Dermot Bolger
Encyclopedia
Dermot Bolger is an Irish novelist, playwright and poet born in Finglas
, a suburb of Dublin.
His work is often concerned with the articulation of the experiences of working-class characters who, for various reasons, feel alienated from society. Bolger questions the relevance of traditional nationalist concepts of Irishness, arguing for a more plural and inclusive society. In the late 1970s Bolger set up Raven Arts Press, which he ran until 1992 when he co-founded New Island Press. In May 2010 his wife, Bernie, died.
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" article:
Night Shift (1985
)
This is Bolger's first novel (or novella
?). The central protagonist is Donal, a young man from Finglas who works the night shift in a local factory. Donal's girlfriend, Elizabeth, is pregnant and they both live in a caravan at the foot of her parents' garden. Needless to say, her parents are hardly thrilled at the situation and Donal works hard to improve the life he shares with Elizabeth. This is a complex narrative, containing meditations on the prospects for young people in 1980s Ireland and the rupture between tradition (as represented by Elizabeth's family and those in authority) and the future (as represented by Donal and Elizabeth). Whilst the ending is not what one could describe as happy, it is hopeful in that Donal begins to achieve a degree of clarity about his life, including his relationship with Elizabeth, his relationship with society, and, ultimately, what it will mean to be Irish in the latter part of the 20th century. This novel introduces many of the themes that will resurface in much of Bolger's later writing.
The Journey Home (1990
)
The Journey Home was originally published by Penguin and was a controversial Irish bestseller. It was later re-issued by Flamingo/HarperCollins. Eighteen years after its publication, it was published in the United States of America by The University of Texas Press and received the lead front cover review on the New York Times Book Review section. The Irish Times aid of it "All 1990s life is there -- drink, drugs, political corruption -- all the words which have been repeated so often now that they have lost their power to shock. Here, they shock."
The Family on Paradise Pier (2005
)
The Family on Paradise Pier starts in the tranquil idyll of a Donegal village in 1915 and follows the journeys of one Irish family through the War of Independence, the General Strike in Britain, the dangerous streets of 1930’s Moscow, the Spanish Civil War and on to Soviet gulags, Irish Internment camps and London during the Blitz. The Goold Verschoyle children are born into a respected freethinking Protestant family in a Manor House alive with laughter, debate and fascinating guests. But the world of picnics and childish infatuations is soon under threat as political changes within Ireland and the wider world encroach upon their private paradise.
The Family on Paradise Pier tries to show how quickly a family and a class can find themselves displaced and considered foreigners within their own land, with a new generation forced to invent new roles in which to belong. For Eva the dream is to be an artist, yet her fragile vision cannot cope with first love or the reality of London art school. She finds herself married into a stiff Anglo-Irish family, struggling with growing debts and with trying to keep open her soul to the new perceptions while yearning for personal freedom.
Politics is how Eva’s brothers make sense of their new world. The eldest son, Art, rejects his inheritance to become a hard-line Marxist. Isolating himself from his family, he tries to belong among the poor, a party agitator working as a manual labourer in Dublin, Moscow and London. Brendan, the carefree and less fanatical younger brother, also embraces communism until confronted by its harsh realities in the Spanish Civil War with consequences that will haunt and divide his family.
Based on real-life people, this family saga grows into an kaleidoscopic portrait of the lives, dreams and tensions of a generation finding their own paths in life between the World Wars. Bolger recreates a family in flux, driven by idealism, racked by argument and united by love and the vivid memories of childhood. The character Brendan is based on Brian Goold Vershcoyle who died in a Soviet gulag and Art is based on the real life Irish communist Neil Goold Verschoyle. Eva is based on Sheila Fitzgerald (née Goold Verschoyle), 1903–2000) and the novel itself has its origins in tape recordings that the author made in her caravan in 1992.
