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Description de l'Egypte (1809)
Encyclopedia
The Description de l'Égypte (Description of Egypt) was a series of publications, appearing first in 1809 and continuing until the final volume appeared in 1829, which offered a comprehensive scientific description of ancient and modern Egypt
as well as its natural history. It is the collaborative work of about 160 civilian scholars and scientists, known popularly as the savants, who accompanied Napoleon
's expedition to Egypt in 1798 to 1801 as part of the French Revolutionary Wars
, as well as about 2000 artists and technicians, including 400 engravers
, who would later compile it into a full work.
The full title of the work is Description de l'Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française (English: Description of Egypt, or the collection of observations and research which was made in Egypt during the expedition of the French Army).
, collaborated on the Description. Collectively they comprised the Commission des Sciences et Arts d'Égypte. About a third of them would later also become members of the Institute of Egypt.
In late August 1798, on the order of Napoleon, the Institute of Egypt (l'Institut d'Égypte
) was founded in the palace of Hassan-Kashif on the outskirts of Cairo
, with Gaspard Monge
as president. The structure of the institute was based on the Institut de France. The institute housed a library, laboratories, workshops, and the savants' various Egyptian collections. The workshop was particularly important, supplying both the army as well as the servants with necessary equipment. Many new instruments were constructed as well, to replace those lost during the sinking of the French fleet in August 1798 at Aboukir Bay (Battle of the Nile
) and the Cairo riot of October 1798.
One of the goals of the Institute was to propagate knowledge. To this end, the savants published a journal, La Decade Egyptienne, as well as a newspaper, the Courier de L'Egypte, which disseminated information about the French occupation and the activities of the French army, the Commission des Sciences et Arts d'Égypte, and the Institute itself.
The vision of a single comprehensive publication amalgamating all that the French discovered in Egypt was conceived already in November 1798, when Joseph Fourier
was entrusted with the task of uniting the reports from the various disciplines for later publication. When the French army left Egypt in 1801, the savants took with them a large quantities of unpublished notes, drawings, and various collections of smaller artifacts that they could smuggle unnoticed past the British.
In February 1802, at the instigation of Jean Antoine Chaptal, the French Minister of the Interior, and by decree of Napoleon, a commission was established to manage the preparation of the large amount of data for a single publication. The final work would draw data from the already-published journal La Decade, the newspaper Courier de L'Égypte, the four-volume Mémoires sur l'Égypte (an expansion of the La Decade journal, published by the French government during and after the Egyptian campaign) and an abundance of notes and illustrations from the various scholars and scientists. The huge volume of information to be published meant adopting an apparently haphazard modus operandi: when sufficiently many plates or text on a particular subject were ready, the information was published. Despite this, publication of the first edition took over 20 years.
The first test volumes of engravings were presented to Napoleon in January 1808. Initially published by order of the emperor (Napoleon Le Grand), successive volumes would be published by order of the king, and the last simply by order of the government.
A second edition (known as the Panckoucke edition) was published by Charles Louis Fleury Panckoucke. The text was expanded in more volumes and printed in a smaller formats, new pulls were taken from the plates, and these were bound with many of the large format plates folded in the smaller format volumes.
The typographical quality of the texts, the beauty of engravings, and the unusual formats (the Mammutfolio is 1m x .81m) makes Description de l'Égypte an exceptional work.
The first edition usually consists of nine volumes of text, one volume with description of the plates and ten volumes of plates. Two additional volumes in Mammut size (also called Elephant plates) contain plates from Antiquites and Etat Moderne and finally one volume of map plates (Atlas), making for twenty-three volumes in all. Variants in the number of volumes does exist.
The second edition usually consists of thirty-seven volumes, with twenty-four volumes bound in twenty-six books (volume eighteen is a volume split in three books) of text, volume number ten being the description of the plates and ten volumes of plates, plus one volume of maps. The second edition was made at less cost, and is in black and white; the frontispiece, however, is rendered in full color (the exact reverse of the first edition, in which the frontispiece is black and white while the rest is color).
