Democratic Revolution of 1954 (Hawaii)
Encyclopedia
The Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a nonviolent revolution
that took place in the Hawaiian Archipelago
consisting of general strikes, protests, and other acts of civil disobedience
. The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party
in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of the Democratic Party of Hawaii
. The strikes by the Isles' labor workers demanded similar pay and benefits to their Mainland
counterparts. The strikes also crippled the power of the sugar plantations
and the Big Five Oligopoly
over their workers.
Historically Hawaii has had a dominant-party system
since the 1887 revolution. The 1887 Bayonet Constitution took most of the power away from the monarchy and allowed the Republican Party
to dominate the legislature. Beside a brief change of power to the Home Rule Party
following annexation, the Republicans had run the Territory of Hawaii
. The industrialist Republicans formed a powerful sugar oligarchy, the Big Five
.
During the controversial Kahahawai murder and trial
Republicans displayed their power by reducing the 10-year sentence for manslaughter
to one hour. Many felt the trial was failure of justice from political forces. But this was not the only case of the government’s abuse of power; past misdeeds were mainly centered around economic gain. Among the unhappy residents of Hawaii was John A. Burns
, a police officer during the trial. Burns founded a movement by collecting support from the impoverished sugar plantation workers. He also restored strength to the divided and weak Democratic Party of Hawaii.
The Hilo Longshoremen led by Jack Kawano began unified strikes
in the 1930s. The Hilo Longshoremen merged with the ILWU, and Jack Wayne Hall was sent to Hawaii. Among these unified strikes was the disastrous 1938 strike in Hilo
against the Inter-Island Steamship Company. During World War II
striking was put on hold as the members dedicated their efforts towards the war. In 1944 the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii
put their support behind the Democratic Party, since it became apparent that Burns and his movement wanted to empower the working class
. This meeting in 1944 has been considered the beginning of the movement. The movement became known as the "Burns Machine". Burns admitted in 1975 that Communist Party members in the ILWU provided vital experience in maintaining secrecy and organizing support among labor workers while keeping the early movement underground.
by the legislature
the members were not restrained in industrializing the Islands, forming plantations and the Big Five. Economic inequality
increased, largely cause by the hyper-concentration of wealth among the capitalist industrialists. On the plantations earlier strikes had failed, as when an ethnic camp went on strike the other ethnic groups' camps acted as strikebreakers; the traditional example was the Japanese and Filipino
camps' rivalry. The next generation of workers were children of the immigrant workers, born in Hawaii: Nisei
s, were a major demographic factor in favor of the movement. Many immigrant workers were denied citizenship but could live and work in the islands under contract
. The children of these workers who were born in Hawaii could become citizens
and at this time they began to come of age to be registered voters and could express their dissatisfaction in their votes. After the meeting in 1944 Jack Hall began organizing these plantation workers in a strike campaign known as the March Inland for better working conditions and pay.
is considered the first of the veterans recruited and was a prominent member of the movement.
s in the sugar industry
and pineapple industry, not just strikes at the docks. The Great Hawaii Sugar Strike of 1946 was launched against the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
and the Big Five leaving the cane fields derelict. The 1947 Pineapple Strike followed on Lanai
but ended in failure and was tried again in 1951. The 1949 Hawaiian Dock Strike froze shipping in Hawaii for 177 days, ended with the territorial Dock Seizure Act.
to investigate the strikes that had become frequent in the territory. On August 28, 1951 the FBI rounded up seven members of the movement including Jack Hall
, Charles Fujimoto chairman of the Communist Party of Hawaii, and Koji Ariyoshi
editor of the Honolulu Record
who had also published pro-communist work. The Hawaii 7 were charged under the Smith Act
for conspiring to overthrow the government; all were released by 1958.
was elected chairman of the convention decided that the Party was ready for a strong push at the 1950 elections. But with the progress the party was dividing into two factions: the right-wing "Walkout" who opposed Burns and the left-wing "Standpat" members who supported Burns. Among the Standpats was John H. Wilson, the founder of the Democratic Party of Hawaii himself, although he did not always agree with Burns, allied with him. With the fracture of the conservative members the party began to slide farther leftward. Burns wished to re-establish the party ideology as Center-Left
. He had Party members sign an affidavit pledging their loyalty to the Democratic Party and not the Communist Party, to deflect communist criticisms and keep the far left
in check. During this time communists refrained from discussing their ideology. The rivalry between the two halves of the Democratic Party lead to several defeats in the elections against the Republicans.