Father's Music (1997
)
“Music is the pulse of Tracey Evan's life, its beat luring her through dance clubs and rave parties, a seemingly free-spirited 22-year-old London college drop out who laps up the late-night, often ecstasy-induced, pleasures of that city. Yet behind her tough street-wisdom and promiscuity, lurk layers of vulnerability and self-loathing. Her spirit is still in thrall to a past she cannot quit and to memories she cannot obliterate, even by living on a knife-edge of risk.
That risk is never greater than when she enters into an uninhibited world of sexual games and fantasies with Luke Duggan, an married Irish businessman living in London. At once loathsome and tender, the chameleon-like Luke is torn apart by the alternating currents of his infamous Dublin criminal family, from whom he has tried to distance himself.
When family responsibilities force Luke to return to Dublin, taking Tracey with him, their games of risk and chance become frighteningly real. It is her first visit to Ireland, except for a brief, traumatic childhood excursion to seek her father, a wandering traditional musician from Donegal who vanished after Tracey's birth. Now, as Tracey tries to thread a path through the dangerous criminal underbelly of a drug-ridden city, primed to explode, the answers to her questions about herself, her lost father and Luke's ultimate motives become gradually and terrifying intertwined.
In this psychological thriller, Dermot Bolger has fashioned a portrait of a young woman's search for truth in a sea of moral ambuguity, where she can be certain of nothing, least of all her own feelings.
Other novels:
Finglas
-See also:* List of towns and villages in Ireland* List of abbeys and priories in Ireland...
, a suburb of Dublin.
His work is often concerned with the articulation of the experiences of working-class characters who, for various reasons, feel alienated from society. Bolger questions the relevance of traditional nationalist concepts of Irishness, arguing for a more plural and inclusive society. In the late 1970s Bolger set up Raven Arts Press, which he ran until 1992 when he co-founded New Island Press. In May 2010 his wife, Bernie, died.
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" article:
Night Shift (1985
1985 in literature
The year 1985 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-New books:*Isaac Asimov - Robots and Empire*Margaret Atwood - The Handmaid's Tale*Jean M. Auel - The Mammoth Hunters*Iain Banks - Walking on Glass...
)
This is Bolger's first novel (or novella
Novella
A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative usually longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Nebula Awards for science fiction define the novella as having a word count between 17,500 and 40,000...
?). The central protagonist is Donal, a young man from Finglas who works the night shift in a local factory. Donal's girlfriend, Elizabeth, is pregnant and they both live in a caravan at the foot of her parents' garden. Needless to say, her parents are hardly thrilled at the situation and Donal works hard to improve the life he shares with Elizabeth. This is a complex narrative, containing meditations on the prospects for young people in 1980s Ireland and the rupture between tradition (as represented by Elizabeth's family and those in authority) and the future (as represented by Donal and Elizabeth). Whilst the ending is not what one could describe as happy, it is hopeful in that Donal begins to achieve a degree of clarity about his life, including his relationship with Elizabeth, his relationship with society, and, ultimately, what it will mean to be Irish in the latter part of the 20th century. This novel introduces many of the themes that will resurface in much of Bolger's later writing.
The Journey Home (1990
1990 in literature
The year 1990 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*J. K. Rowling gets the idea for Harry Potter while on a train ride from Manchester to London. She says "I was staring out the window, and the idea for Harry just came. He appeared in my mind's eye, very fully formed...
)
The Journey Home was originally published by Penguin and was a controversial Irish bestseller. It was later re-issued by Flamingo/HarperCollins. Eighteen years after its publication, it was published in the United States of America by The University of Texas Press and received the lead front cover review on the New York Times Book Review section. The Irish Times aid of it "All 1990s life is there -- drink, drugs, political corruption -- all the words which have been repeated so often now that they have lost their power to shock. Here, they shock."
The Family on Paradise Pier (2005
2005 in literature
The year 2005 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*February 25 - Canada Reads selects Rockbound by Frank Parker Day as the novel to be read across the nation....
