Dhundi-Kairali language
Encyclopedia
The Dhundi-Karlali language is spoken throughout Abbottabad District
, and the adjoining Murree Hills
and Galyat
areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
. The Dhund Abbasi and Karlal Tribe form 80% of the population that uses this language. More than 1.5 million people speak this language from the north of Islamabad
to the Kaghan Valley
in the south, and in the east from the right bank of the Jhelum River
to the Silk Road
from Hasanabdal to Abbottabad
. Nazim Afaq Abbasi and some General Councillors of the Union Council, Birote
, objected to the name "Dhundi-Karlali" language and passed a resolution on 28th Oct 2006, in which they demanded all linguists change it to "Kohsari Language", because this language is not only the language of the Dhund Abbasi and Kareal tribes, but it is spoken by all tribes of the region.
London in 1908. Grearson detailed the nature and translation of the Sattiali language in the linguistic survey of India (Linguistic Survey of Pakistan Vol IV) published in Lahore
in 1980. Linguists consider the Dhundi-Kareali language to be the same as Pahari
(Dhondi), Pothwari (Potwari)
, Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), and Mirpuri, varying slightly in dialect. This language belongs to the Western Pahari language family, which is a branch of the Indo-Iranian
language. Indo-Iranian (also known as Aryan
) is a branch of the Indo-European
family of languages. (For details read Mohabbat Husain Awan
of Birote Kalan book ASSAN NAY NABI PAK HOR (Our Holy Prophet) first book on Dhundi-Kairali language, published in 2006 in Karachi
and won Seerat Award in 2008.The book preface research article was written by Mohammed Obaidullah Alvi http://www.facebook.com/alvibirotvi and covers five millenniums history
and literature
of Dhundi-Kairali language. Gulfiraz Abbasi http://www.facebook.com/mgabbasi, a lecturer of Murree College is also written a research thesis about this subject http://www.languageinindia.com/march2011/abbasireligionlanguagefinal.pdf in 2010 also. )
priests wrote the Vedas on the high brinks of the Mukeshpuri
and Murree
hills. The Sattiali language evolved from an ancient Prakrit
in 3,500 BCE and by the first century emerged as the Sharda language. This language developed and changed into the Sharda language of Kashmir
, the official language of the Buddhist University at Taxila
's Sharda Campus sixteen centuries before the invasion of the Huns from Central Asia. Kautilya and Pāṇini were the great scholars of this language.
and his invading forces; they partially changed the social and political culture as well as the Sharda language of Kashmir.
s displaced the Kareal tribe from Bakote to Galyat and promoted the Dhunds as their allies. Gakhar
s granted Abbottabad District and Murree Hills as jagir
s (territorial grants) to Rattan Khan (Abd-u-Rehman), the great-grandson of Shah Wali Khan (Dhond Khan) as a reward. This jagir was geographically a hilly and mountainous area that has been developed by Katwals, Satti
es, Gujjars and Kareals through the centuries. Today a pure form of this language is spoken by Satti
es; resultantly, the language is now referred to as Sattiali in this area.
Abbottabad District
Abbottabad is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The district covers an area of 1,969 km with the city of Abbottabad being the principal town...
, and the adjoining Murree Hills
Murree Tehsil
Murree Tehsil is one of the seven Tehsils of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.Murree Tehsil is located in the northernmost part of Punjab province where it borders the North West Frontier Province...
and Galyat
Galyat
Galyat region is an area roughly 50–80 km north-east of Islamabad, Pakistan, on both sides of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Punjab border.The word Galyat is the plural of the Urdu word gali, which means an alley between two mountains on both sides of which there are valleys and it is not the highest...
areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
. The Dhund Abbasi and Karlal Tribe form 80% of the population that uses this language. More than 1.5 million people speak this language from the north of Islamabad
Islamabad
Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory , the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.7 million in 2011...