, land reform, environmental protections, comprehensive health insurance plan, and expanded freedoms of collective bargaining.
appointed Republican Samuel Wilder King
as governor. King acted as an obstructionist by using the veto 71 times during his administration. Burns commented that these times the Democrats were more focused on building the Democratic government rather than running it. Following Statehood, Burns - who, until then, had lost his elections - was elected Governor of Hawaii. The strike campaign by the ILWU continued until 1958 when another large sugar strike called the Aloha Strike took place from February 1 to June 6 and ended the campaign.
Statehood for Hawaii was repeatedly failed until 1953 after passing the United States House of Representatives
, Hawaii became a serious candidate for statehood. Burns attempted to collaborate with Alaska
, which was also pressing to become a state. Burns came under scrutiny by anti-communist Southern Democrats
over the role of the Communist Party. Another factor against statehood was a strong possibility of a non-white senator and their opposition to Racial segregation
. Back in Hawaii a vote was taken showing that 93% of the population was in support of statehood. , was enacted March 18, 1959 and took effect August 21, the State of Hawaii was established.
Nonviolent revolution
A nonviolent revolution is a revolution using mostly campaigns of civil resistance, including various forms of nonviolent protest, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian...
that took place in the Hawaiian Archipelago
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
consisting of general strikes, protests, and other acts of civil disobedience
Civil disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is commonly, though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance. It is one form of civil resistance...
. The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party
Hawaii Republican Party
The Hawaii Republican Party is the state affiliate of the Republican Party of the United States. Based in Honolulu, the party is a central organization established for the promotion of the party platform as it is drafted in convention every other year...
in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of the Democratic Party of Hawaii
Democratic Party of Hawaii
The Democratic Party of Hawaii is an arm of the Democratic Party of the United States based in Honolulu, Hawaii. The party is a centralized organization established to promote the party platform as drafted in convention biennially...
. The strikes by the Isles' labor workers demanded similar pay and benefits to their Mainland
Contiguous United States
The contiguous United States are the 48 U.S. states on the continent of North America that are south of Canada and north of Mexico, plus the District of Columbia....
counterparts. The strikes also crippled the power of the sugar plantations
Sugar plantations in Hawaii
Sugarcane was introduced to Hawaii by its first inhabitants in approximately 600 AD and was observed by Captain Cook upon arrival in the islands in 1778. Sugar quickly turned into a big business and generated rapid population growth in the islands with 337,000 people immigrating over the span of a...
and the Big Five Oligopoly
Big Five (Hawaii)
The Big Five was the name given to a group of what started as sugarcane processing corporations that wielded considerable political power in the Territory of Hawaii during the early 20th century and leaned heavily towards the Hawaii Republican Party. The Big Five were Castle & Cooke, Alexander &...
over their workers.
Prelude
Dominant-party system
A dominant-party system, or one-party dominant system, is a system where there is "a category of parties/political organizations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future." A wide range of parties have been...
since the 1887 revolution. The 1887 Bayonet Constitution took most of the power away from the monarchy and allowed the Republican Party
Hawaii Republican Party
The Hawaii Republican Party is the state affiliate of the Republican Party of the United States. Based in Honolulu, the party is a central organization established for the promotion of the party platform as it is drafted in convention every other year...
to dominate the legislature. Beside a brief change of power to the Home Rule Party
Home Rule Party of Hawaii
As soon as the United States annexed the Hawaiian Islands and established the Territory of Hawaii, native Hawaiians became worried that both the Democratic Party of Hawai‘i and Hawai‘i Republican Party were incapable of representing them...
following annexation, the Republicans had run the Territory of Hawaii
Territory of Hawaii
The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 7, 1898, until August 21, 1959, when its territory, with the exception of Johnston Atoll, was admitted to the Union as the fiftieth U.S. state, the State of Hawaii.The U.S...
. The industrialist Republicans formed a powerful sugar oligarchy, the Big Five
Big Five (Hawaii)
The Big Five was the name given to a group of what started as sugarcane processing corporations that wielded considerable political power in the Territory of Hawaii during the early 20th century and leaned heavily towards the Hawaii Republican Party. The Big Five were Castle & Cooke, Alexander &...
.