)
The Family on Paradise Pier starts in the tranquil idyll of a Donegal village in 1915 and follows the journeys of one Irish family through the War of Independence, the General Strike in Britain, the dangerous streets of 1930’s Moscow, the Spanish Civil War and on to Soviet gulags, Irish Internment camps and London during the Blitz. The Goold Verschoyle children are born into a respected freethinking Protestant family in a Manor House alive with laughter, debate and fascinating guests. But the world of picnics and childish infatuations is soon under threat as political changes within Ireland and the wider world encroach upon their private paradise.
The Family on Paradise Pier tries to show how quickly a family and a class can find themselves displaced and considered foreigners within their own land, with a new generation forced to invent new roles in which to belong. For Eva the dream is to be an artist, yet her fragile vision cannot cope with first love or the reality of London art school. She finds herself married into a stiff Anglo-Irish family, struggling with growing debts and with trying to keep open her soul to the new perceptions while yearning for personal freedom.
Politics is how Eva’s brothers make sense of their new world. The eldest son, Art, rejects his inheritance to become a hard-line Marxist. Isolating himself from his family, he tries to belong among the poor, a party agitator working as a manual labourer in Dublin, Moscow and London. Brendan, the carefree and less fanatical younger brother, also embraces communism until confronted by its harsh realities in the Spanish Civil War with consequences that will haunt and divide his family.
Based on real-life people, this family saga grows into an kaleidoscopic portrait of the lives, dreams and tensions of a generation finding their own paths in life between the World Wars. Bolger recreates a family in flux, driven by idealism, racked by argument and united by love and the vivid memories of childhood. The character Brendan is based on Brian Goold Vershcoyle who died in a Soviet gulag and Art is based on the real life Irish communist Neil Goold Verschoyle. Eva is based on Sheila Fitzgerald (née Goold Verschoyle), 1903–2000) and the novel itself has its origins in tape recordings that the author made in her caravan in 1992.
Father's Music (1997
1997 in literature
The year 1997 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Tom Clancy signs a book deal with Pearson Custom Publishing and Penguin Putnam Inc. , giving him US$50 million for the world-English rights to two new books . A second agreement gives him another US$25 million for a...
)
“Music is the pulse of Tracey Evan's life, its beat luring her through dance clubs and rave parties, a seemingly free-spirited 22-year-old London college drop out who laps up the late-night, often ecstasy-induced, pleasures of that city. Yet behind her tough street-wisdom and promiscuity, lurk layers of vulnerability and self-loathing. Her spirit is still in thrall to a past she cannot quit and to memories she cannot obliterate, even by living on a knife-edge of risk.
That risk is never greater than when she enters into an uninhibited world of sexual games and fantasies with Luke Duggan, an married Irish businessman living in London. At once loathsome and tender, the chameleon-like Luke is torn apart by the alternating currents of his infamous Dublin criminal family, from whom he has tried to distance himself.
When family responsibilities force Luke to return to Dublin, taking Tracey with him, their games of risk and chance become frighteningly real. It is her first visit to Ireland, except for a brief, traumatic childhood excursion to seek her father, a wandering traditional musician from Donegal who vanished after Tracey's birth. Now, as Tracey tries to thread a path through the dangerous criminal underbelly of a drug-ridden city, primed to explode, the answers to her questions about herself, her lost father and Luke's ultimate motives become gradually and terrifying intertwined.
In this psychological thriller, Dermot Bolger has fashioned a portrait of a young woman's search for truth in a sea of moral ambuguity, where she can be certain of nothing, least of all her own feelings.
Other novels:
- 19871987 in literatureThe year 1987 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Tom Wolfe was paid $5 million for the film rights to his novel, The Bonfire of the Vanities, the most ever earned by an author, at the time.-Fiction:...
and 19911991 in literatureThe year 1991 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Douglas Coupland publishes the novel Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, popularizing the term Generation X as the name of the generation....