The ten volumes of plates consists of 894 plates, made from over 3000 drawings, most of them located in Histoire Naturelle volume I and II. Some of these plates contain over 100 individual engravings of flora or fauna on a single plate. 38 of the plates are hand coloured. Some variants of the work may contain a few more plates; example Bernard J. Shapero Rare Books list a 38 volume second edition with 909 plates.
The plates have been republished partly or in full if different works, most notable by Taschen GmbH
since 1995, which is a complete reproduction of the 10 volumes of plates, though not the 52 plates of the atlas volume.
The general conception and often-repeated idea that this is a unique and unprecedented work is inaccurate. There are several works from the 18th century and even 17th century that do much the same as Description de l'Égypte, on a smaller scale. Works such as John Greaves
, Pyramidographia (1646), Bernard de Montfaucon
's, 10 volume L'Antiquite expliquee et representee en figures (1719–1724), which reproduces, methodically grouped, all the ancient monuments and devoted a notable amount to Egyptian objects, Benoît de Maillet
, Description de l'Égypte (1735), Richard Pococke
, A Description of the East and Some Other Countries (1743), Frederic Louis Norden
, Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie
(1755) and Carsten Niebuhr
's highly influential two volume Reisebeschreibung von Arabien und anderen umliegenden Ländern (1774 & 1778), can be seen as mini Description de l'Egypte in their own right, and their literate and pictorial influence might actually be greater than Description de l'Egypte, as they stood uncontested and often uncorrected for many more years.
The very long time it took to publish this work meant that a large part of it, at least the text, though near encyclopaediac in nature, was quickly out of date once it arrived in the hands of people interested in these matters. This was not notable for the description of modern Egypt in the work; however, for the description of ancient Egypt it was. The text is written without the knowledge of how to read hieroglyphics
, and the work represents the last major work to be written before the decipherment of the hieroglyphic script, which would slowly become available, just as the first volumes of the large expanded text of the second edition, were printed. The root for the text is found 20 years earlier, and not only did a lot happen in those 20 years, but soon, Jean-François Champollion
found the way to read hieroglyphs. Though Champollion’s Grammaire egyptienne, published posthumously in 1836, was not widely accepted until years later, the text of Description de l'Egypte would, in a decade or two, become largely obsolete.
Another aspect is its accessibility. The low number of copies made (~1000), its high price, and its very large physical size made the work accessible practically only to the very elite of society at that time. Even today, finding a complete copy (text and drawings) is not easy. Only major libraries or state libraries are in the possession of such and a complete reproduction or translation into other languages has, to the best of knowledge, never been done.
All this should be seen in stark contrast to Karl Richard Lepsius
's 12 volume masterpiece Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien (1849–1859), which to this day is quoted repeatedly as both source and authority on various ancient Egyptian matters and is considered the earliest reliable publications on a large selection of monuments.
exhibition (Georgetown University Library), November 2000 - January 2001, lists a copy of a first edition presented to Bernardino Drovetti
, the French consul general in Egypt from 1802–1814 and 1821–1826, as having 29 volumes, while a "standard" volume contains 23 (20 plus 3 Mammutfolio).
The geographical volume (which contains maps) was not printed before 1828, even though the volumes are dated 1818 and 1826 respectively. All volumes dated 1809 were first printed in 1810.
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
as well as its natural history. It is the collaborative work of about 160 civilian scholars and scientists, known popularly as the savants, who accompanied Napoleon
Napoleon I of France
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
's expedition to Egypt in 1798 to 1801 as part of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states...
, as well as about 2000 artists and technicians, including 400 engravers
Engraving
Engraving is the practice of incising a design on to a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing...
, who would later compile it into a full work.
The full title of the work is Description de l'Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française (English: Description of Egypt, or the collection of observations and research which was made in Egypt during the expedition of the French Army).
Summary
Approximately 160 civilian scholars and scientists, many drawn from the Institut de FranceInstitut de France
The Institut de France is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is the Académie française.The institute, located in Paris, manages approximately 1,000 foundations, as well as museums and chateaux open for visit. It also awards prizes and subsidies, which...