to the Kaghan Valley
Kaghan Valley
The Kaghan Valley is a valley in the north-east of Mansehra District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It attracts many tourists from around the world. The inhabitants were affected by the earthquake disaster on 8 October 2005....
in the south, and in the east from the right bank of the Jhelum River
Jhelum River
Jehlum River or Jhelum River , ) is a river that flows in India and Pakistan. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District...
to the Silk Road
Silk Road
The Silk Road or Silk Route refers to a historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa...
from Hasanabdal to Abbottabad
Abbottabad
Abbottabad is a city located in the Hazara region of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in Pakistan. The city is situated in the Orash Valley, northeast of the capital Islamabad and east of Peshawar at an altitude of and is the capital of the Abbottabad District...
. Nazim Afaq Abbasi and some General Councillors of the Union Council, Birote
Birote
Birote is a town in the Circle Bakote area of Abbottabad District in Pakistan, between the borders of Punjab and Kashmir. It has two higher secondary schools for boys, five religious schools, 75 mosques, bank, a post office, Upper Dewal Kohala Road and New Kohala Bridge...
, objected to the name "Dhundi-Karlali" language and passed a resolution on 28th Oct 2006, in which they demanded all linguists change it to "Kohsari Language", because this language is not only the language of the Dhund Abbasi and Kareal tribes, but it is spoken by all tribes of the region.
History
The linguist Rev. T. Grahame Bayley contributed in the 1901 census of India report on the "dialects spoken in the hills between Murree and Kashmir". Bayley was the first to study the language, which he included in his book Languages of the Northern Himalayas Studied in the Grammar of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects, published the by Royal Asiatic SocietyRoyal Asiatic Society
The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland was established, according to its Royal Charter of 11 August 1824, to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia." From its incorporation the Society...
London in 1908. Grearson detailed the nature and translation of the Sattiali language in the linguistic survey of India (Linguistic Survey of Pakistan Vol IV) published in Lahore
Lahore
Lahore is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich and fabulous history dating back to over a thousand years ago, Lahore is no doubt Pakistan's cultural capital. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains a...
in 1980. Linguists consider the Dhundi-Kareali language to be the same as Pahari
Pahari languages
The Pahari languages are a geographic group of Indic languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east to the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir in the west.-Classification:The Pahari languages fall into three groups:*Eastern, consisting...
(Dhondi), Pothwari (Potwari)
Pothohari language
Potwari , also known as Potohari ), is a rich north Indian sub-continent dialect spoken in the Pothohar Plateau around Rawalpindi, Kahuta, Gujar Khan, Jehlum, up to Gujrat in the south and Chakwal in the West, Hazara in the north, Azad Kashmir in the east and also by Sikhs from the Pothohar...
, Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), and Mirpuri, varying slightly in dialect. This language belongs to the Western Pahari language family, which is a branch of the Indo-Iranian
Indo-Iranian languages
The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian and Nuristani...
language. Indo-Iranian (also known as Aryan
Aryan
Aryan is an English language loanword derived from Sanskrit ārya and denoting variously*In scholarly usage:**Indo-Iranian languages *in dated usage:**the Indo-European languages more generally and their speakers...
) is a branch of the Indo-European
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia and also historically predominant in Anatolia...
family of languages. (For details read Mohabbat Husain Awan
Awan (Pakistan)
Awan , is a South Asian Zamindar tribe, putatively of Arab origin, living predominantly in northern, central, and western parts of Punjab, Pakistan...
of Birote Kalan book ASSAN NAY NABI PAK HOR (Our Holy Prophet) first book on Dhundi-Kairali language, published in 2006 in Karachi
Karachi
Karachi is the largest city, main seaport and the main financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 18 million...