: The Woman’s Daughter - 19921992 in literatureThe year 1992 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-New books:*Ben Aaronovitch - Transit*Julia Álvarez - How the García Girls Lost Their Accents*Paul Auster - Leviathan*Iain Banks - The Crow Road...
: Emily’s Shoes - 19941994 in literatureThe year 1994 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-New books:*Kevin J. Anderson - Champions of the Force, Dark Apprentice and Jedi Search*Reed Arvin - The Wind in the Wheat*Greg Bear - Songs of Earth and Power...
: A Second Life - 20002000 in literatureThe year 2000 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:* February 13 - Final original Peanuts comic strip is published...
: Temptation - 20072007 in literatureThe year 2007 in literature involves some significant new books.-Events:*November 19 - First Kindle e-book reader released.*December 11 - Terry Pratchett informs fans on-line that he has been diagnosed with a rare form of Alzheimer's disease.-Literature:...
: The Valparaiso Voyage - 20052005 in literatureThe year 2005 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*February 25 - Canada Reads selects Rockbound by Frank Parker Day as the novel to be read across the nation....
: The Family on Paradise Pier (a story about Brian Goold-VerschoyleBrian Goold-VerschoyleBrian Goold-Verschoyle was a member of the Communist Party of Ireland and a victim of Joseph Stalin's "Great Purge".-Early life:...
) - 20102010 in literatureThe year 2010 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*February - The Wheeler Centre, Australia's "literary hub", officially opened.*April 3 - First release of the Apple iPad, electronic book reading device....
: New Town Soul
Plays
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" article:- 19891989 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Dead Poets Society, a film incorporating excerpts from many traditional poets, ending with the title and opening line of Walt Whitman's lament on the death of Abraham Lincoln, "O Captain! My...
: The Lament for Arthur Cleary - 19901990 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Allen Ginsberg crowned "Majelis King" in Prague on May Day...
: Blinded by the Light - 19901990 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Allen Ginsberg crowned "Majelis King" in Prague on May Day...
: In High Germany - 19901990 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Allen Ginsberg crowned "Majelis King" in Prague on May Day...
: The Holy Ground - 19911991 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Forward Poetry Prize created...
: One Last White Horse - 19941994 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Allen Ginsberg sells his papers to Stanford University for $1 million.* C. P...
: A Dublin Bloom - 19951995 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* February 16 — Announcement that 300 poems by S.T...
: April Bright - 19991999 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* July 1 — Scotland's Parliament opened with the singing of Robert Burns' "A Man's a Man For A'That", instead of "God Save The Queen"...
: The Passion of Jerome - 20002000 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Griffin Poetry Prize is established, with one award given each year for the best work by a Canadian poet and one award given for best work in the English language internationally.* February —...
: Consenting Adults - 20052005 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* October 7 — Celebrations marking the 50th anniversary of the first reading of Allen Ginsberg's poem Howl were staged in San Francisco, New York City, and in Leeds in the UK...
: From these Green Heights - 20062006 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* French public notary Patrick Huet unveils Pieces of Hope to the Echo of the World in Lyon...
: The Townlands of Brazil - 20072007 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* March 5: a car bomb was exploded on Mutanabbi Street in Baghdad. More than 30 people were killed and more than 100 were wounded. This locale is the historic center of Baghdad bookselling, a winding...
: Walking the Road - 20082008 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* June — the release in the United Kingdom of a new film, The Edge of Love, Dylan Thomas' relationship with two women, starring Keira Knightley, Sienna Miller, Cillian Murphy and Matthew Rhys *...
: The Consequences of Lightning - (2010) The Parting Glass* (This stand alone play is a follow up, twenty years on, of the life of Eoin - the emigrant narrator of Bolger's earlier play, In High Germany
Poetry
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:- 19801980 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Mark Jarman and Robert McDowell started the small magazine The Reaper to promote narrative and formal poetry....