, collaborated on the Description. Collectively they comprised the Commission des Sciences et Arts d'Égypte. About a third of them would later also become members of the Institute of Egypt.
In late August 1798, on the order of Napoleon, the Institute of Egypt (l'Institut d'Égypte
Institut d'Égypte
The Institut d’Égypte was a learned academy formed by Napoleon Bonaparte to carry out research during his Egyptian campaign.-Early work:It first met on 24 August 1798, with Gaspard Monge as president, Bonaparte himself as vice-president and Joseph Fourier and Costaz as secretaries...
) was founded in the palace of Hassan-Kashif on the outskirts of Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...
, with Gaspard Monge
Gaspard Monge
Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse was a French mathematician, revolutionary, and was inventor of descriptive geometry. During the French Revolution, he was involved in the complete reorganization of the educational system, founding the École Polytechnique...
as president. The structure of the institute was based on the Institut de France. The institute housed a library, laboratories, workshops, and the savants' various Egyptian collections. The workshop was particularly important, supplying both the army as well as the servants with necessary equipment. Many new instruments were constructed as well, to replace those lost during the sinking of the French fleet in August 1798 at Aboukir Bay (Battle of the Nile
Battle of the Nile
The Battle of the Nile was a major naval battle fought between British and French fleets at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt from 1–3 August 1798...
) and the Cairo riot of October 1798.
One of the goals of the Institute was to propagate knowledge. To this end, the savants published a journal, La Decade Egyptienne, as well as a newspaper, the Courier de L'Egypte, which disseminated information about the French occupation and the activities of the French army, the Commission des Sciences et Arts d'Égypte, and the Institute itself.
The vision of a single comprehensive publication amalgamating all that the French discovered in Egypt was conceived already in November 1798, when Joseph Fourier
Joseph Fourier
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician and physicist best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's Law are also named in his honour...
was entrusted with the task of uniting the reports from the various disciplines for later publication. When the French army left Egypt in 1801, the savants took with them a large quantities of unpublished notes, drawings, and various collections of smaller artifacts that they could smuggle unnoticed past the British.
In February 1802, at the instigation of Jean Antoine Chaptal, the French Minister of the Interior, and by decree of Napoleon, a commission was established to manage the preparation of the large amount of data for a single publication. The final work would draw data from the already-published journal La Decade, the newspaper Courier de L'Égypte, the four-volume Mémoires sur l'Égypte (an expansion of the La Decade journal, published by the French government during and after the Egyptian campaign) and an abundance of notes and illustrations from the various scholars and scientists. The huge volume of information to be published meant adopting an apparently haphazard modus operandi: when sufficiently many plates or text on a particular subject were ready, the information was published. Despite this, publication of the first edition took over 20 years.
The first test volumes of engravings were presented to Napoleon in January 1808. Initially published by order of the emperor (Napoleon Le Grand), successive volumes would be published by order of the king, and the last simply by order of the government.
A second edition (known as the Panckoucke edition) was published by Charles Louis Fleury Panckoucke. The text was expanded in more volumes and printed in a smaller formats, new pulls were taken from the plates, and these were bound with many of the large format plates folded in the smaller format volumes.
Description
The first edition usually consists of nine volumes of text, one volume with description of the plates and ten volumes of plates. Two additional volumes in Mammut size (also called Elephant plates) contain plates from Antiquites and Etat Moderne and finally one volume of map plates (Atlas), making for twenty-three volumes in all. Variants in the number of volumes does exist.
The second edition usually consists of thirty-seven volumes, with twenty-four volumes bound in twenty-six books (volume eighteen is a volume split in three books) of text, volume number ten being the description of the plates and ten volumes of plates, plus one volume of maps. The second edition was made at less cost, and is in black and white; the frontispiece, however, is rendered in full color (the exact reverse of the first edition, in which the frontispiece is black and white while the rest is color).