During the controversial Kahahawai murder and trial
Massie Trial
The Massie Trial for what was known as the Massie Affair, was a 1932 criminal trial that took place in Honolulu, Hawaii. Grace Hubbard Fortescue, along with several accomplices, was charged with murder in the death of well known local prizefighter Joseph Kahahawai...
Republicans displayed their power by reducing the 10-year sentence for manslaughter
Manslaughter
Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being, in a manner considered by law as less culpable than murder. The distinction between murder and manslaughter is said to have first been made by the Ancient Athenian lawmaker Dracon in the 7th century BC.The law generally differentiates...
to one hour. Many felt the trial was failure of justice from political forces. But this was not the only case of the government’s abuse of power; past misdeeds were mainly centered around economic gain. Among the unhappy residents of Hawaii was John A. Burns
John A. Burns
John Anthony Burns served as the second Governor of Hawaii from 1962 to 1974. Born in Fort Assinniboine, Montana, Burns was a resident of Hawaii from 1913....
, a police officer during the trial. Burns founded a movement by collecting support from the impoverished sugar plantation workers. He also restored strength to the divided and weak Democratic Party of Hawaii.
ILWU
Strike action
Strike action, also called labour strike, on strike, greve , or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became...
in the 1930s. The Hilo Longshoremen merged with the ILWU, and Jack Wayne Hall was sent to Hawaii. Among these unified strikes was the disastrous 1938 strike in Hilo
Hilo Massacre
The Hilo Massacre was an incident that occurred on 1 August 1938, in Hilo, Hawaii, when over 70 police officers attempted to disband 200 unarmed protesters during a strike, injuring 50 of the demonstrators...
against the Inter-Island Steamship Company. During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
striking was put on hold as the members dedicated their efforts towards the war. In 1944 the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii
Communist Party of Hawaii
The Communist Party of Hawaii was the regional party of the Communist Party USA in the United States Territory of Hawaii.-Appeal:The party targeted poor working class such as the stevedores and plantation workers in the Territory.-Unions:...
put their support behind the Democratic Party, since it became apparent that Burns and his movement wanted to empower the working class
Working class
Working class is a term used in the social sciences and in ordinary conversation to describe those employed in lower tier jobs , often extending to those in unemployment or otherwise possessing below-average incomes...
. This meeting in 1944 has been considered the beginning of the movement. The movement became known as the "Burns Machine". Burns admitted in 1975 that Communist Party members in the ILWU provided vital experience in maintaining secrecy and organizing support among labor workers while keeping the early movement underground.
Plantations
After the overthrow of the Hawaiian MonarchyOverthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy
Until the 1890s the Kingdom of Hawaii was an independent sovereign state, recognized by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, and Germany. Though there were threats to Hawaii's sovereignty throughout the Kingdom's history, it was not until the signing, under duress, of the Bayonet...
by the legislature
Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom
The Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom was the bicameral legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii. A royal legislature was first provided by the 1840 Constitution and the 1852 Constitution was the first to use the term "Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom", and the first to subject the monarch to...
the members were not restrained in industrializing the Islands, forming plantations and the Big Five. Economic inequality
Economic inequality
Economic inequality comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income. The term typically refers to inequality among individuals and groups within a society, but can also refer to inequality among countries. The issue of economic inequality is related to the ideas of...
increased, largely cause by the hyper-concentration of wealth among the capitalist industrialists. On the plantations earlier strikes had failed, as when an ethnic camp went on strike the other ethnic groups' camps acted as strikebreakers; the traditional example was the Japanese and Filipino
Filipino people
The Filipino people or Filipinos are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the islands of the Philippines. There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines, and about 11 million living outside the Philippines ....
camps' rivalry. The next generation of workers were children of the immigrant workers, born in Hawaii: Nisei
Nisei
During the early years of World War II, Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from their homes in the Pacific coast states because military leaders and public opinion combined to fan unproven fears of sabotage...
s, were a major demographic factor in favor of the movement. Many immigrant workers were denied citizenship but could live and work in the islands under contract
Indentured servant
Indentured servitude refers to the historical practice of contracting to work for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities during the term of indenture. Usually the father made the arrangements and signed...
. The children of these workers who were born in Hawaii could become citizens
Birthright citizenship in the United States of America
Birthright citizenship in the United States refers to a person's acquisition of United States citizenship by virtue of the circumstances of his or her birth. It contrasts with citizenship acquired in other ways, for example by naturalization later in life. Birthright citizenship may be conferred by...
and at this time they began to come of age to be registered voters and could express their dissatisfaction in their votes. After the meeting in 1944 Jack Hall began organizing these plantation workers in a strike campaign known as the March Inland for better working conditions and pay.