: The Habit of Flesh, Raven Arts Press - 19811981 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Jane Greer launched Plains Poetry Journal, an advance guard of the New Formalism movement....
: Finglas Lilies, Raven Arts Press - 19821982 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:*Final edition of This Magazine published....
: No Waiting America, Raven Arts Press - 19861986 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* New American Writing, an annual literary magazine concentrating on poetry, is founded in Chicago, Illinois....
: Internal Exiles, Dublin: Dolmen - 19891989 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Dead Poets Society, a film incorporating excerpts from many traditional poets, ending with the title and opening line of Walt Whitman's lament on the death of Abraham Lincoln, "O Captain! My...
: Leinster Street Ghosts, Raven Arts Press - 19981998 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Samizdat poetry magazine founded in Chicago .* Skanky Possum poetry magazine founded in Austin, Texas....
: Taking my Letters Back: New and Selected Poems, Dublin: New Island Books - 20042004 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* April 1 — Foetry.com Web site is launched for the announced purpose of "Exposing fraudulent contests. Tracking the sycophants...
: The Chosen Moment, Dublin: New Island Books - 20082008 in poetryNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* June — the release in the United Kingdom of a new film, The Edge of Love, Dylan Thomas' relationship with two women, starring Keira Knightley, Sienna Miller, Cillian Murphy and Matthew Rhys *...
: External Affairs, 80 pages, Dublin: New Island Books, ISBN 9781848400283
Research work about the author
- La réécriture de l'histoire dans les Romans de Roddy DoyleRoddy DoyleRoddy Doyle is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter. Several of his books have been made into successful films, beginning with The Commitments in 1991. He won the Booker Prize in 1993....
, Dermot Bolger et Patrick McCabePatrick McCabePatrick McCabe is an Irish novelist, known for his mostly dark and violent novels set in contemporary, often small-town, Ireland. His books include The Butcher Boy and Breakfast on Pluto , both shortlisted for the Booker Prize...
by Alain Mouchel-Vallon (PhD thesis, 2005, Reims University, France). - The State of the Nation: Paradigms of Irishness in the Drama and Fiction of Dermot Bolger by Damien Shortt (PhD thesis, 2006, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, Ireland)
- Ryan, Ray. Ireland and Scotland: Literature and Culture, State and Nation, 1966-2000. Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Paschel, Ulrike: No mean city? : the image of Dublin in the novels of Dermot Bolger, Roddy Doyle and Val Mulkerns. - Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 1998. – X, 170 S. - (Aachen British and American studies ; 1). ISBN 3-631-33530-X
- Merriman, Vic: Staging contemporary Ireland : heartsickness and hopes deferred. In: The Cambridge companion to contemporary Irish drama / Shaun Richards, ed. - Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Pr., 2004 ; pp. 244–257 (On The lament for Arthur Cleary, 1989)
- Murphy, Paul: Inside the immigrant mind : nostalgic versus nomadic subjectivities in late twentieth-century Irish drama. In: Australasian drama studies, 43 (2003, Oct), pp. 128–147 (On A Dublin quartet)
- Tew, Philip: The lexicon of youth in Mac Laverty, Bolger, and Doyle : Theorizing contemporary Irish fiction via Lefebvre's Tenth Prelude. In: Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies, 5:1 (1999), pp. 181–197
- Harte, Liam: A kind of scab : Irish identity in the writings of Dermot Bolger and Joseph O'Connor. In: Irish studies review, 20 (1997 autumn), pp. 17–22
- MacCarthy, Conor: Ideology and geography in Dermot Bolger's The Journey home. In: Irish university review: A journal of Irish studies, 27:1 (1997 Spring-Summer), pp. 98–110
- Merriman, Vic: Centring the wanderer : Europe as active imaginary in contemporary Irish theatre. In: Irish university review: a journal of Irish studies, 27:1 (1997 Spring-Summer), pp. 166–181 (On The Lament of Arthur Cleary)
- Aragay, Mireia: Reading Dermot Bolger's The Holy Ground : national identity, gender and sexuality in post-colonial Ireland. In: Links and letters, 4 (1997), pp. 53–64
- Turner, Tramble T.: Staging signs of gender. In: Semiotics 1994: Annual proceedings volumes of the Semiotic Society of America. 19 / John Deely (ed.) ... New York
: Lang, 1995. pp. 335–344 (On The lament for Arthur Cleary, 1989) - Dantanus, Ulf.: Antæus in Dublin? In: Moderna språk (97:1) 2003, pp. 37–52.