The ten volumes of plates consists of 894 plates, made from over 3000 drawings, most of them located in Histoire Naturelle volume I and II. Some of these plates contain over 100 individual engravings of flora or fauna on a single plate. 38 of the plates are hand coloured. Some variants of the work may contain a few more plates; example Bernard J. Shapero Rare Books list a 38 volume second edition with 909 plates.
The plates have been republished partly or in full if different works, most notable by Taschen GmbH
Taschen
Taschen is an art book publisher founded in 1980 by Benedikt Taschen in Cologne, Germany. It began as Taschen Comics publishing Benedikt's extensive comic collection...
since 1995, which is a complete reproduction of the 10 volumes of plates, though not the 52 plates of the atlas volume.
Influence
The influence of this work on the nascent field of Egyptology, in every country to which it was sent, is difficult to gauge. At the same time, country-specific studies of the work's reception have been written. While a colossal achievement and one frequently referenced in major publications concerning Egypt and its history, the work's limitations quickly became apparent.The general conception and often-repeated idea that this is a unique and unprecedented work is inaccurate. There are several works from the 18th century and even 17th century that do much the same as Description de l'Égypte, on a smaller scale. Works such as John Greaves
John Greaves
John Greaves was an English mathematician, astronomer and antiquary.-Life:He was born in Colemore, near Alresford, Hampshire. He was the eldest son of John Greaves, rector of Colemore, and Sarah Greaves...
, Pyramidographia (1646), Bernard de Montfaucon
Bernard de Montfaucon
Bernard de Montfaucon was a French Benedictine monk, a scholar who founded a new discipline, palaeography; an editor of works of the Fathers of the Church; he is also regarded to be one of the founders of modern archaeology.-Early life:Montfaucon was born January 13, 1655 in the castle of...
's, 10 volume L'Antiquite expliquee et representee en figures (1719–1724), which reproduces, methodically grouped, all the ancient monuments and devoted a notable amount to Egyptian objects, Benoît de Maillet
Benoît de Maillet
Benoît de Maillet was a well-travelled French diplomat and natural historian. He was French consul general at Cairo, and overseer in the Levant...
, Description de l'Égypte (1735), Richard Pococke
Richard Pococke
Richard Pococke was an English prelate and anthropologist. He was Protestant Bishop of Ossory and Meath , both dioceses of the Church of Ireland...
, A Description of the East and Some Other Countries (1743), Frederic Louis Norden
Frederic Louis Norden
Frederic Louis Norden was a Danish naval captain and explorer.Also known as Frederick, Frederik, Friderick, Ludwig, Ludvig and Lewis, the name used on the first publication of his famous Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie is Frederic Louis Norden. His name is often shortened F. L...
, Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie
Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie
Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie records Frederic Louis Norden's extensive documentation and drawings of his voyage though Egypt in 1737-1738...
(1755) and Carsten Niebuhr
Carsten Niebuhr
Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr , a German mathematician, cartographer, and explorer in the service of Denmark, is renowned for his travels on the Arabian peninsula.-Biography:...
's highly influential two volume Reisebeschreibung von Arabien und anderen umliegenden Ländern (1774 & 1778), can be seen as mini Description de l'Egypte in their own right, and their literate and pictorial influence might actually be greater than Description de l'Egypte, as they stood uncontested and often uncorrected for many more years.
The very long time it took to publish this work meant that a large part of it, at least the text, though near encyclopaediac in nature, was quickly out of date once it arrived in the hands of people interested in these matters. This was not notable for the description of modern Egypt in the work; however, for the description of ancient Egypt it was. The text is written without the knowledge of how to read hieroglyphics
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs were a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood...
, and the work represents the last major work to be written before the decipherment of the hieroglyphic script, which would slowly become available, just as the first volumes of the large expanded text of the second edition, were printed. The root for the text is found 20 years earlier, and not only did a lot happen in those 20 years, but soon, Jean-François Champollion
Jean-François Champollion
Jean-François Champollion was a French classical scholar, philologist and orientalist, decipherer of the Egyptian hieroglyphs....
found the way to read hieroglyphs. Though Champollion’s Grammaire egyptienne, published posthumously in 1836, was not widely accepted until years later, the text of Description de l'Egypte would, in a decade or two, become largely obsolete.
