, professor of criminal law in the University of Athens,general Georgios Iordanidis,a well known military analyst and a national security advisor of George Papandreou sr during his administration, Vasilis Filias, professor of sociology in Panteion University, lawyer Dimosthenis Konaris, John Starakis, a journalist,Christos Rokofyllos,subsequently minister of Foreign Affairs, Dimitrios Kotsakis, a trade union member, Athanasios Filias,a mechanical engineer, Georgios Kouvelakis, subsequently minister of Justice,brothers Antonios Michalakeas (subsequently, a judge of the supreme court of Greece) and Athanassios Michalakeas (subsequently a president of the court of Appeal),Georgios Kosmas (later on also a member of the supreme court of Greece),Spyros Plaskovitis (later on also a juge of the supreme court of Greece and a member of the European Parliament elacted with PASOK),Ioannis Papadopoulos,a well known plastic surgeon (later on a minister of Health during the first government formed by PASOK in 1981)etc.
The trial begun in March 1970 and most of the members after months of trial were condemned to heavy sentences.The trial attracted the attention of the press and it was considered as a major act of resistance against the regime of the colonels because many of the accused persons held important positions in the public life of Greece and they represented an intellectual elite with center/center right views of governance .Many people who belonged to different political camps like Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, an ex prime minister, or Georgios Rallis and Panagis Papaligouras, both significant ministers in the ERE government stood up as witnesses of defence,while it was known that they did not share the same convictions with the accuses,giving the idea to the people of a solid front against the junta. Thus this organisation achieved to shake the impression that people who belonged to the establishment were continuing to support the junta especially when it was revealed to the eyes of the public that generals, lawyers or active judges, who were amongst them, had developed a dynamic form of resistance against the military regime. With the collapse of the junta in 1974 most of the members of the group aligned with Andreas Papandreou
and they were integrated in the PASOK
political party, even though their views were not absolutely similar to the political beliefs of the party leader, Andreas Papandreou.
Greek military junta of 1967-1974
The Greek military junta of 1967–1974, alternatively "The Regime of the Colonels" , or in Greece "The Junta", and "The Seven Years" are terms used to refer to a series of right-wing military governments that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974...
. It evolved from the "Alexandros Papanastasiou" political research group in 1967, as a response to the regime.
In reality,there was no leader but after the arrest, the members nominated as leader a prominent retired general, general George Iordanides, because he was the most well known personality among all the participants as he had held high ranking positions in the NATO during the '50s. The organisation responded to the brutal regime with bombings to some targets that represented the financial supporters of the junta (like the ESSO-PAPPAS gas station blowing in 1969).
Among its most widely known members were Costas Simitis
Costas Simitis
Konstantinos Simitis , usually referred to as Costas Simitis or Kostas Simitis, was Prime Minister of Greece and leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement from 1996 to 2004.- Biography :...
, subsequently Prime Minister of Greece, Nikos Konstantopoulos
Nikos Konstantopoulos
Nikos Konstantopoulos is a Greek politician, member of the Hellenic Parliament and former president of the left-wing Synaspismos.Born in 1942 in the village of Krestena, near Olympia, Konstantopoulos studied law in the University of Athens...
, subsequently president of the Synaspismos party, professor of economics in Panteion UniversitySakis Karagiorgas,George Magkakis, professor of criminal law in the University of Athens,general Georgios Iordanidis,a well known military analyst and a national security advisor of George Papandreou sr during his administration, Vasilis Filias, professor of sociology in Panteion University, lawyer Dimosthenis Konaris, John Starakis, a journalist,Christos Rokofyllos,subsequently minister of Foreign Affairs, Dimitrios Kotsakis, a trade union member, Athanasios Filias,a mechanical engineer, Georgios Kouvelakis, subsequently minister of Justice,brothers Antonios Michalakeas (subsequently, a judge of the supreme court of Greece) and Athanassios Michalakeas (subsequently a president of the court of Appeal),Georgios Kosmas (later on also a member of the supreme court of Greece),Spyros Plaskovitis (later on also a juge of the supreme court of Greece and a member of the European Parliament elacted with PASOK),Ioannis Papadopoulos,a well known plastic surgeon (later on a minister of Health during the first government formed by PASOK in 1981)etc.
The trial begun in March 1970 and most of the members after months of trial were condemned to heavy sentences.The trial attracted the attention of the press and it was considered as a major act of resistance against the regime of the colonels because many of the accused persons held important positions in the public life of Greece and they represented an intellectual elite with center/center right views of governance .Many people who belonged to different political camps like Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, an ex prime minister, or Georgios Rallis and Panagis Papaligouras, both significant ministers in the ERE government stood up as witnesses of defence,while it was known that they did not share the same convictions with the accuses,giving the idea to the people of a solid front against the junta. Thus this organisation achieved to shake the impression that people who belonged to the establishment were continuing to support the junta especially when it was revealed to the eyes of the public that generals, lawyers or active judges, who were amongst them, had developed a dynamic form of resistance against the military regime. With the collapse of the junta in 1974 most of the members of the group aligned with Andreas Papandreou
Andreas Papandreou
Andreas G. Papandreou ; 5 February 1919 – 23 June 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. The son of Georgios Papandreou, Andreas was a Harvard-trained academic...
and they were integrated in the PASOK
Panhellenic Socialist Movement
The Panhellenic Socialist Movement , known mostly by its acronym PASOK , is one of the two major political parties in Greece. Founded on 3 September 1974 by Andreas Papandreou, in 1981 PASOK became Greece's first social democratic party to win a majority in parliament.The party is a socialist party...
political party, even though their views were not absolutely similar to the political beliefs of the party leader, Andreas Papandreou.