and won Seerat Award in 2008.The book preface research article was written by Mohammed Obaidullah Alvi http://www.facebook.com/alvibirotvi and covers five millenniums history
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
and literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
of Dhundi-Kairali language. Gulfiraz Abbasi http://www.facebook.com/mgabbasi, a lecturer of Murree College is also written a research thesis about this subject http://www.languageinindia.com/march2011/abbasireligionlanguagefinal.pdf in 2010 also. )
Ancient History
The earliest known roots of the language go back to 5,000 BCE when Indo-AryanIndo-Aryans
Indo-Aryan is an ethno-linguistic term referring to the wide collection of peoples united as native speakers of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian family of Indo-European languages...
priests wrote the Vedas on the high brinks of the Mukeshpuri
Mukeshpuri
Mukeshpuri or Moshpuri is a high mountain in the Nathiagali Hills, in the Abbottabad District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in northern Pakistan. It is north of Islamabad, just above Dunga Gali in the Nathiagali area of Ayubia National Park...
and Murree
Murree
Murree city is a popular hill station and a summer resort, especially for the residents of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, and for the cities of the province of Punjab, Pakistan...
hills. The Sattiali language evolved from an ancient Prakrit
Prakrit
Prakrit is the name for a group of Middle Indic, Indo-Aryan languages, derived from Old Indic dialects. The word itself has a flexible definition, being defined sometimes as, "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", or "vernacular", in contrast to the literary and religious...
in 3,500 BCE and by the first century emerged as the Sharda language. This language developed and changed into the Sharda language of Kashmir
Kashmir
Kashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range...
, the official language of the Buddhist University at Taxila
Taxila
Taxila is a Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province of Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site.Taxila is situated about northwest of Islamabad Capital Territory and Rawalpindi in Panjab; just off the Grand Trunk Road...
's Sharda Campus sixteen centuries before the invasion of the Huns from Central Asia. Kautilya and Pāṇini were the great scholars of this language.
Muslim conquest
After the Muslim conquest of Kashmir in the twelfth century, many Muslim tribes such as Satti, Awan, Seyed, Dhund Abbasies, Kareal, and Gakhers (the main feudal lords of area), and many more came to Kashmir with Mahmud of GhazniMahmud of Ghazni
Mahmud of Ghazni , actually ', was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty who ruled from 997 until his death in 1030 in the eastern Iranian lands. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which covered most of today's Iran,...
and his invading forces; they partially changed the social and political culture as well as the Sharda language of Kashmir.
Effect on language
This influx resulted in new linguist influences; this dramatically altered the language, literature, poetry, philosophy and some 35% of the vocabulary. This created another version of the Sharda language. In the middle of the second millennium some social changes occurred: GakharGakhar
Gakhar may refer to:*Gakhars, an ancient clan predominantly in present day Punjab, Pakistan.*Gakhar Hindus, the Hindu section of the Gakhar clan*Ghakhar Mandi, a small city in northeastern Punjab, Pakistan...
s displaced the Kareal tribe from Bakote to Galyat and promoted the Dhunds as their allies. Gakhar
Gakhar
Gakhar may refer to:*Gakhars, an ancient clan predominantly in present day Punjab, Pakistan.*Gakhar Hindus, the Hindu section of the Gakhar clan*Ghakhar Mandi, a small city in northeastern Punjab, Pakistan...
s granted Abbottabad District and Murree Hills as jagir
Jagir
In historic India, a jagir was a small territory granted by the ruler to an army chieftain in fairly short terms usually of three years but not extending beyond his lifetime, in recognition of his military service...
s (territorial grants) to Rattan Khan (Abd-u-Rehman), the great-grandson of Shah Wali Khan (Dhond Khan) as a reward. This jagir was geographically a hilly and mountainous area that has been developed by Katwals, Satti
Satti
The Satti is a Rajput tribe of Punjab, India/Pakistan. They are one of the main tribes of India and Pakistan Rawalpindi District.-Religion:...
es, Gujjars and Kareals through the centuries. Today a pure form of this language is spoken by Satti
Satti
The Satti is a Rajput tribe of Punjab, India/Pakistan. They are one of the main tribes of India and Pakistan Rawalpindi District.-Religion:...
es; resultantly, the language is now referred to as Sattiali in this area.