Another aspect is its accessibility. The low number of copies made (~1000), its high price, and its very large physical size made the work accessible practically only to the very elite of society at that time. Even today, finding a complete copy (text and drawings) is not easy. Only major libraries or state libraries are in the possession of such and a complete reproduction or translation into other languages has, to the best of knowledge, never been done.
All this should be seen in stark contrast to Karl Richard Lepsius
Karl Richard Lepsius
Karl Richard Lepsius was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist and linguist and pioneer of modern archaeology.-Background:...
's 12 volume masterpiece Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien (1849–1859), which to this day is quoted repeatedly as both source and authority on various ancient Egyptian matters and is considered the earliest reliable publications on a large selection of monuments.
Editions
There appear to be several variants of these editions, especially the first edition, containing one or more extra volumes. For instance, the Lauinger LibraryLauinger Library
The Joseph Mark Lauinger Library is the main library of Georgetown University and the center of a seven-library system that includes 2.8 million volumes. It holds 1.7 million volumes on six floors and has accommodations for individual and group study on all levels.Opened on April 6, 1970, the...
exhibition (Georgetown University Library), November 2000 - January 2001, lists a copy of a first edition presented to Bernardino Drovetti
Bernardino Drovetti
Bernardino Michele Maria Drovetti was an Italian diplomat, lawyer, explorer and antiquarian, appointed by Napoleon as French consul to Egypt at a time when the country and its antiquities were being opened rapidly to European knowledge and acquisition. His methods were deplorable...
, the French consul general in Egypt from 1802–1814 and 1821–1826, as having 29 volumes, while a "standard" volume contains 23 (20 plus 3 Mammutfolio).
The geographical volume (which contains maps) was not printed before 1828, even though the volumes are dated 1818 and 1826 respectively. All volumes dated 1809 were first printed in 1810.
First edition (Imperial edition)
- Book 01 (1809), Volume I - Antiquités, Descriptions.
- Book 02 (1818), Volume II - Antiquités, Descriptions.
- Book 03 (1809), Volume I - Antiquités, Mémoires.
- Book 04 (1818), Volume II - Antiquités, Mémoires.
- Book 05 (1809), Volume I - Etat Moderne.
- Book 06 (1822), Volume II - Etat Moderne.
- Book 07 (1822), Volume II - Etat Moderne (2´ Partie).
- Book 08 (1809), Volume I - Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 09 (1813), Volume II - Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 10 (18xx), Volume I - Préface et explication des planches.
- Book 11 (1809), Volume I - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 12 (18xx), Volume II - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 13 (18xx), Volume III - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 14 (18xx), Volume IV - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 15 (1822), Volume V - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 16 (1809), Volume I - Planches : Etat Moderne.
- Book 17 (1817), Volume II - Planches : Etat Moderne.
- Book 18 (1809), Volume I - Planches : Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 19 (1809), Volume II - Planches : Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 20 (1809), Volume IIbis - Planches : Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 21 (18xx), Volume I - Planches : Antiquités. ("Mammutfolio")
- Book 22 (18xx), Volume I - Planches : Etat Moderne. ("Mammutfolio")
- Book 23 (1818), Volume I - Planches : Carte géographiques et topographique.("Mammutfolio")
Second edition (Panckoucke edition)
- Book 01 (1821), Volume I - Tome Premier Antiquités-Descriptions.
- Book 02 (1821), Volume II - Tome Deuxième Antiquités-Descriptions.
- Book 03 (1821), Volume III - Tome Troisième Antiquités-Descriptions.
- Book 04 (1822), Volume IV - Tome Quatrième Antiquités-Descriptions.
- Book 05 (1829), Volume V - Tome Cinquième Antiquités-Descriptions.