Post-war and 442nd
After the war, Burns was able to gain support from Japanese-American veterans of the 100th and 442nd returning home. He encouraged the veterans to become educated under the G.I. Bill and run for public office. Daniel InouyeDaniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii, a member of the Democratic Party, and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. Inouye is the chairman of the United States Senate...
is considered the first of the veterans recruited and was a prominent member of the movement.
March Inland
Hall and Kawano's strikes resumed after the war. The ILWU helped to organize the plantation workers spreading unionization from the sea to the land. This allowed the movement to organize general strikeGeneral strike
A general strike is a strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city, region, or country. While a general strike can be for political goals, economic goals, or both, it tends to gain its momentum from the ideological or class sympathies of the participants...
s in the sugar industry
Sugar plantations in Hawaii
Sugarcane was introduced to Hawaii by its first inhabitants in approximately 600 AD and was observed by Captain Cook upon arrival in the islands in 1778. Sugar quickly turned into a big business and generated rapid population growth in the islands with 337,000 people immigrating over the span of a...
and pineapple industry, not just strikes at the docks. The Great Hawaii Sugar Strike of 1946 was launched against the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
Founded in 1895, the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association was an unincorporated, voluntary organization of sugar plantation owners in the Hawaiian Islands. Its objective was to promote the mutual benefits of its members and the development of the sugar industry in the islands. It conducted...
and the Big Five leaving the cane fields derelict. The 1947 Pineapple Strike followed on Lanai
Lanai
Lānai or Lanai is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is also known as the Pineapple Island because of its past as an island-wide pineapple plantation. The only town is Lānai City, a small settlement....
but ended in failure and was tried again in 1951. The 1949 Hawaiian Dock Strike froze shipping in Hawaii for 177 days, ended with the territorial Dock Seizure Act.
Hawaiians
Hawaiians were on both sides of the Revolution; they were at the time in a social limbo in having less power and rights than the Whites but more than the Orientals living in Hawaii. Older Hawaiians tended to fear change would further decline the status of Hawaiians, while youths embraced the prospect of gain by ousting the status quo.House Un-American Activities Committee
As the movement developed the more communist components began to show through. The strikes were increasingly politicized and at the 1949 strike the White Republican aristocracy who were owners in the Big Five became concerned over the communist trend by workers. On October 7, after the 1949 dock strike that year, the territorial legislature requested the House Un-American Activities CommitteeHouse Un-American Activities Committee
The House Committee on Un-American Activities or House Un-American Activities Committee was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security"...
to investigate the strikes that had become frequent in the territory. On August 28, 1951 the FBI rounded up seven members of the movement including Jack Hall
Jack Hall
For other people with the name Jack Hall, see Jack Hall John "Jack” Hughes Hall , was an American architect and industrial designer working in the Modernist style. Hall is best known for his residential works on Massachusetts' Cape Cod which were designed to nestle within, rather than overtake, the...
, Charles Fujimoto chairman of the Communist Party of Hawaii, and Koji Ariyoshi
Koji Ariyoshi
' was a Nisei, Labor activist, and a Sergeant in the United States Army during the Second World War.-Early life:Ariyoshi was born in Hawaii in 1914 to Japanese immigrant parents. Ariyoshi grew up helping his family make a living on a small eight-acre coffee plantation. He attended Konawaena High...
editor of the Honolulu Record
Honolulu Record
The Honolulu Record was a newspaper established after World War II by Koji Ariyoshi, a Hawaiian Nisei labor activist and war veteran with support from the International Longshore and Warehouse Union....
who had also published pro-communist work. The Hawaii 7 were charged under the Smith Act
Smith Act
The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act of 1940 is a United States federal statute that set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the U.S...
for conspiring to overthrow the government; all were released by 1958.
1950 elections
In the 1950 Democratic Convention John A. BurnsJohn A. Burns
John Anthony Burns served as the second Governor of Hawaii from 1962 to 1974. Born in Fort Assinniboine, Montana, Burns was a resident of Hawaii from 1913....
was elected chairman of the convention decided that the Party was ready for a strong push at the 1950 elections. But with the progress the party was dividing into two factions: the right-wing "Walkout" who opposed Burns and the left-wing "Standpat" members who supported Burns. Among the Standpats was John H. Wilson, the founder of the Democratic Party of Hawaii himself, although he did not always agree with Burns, allied with him. With the fracture of the conservative members the party began to slide farther leftward. Burns wished to re-establish the party ideology as Center-Left
Centre-left
Centre-left is a political term that describes individuals, political parties or organisations such as think tanks whose ideology lies between the centre and the left on the left-right spectrum...