- Battaglia, Alberto.: Dublino: oltre Joyce. Milan: Unicopli, 2002. pp. 130. (Città letterarie)
- Dumay, Émile-Jean.: Dermot Bolger dramaturge. In: Études irlandaises (27:1) 2002, pp. 79–92.
- Dumay, Émile-Jean.: La subversion de la nostalgie dans The Lament for Arthur Cleary de Dermot Bolger. In: Études irlandaises (21:2) 1996, pp. 111–23.
- Fiérobe, Claude: Irlande et Europe 1990: The Journey Home de Dermot Bolger. In: Études irlandaises (19:2) 1994, pp. 41–49.
- Kearney, Colbert: Dermot Bolger and the dual carriageway. In: Études irlandaises (19:2) 1994, pp. 25–39.
- Shortt, Damien: A River Runs Through It: Irish History in Contemporary Fiction, Dermot Bolger and Roddy Doyle. In: No Country for Old Men : Fresh Perspectives on Irish Literature / Paddy Lyons ; Alison O'Malley-Younger(eds.).Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] - Oxford u.a. : Lang, 2009. pp. 123–141. (Reimagining Ireland ; 4)
- Murphy, Paula:From Ballymun to Brazil: Bolger's Postmodern Ireland. In: Modernity and Postmodernity in a Franco-Irish Context / Eamon Maher ... (eds.). - Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2008. pp. 161–178. (Studies in Franco-Irish Relations ; 2)
- Shortt, Damien: Dermot Bolger: Gender Performance and Society. In: New Voices in Irish literary Criticism / Paula Murphy ... (eds.). - Lewiston, N.Y.; Lampeter : Edwin Mellen, 2007. pp. 151–166.
- Brihault, Jean: Dermot Bolger, romancier de la mondialisation ? In: Issues of globalisation and secularisation in France and Ireland / Yann Bévant ... (eds.). - Frankfurt, M. [u.a.] : Lang, 2009. pp. 101–122. (Studies in Franco-Irish Relations ; 3)
- Wald, Christina: Dermot Bolger. In: The Methuen drama guide to contemporary Irish playwrights / ed. by Martin Middeke ... - London : Methuen Drama, 2010. pp. 19–36
- Shortt, Damien: Who put the ball in the English net: the privatisation of Irish postnationalism in Dermot Bolger's In High Germany. In: Redefinitions of Irish identity: a postnationalist approach / Irene Gilsenan Nordin ; Carmen Zamorano Llena (eds.). - Frankfurt, M. [u.a.] : Lang, 2010. pp. 103–124. (Cultural identity studies ; 12)
- Imhof, Rüdiger: Dermot Bolger. In: The Modern Irish Novel : Irish Novelists after 1945 / Rüdiger Imhof. - Dublin : Wolfhound Press, 2002. pp. 267-285
- Murphy, Paula: Scattering us like seed': Dermot Bolger's postnationalist Ireland. In: Redefinitions of Irish identity: a postnationalist approach / Irene Gilsenan Nordin ; Carmen Zamorano Llena (eds.). - Frankfurt, M. [u.a.] : Lang, 2010. pp. 181-199. (Cultural identity studies ; 12)