- Book 06 (1822), Volume VI - Tome Sixième Antiquités-Mémoires.
- Book 07 (1822), Volume VII - Tome Septième Antiquités-Mémoires.
- Book 08 (1822), Volume VIII - Tome Huitième Antiquités-Mémoires.
- Book 09 (1829), Volume IX - Tome Neuvième Antiquités-Mémoires et Descriptions.
- Book 10 (1823), Volume X - Explication Des Planches, D'Antiquités.
- Book 11 (1822), Volume XI - Tome Onzième Etat Moderne.
- Book 12 (1822), Volume XII - Tome Douzième Etat Moderne.
- Book 13 (1823), Volume XIII - Tome Treizième Etat Moderne.
- Book 14 (1826), Volume XIV - Tome Quatorzième Etat Moderne.
- Book 15 (1826), Volume XV - Tome Quinzième Etat Moderne.
- Book 16 (1825), Volume XVI - Tome Seizième Etat Moderne.
- Book 17 (1824), Volume XVII - Tome Dix-Septième Etat Moderne.
- Book 18 (1826), Volume XVIII - Tome Dix-Huitième Etat Moderne.
- Book 19 (1829), Volume XVIII - Tome Dix-Huitième (2´ Partie) Etat Moderne.
- Book 20 (1830), Volume XVIII - Tome Dix-Huitième (3´ Partie) Etat Moderne.
- Book 21 (1824), Volume XIX - Tome Dix-Neuvième Histoire Naturelle, Botanique-Météorologie.
- Book 22 (1825), Volume XX - Tome Vingtième Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 23 (1826), Volume XXI - Tome Vingt-Unième Histoire Naturelle, Minieralogie - Zoologie.
- Book 24 (1827), Volume XXII - Tome Vingt-Deuxième Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie. Animaux Invertébrés (suite).
- Book 25 (1828), Volume XXIII - Tome Vingt-Troisième Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie. Animaux Invertébrés (suite). Animaux Venteures.
- Book 26 (1829), Volume XXIV - Tome Vingt-Quatrième Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie.
- Book 27 (1820), Volume I - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 28 (182x), Volume II - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 29 (182x), Volume III - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 30 (182x), Volume IV - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 31 (1823), Volume V - Planches : Antiquités.
- Book 32 (1822), Volume I - Planches : Etat Moderne.
- Book 33 (1823), Volume II - Planches : Etat Moderne.
- Book 34 (1826), Volume I - Planches : Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 35 (1826), Volume II - Planches : Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 36 (1826), Volume IIbis - Planches : Histoire Naturelle.
- Book 37 (1826), Volume I - Planches : Atlas géographique.
External links
- Gallica (Bibliothèque nationale de France), the 24 volumes text of the 2nd edition
- (Bibliotheca Alexandrina) International School of Information Science - ISIS, 11 plate volumes owned by BA and 9 text volumes owned by l'Institut d'Egypte (flash only)
- High resolution images from the second edition held by the State Library of VictoriaState Library of VictoriaThe State Library of Victoria is the central library of the state of Victoria, Australia, located in Melbourne. It is on the block bounded by Swanston, La Trobe, Russell, and Little Lonsdale streets, in the northern centre of the central business district...
- A series of images from the second edition
- World Digital LibraryWorld Digital LibraryThe World Digital Library is an international digital library operated by UNESCO and the United States Library of Congress.The WDL has stated that its mission is to promote international and intercultural understanding, expand the volume and variety of cultural content on the Internet, provide...
presentation of Description de l'Egypte, ou, Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Egypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française. Antiquitiés or Description of Egypt: Antiquities, Volume One (Plates): Or, Collection of Observations and Research Conducted in Egypt During the Expedition of the French Army. Second Edition. Bibliotheca AlexandrinaBibliotheca AlexandrinaThe Bibliotheca Alexandrina or Maktabat al-Iskandarīyah is a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria...
. An extensive survey of Egypt's archeology, topography, and natural history. Royal Edition 1821-29.