. He had Party members sign an affidavit pledging their loyalty to the Democratic Party and not the Communist Party, to deflect communist criticisms and keep the far left
Far left
Far left, also known as the revolutionary left, radical left and extreme left are terms which refer to the highest degree of leftist positions among left-wing politics...
in check. During this time communists refrained from discussing their ideology. The rivalry between the two halves of the Democratic Party lead to several defeats in the elections against the Republicans.
1954 elections
Leading up to the 1954 elections the Walkout faction had collapsed into smaller factions proving no threat to the Standpat faction who effectively took over the party. So during the 1954 territorial elections the Democrats took 11 seats in the legislature seating a total of 22 while Republicans had 8.Government reform
The Democrats began to reform the government installing a progressive taxProgressive tax
A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. "Progressive" describes a distribution effect on income or expenditure, referring to the way the rate progresses from low to high, where the average tax rate is less than the marginal tax rate...
, land reform, environmental protections, comprehensive health insurance plan, and expanded freedoms of collective bargaining.
Republican political offensive
President Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...
appointed Republican Samuel Wilder King
Samuel Wilder King
Samuel Wilder King was the eleventh Territorial Governor of Hawaii and served from 1953 to 1957. He was appointed to the office after the term of Oren E. Long. Previously, King served in the United States House of Representatives as a delegate from the Territory of Hawaii...
as governor. King acted as an obstructionist by using the veto 71 times during his administration. Burns commented that these times the Democrats were more focused on building the Democratic government rather than running it. Following Statehood, Burns - who, until then, had lost his elections - was elected Governor of Hawaii. The strike campaign by the ILWU continued until 1958 when another large sugar strike called the Aloha Strike took place from February 1 to June 6 and ended the campaign.
Statehood
United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the Constitution...
, Hawaii became a serious candidate for statehood. Burns attempted to collaborate with Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
, which was also pressing to become a state. Burns came under scrutiny by anti-communist Southern Democrats
Southern Democrats
Southern Democrats are members of the U.S. Democratic Party who reside in the American South. In the 19th century, they were the definitive pro-slavery wing of the party, opposed to both the anti-slavery Republicans and the more liberal Northern Democrats.Eventually "Redemption" was finalized in...
over the role of the Communist Party. Another factor against statehood was a strong possibility of a non-white senator and their opposition to Racial segregation
Racial segregation
Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home...
. Back in Hawaii a vote was taken showing that 93% of the population was in support of statehood. , was enacted March 18, 1959 and took effect August 21, the State of Hawaii was established.
Notable individuals of the movement
- John A. BurnsJohn A. BurnsJohn Anthony Burns served as the second Governor of Hawaii from 1962 to 1974. Born in Fort Assinniboine, Montana, Burns was a resident of Hawaii from 1913....
: Leader of the movement - John H. Wilson: Founder of the Democratic Party of HawaiiDemocratic Party of HawaiiThe Democratic Party of Hawaii is an arm of the Democratic Party of the United States based in Honolulu, Hawaii. The party is a centralized organization established to promote the party platform as drafted in convention biennially...
. - Daniel InouyeDaniel InouyeDaniel Ken "Dan" Inouye is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii, a member of the Democratic Party, and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. Inouye is the chairman of the United States Senate...
: Incumbent senior United States Senator from Hawaii and current President pro tempore of the United States SenatePresident pro tempore of the United States SenateThe President pro tempore is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. The United States Constitution states that the Vice President of the United States is the President of the Senate and the highest-ranking official of the Senate despite not being a member of the body...
. - William S. RichardsonWilliam S. RichardsonWilliam Shaw Richardson was an American attorney, political figure, and chief justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court from 1966 to 1982. Prior to his service as the top jurist in Hawaii, Richardson was lieutenant governor under John A. Burns...
: Former Chief Justice of the Hawaii Supreme Court - George R AriyoshiGeorge AriyoshiGeorge Ryoichi Ariyoshi , served as the third Governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He assumed the governorship when John A. Burns was declared incapacitated. When he was elected, Ariyoshi became the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of...
: Former Governor of HawaiiGovernor of HawaiiThe Governor of Hawaii is the chief executive of the state of Hawaii and its various agencies and departments, as provided in the Hawaii State Constitution Article V, Sections 1 through 6. It is a directly elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state...
. - Thomas Gill: Former Lieutenant GovernorLieutenant Governor of HawaiiThe Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, concurrently the Secretary of State of Hawaii, is the assistant chief executive of that U.S. state and its various agencies and departments, as provided in the Hawaii State Constitution Article V, Sections 2 though 6. He or she is elected by popular suffrage of...
and 1st CongressmanHawaii's 1st congressional districtHawaii's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The district encompasses the urban areas of the City and County of Honolulu, a consolidated city-county that is coextensive with the island of Oahu. The district includes Oahu's central plains and southern...
. - Spark MatsunagaSpark MatsunagaSpark Masayuki Matsunaga was a United States Senator from Hawaii. He was an American Democrat whose legislation in the United States Senate led to the creation of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.-Career:Matsunaga became a United States Army Reservist in 1941,...
: Former 1st CongressmanHawaii's 1st congressional districtHawaii's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The district encompasses the urban areas of the City and County of Honolulu, a consolidated city-county that is coextensive with the island of Oahu. The district includes Oahu's central plains and southern... - Patsy MinkPatsy MinkPatsy Matsu Takemoto Mink was an American politician from the U.S. state of Hawaii. Mink was a third generation Japanese American and member of the Democratic Party. She also was the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.Mink served in the U.S...
: Former 2nd CongresswomanHawaii's 2nd congressional districtHawaii's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The district encompasses all rural and most suburban areas that are part of the City and County of Honolulu, which covers all of the island of Oahu... - Koji AriyoshiKoji Ariyoshi' was a Nisei, Labor activist, and a Sergeant in the United States Army during the Second World War.-Early life:Ariyoshi was born in Hawaii in 1914 to Japanese immigrant parents. Ariyoshi grew up helping his family make a living on a small eight-acre coffee plantation. He attended Konawaena High...
: Editor of the Honolulu RecordHonolulu RecordThe Honolulu Record was a newspaper established after World War II by Koji Ariyoshi, a Hawaiian Nisei labor activist and war veteran with support from the International Longshore and Warehouse Union....
, and one of the Hawaii 7. - Frank M. DavisFrank Marshall DavisFrank Marshall Davis was an American journalist, poet, and political and labor movement activist.-Early life:...
: Columnist for the Honolulu RecordHonolulu RecordThe Honolulu Record was a newspaper established after World War II by Koji Ariyoshi, a Hawaiian Nisei labor activist and war veteran with support from the International Longshore and Warehouse Union....
and poetPoetA poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary...
.
See also
- Democratic Party of HawaiiDemocratic Party of HawaiiThe Democratic Party of Hawaii is an arm of the Democratic Party of the United States based in Honolulu, Hawaii. The party is a centralized organization established to promote the party platform as drafted in convention biennially...
- ILWU
- Communist Party of HawaiiCommunist Party of HawaiiThe Communist Party of Hawaii was the regional party of the Communist Party USA in the United States Territory of Hawaii.-Appeal:The party targeted poor working class such as the stevedores and plantation workers in the Territory.-Unions:...
- Big FiveBig Five (Hawaii)The Big Five was the name given to a group of what started as sugarcane processing corporations that wielded considerable political power in the Territory of Hawaii during the early 20th century and leaned heavily towards the Hawaii Republican Party. The Big Five were Castle & Cooke, Alexander &...
- Sugar plantations in HawaiiSugar plantations in HawaiiSugarcane was introduced to Hawaii by its first inhabitants in approximately 600 AD and was observed by Captain Cook upon arrival in the islands in 1778. Sugar quickly turned into a big business and generated rapid population growth in the islands with 337,000 people immigrating over the span of a...
- Hawaii 7
- Nonviolent resistanceNonviolent resistanceNonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, and other methods, without using violence. It is largely synonymous with civil resistance...
- Civil disobedienceCivil disobedienceCivil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is commonly, though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance. It is one form of civil resistance...
- Nonviolent revolutionNonviolent revolutionA nonviolent revolution is a revolution using mostly campaigns of civil resistance, including various forms of nonviolent protest, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian...