Distichophytum
Encyclopedia
Distichophytum is a genus of extinct vascular plant
s of the Late Silurian (Ludfordian) to Early Devonian (Emsian), around . The genus has a tangled taxonomic history, also being known as Bucheria and Rebuchia (see below).
(spore-forming organs) found at Beartooth Butte, Wyoming, United States of America. Specimens of D. ovata with sporangia attached to stems were later found at the same location. The base of the plant remains unknown; the known part was about 8.5 cm high. The sporophyte
consisted of narrow leafless stems (axes) 1.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter, which branched dichotomously. Stems which did not bear sporangia ended in blunt points; fertile branches bore compact one-sided spikes of up to 20 laterally attached sporangia, more-or-less opposite. The sporangia were kidney-shaped (reniform) and had short stalks around 1.5 mm long which curved so that all the sporangia were on one side of the stem. The sporangia split (dehisced) distally into two equal parts in order to release the unornamented spores. Specimens from the Pragian flora of Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, were later also assigned to this species, although their sporangia were smaller.
A second possible species, D. mucronatum, has narrower, less branched stems and smaller, somewhat differently shaped sporangia than D. ovata. Hueber considered the differences in sporangial shape were caused by compression and that the other differences were too small to warrant a different species; Schweitzer put the two in the same genus but as different species. A third possible species was discovered in sediments from Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, from the Late Silurian (Ludfordian); it was not assigned a species name as poor preservation obscured the sporangial shape.
for poorly preserved spikes. Rebuchia was formally established by Hueber in 1970 as a replacement for the invalid Bucheria Dorf. However, Hueber regarded Bucheria ovata Dorf and Distichophytum mucronatum Mägdefrau as the same species; in which case the name Distichophytum had priority over his Rebuchia and should have been used as the genus name.
(living and extinct clubmosses and relatives).
Vascular plant
Vascular plants are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, Equisetum, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms...
s of the Late Silurian (Ludfordian) to Early Devonian (Emsian), around . The genus has a tangled taxonomic history, also being known as Bucheria and Rebuchia (see below).
Description
The genus was first discovered as fossils of Early Devonian age (Pragian or Siegenian to Emsian), consisting of isolated spikes of sporangiaSporangium
A sporangium is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle...
(spore-forming organs) found at Beartooth Butte, Wyoming, United States of America. Specimens of D. ovata with sporangia attached to stems were later found at the same location. The base of the plant remains unknown; the known part was about 8.5 cm high. The sporophyte
Sporophyte
All land plants, and some algae, have life cycles in which a haploid gametophyte generation alternates with a diploid sporophyte, the generation of a plant or algae that has a double set of chromosomes. A multicellular sporophyte generation or phase is present in the life cycle of all land plants...
consisted of narrow leafless stems (axes) 1.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter, which branched dichotomously. Stems which did not bear sporangia ended in blunt points; fertile branches bore compact one-sided spikes of up to 20 laterally attached sporangia, more-or-less opposite. The sporangia were kidney-shaped (reniform) and had short stalks around 1.5 mm long which curved so that all the sporangia were on one side of the stem. The sporangia split (dehisced) distally into two equal parts in order to release the unornamented spores. Specimens from the Pragian flora of Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, were later also assigned to this species, although their sporangia were smaller.
A second possible species, D. mucronatum, has narrower, less branched stems and smaller, somewhat differently shaped sporangia than D. ovata. Hueber considered the differences in sporangial shape were caused by compression and that the other differences were too small to warrant a different species; Schweitzer put the two in the same genus but as different species. A third possible species was discovered in sediments from Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, from the Late Silurian (Ludfordian); it was not assigned a species name as poor preservation obscured the sporangial shape.
Taxonomy
The genus has a somewhat tangled taxonomic history which has been clarified by Kotyk et al. The genus Bucheria Dorf was created in 1933 for what is now D. ovata. Independently, Distichophytum Mägdefrau was created in 1938 for D. mucronatum. Later, Bucheria Dorf was discovered to be homonym of Bucheria Heynhold of 1846, and the alternative Rebuchia (an anagram of Bucheria) was suggested provisionally by Høeg in 1967, but only as a form genusForm taxon
Form classification is the classification of organisms based on their morphology, which does not necessarily reflect their biological relationships...
for poorly preserved spikes. Rebuchia was formally established by Hueber in 1970 as a replacement for the invalid Bucheria Dorf. However, Hueber regarded Bucheria ovata Dorf and Distichophytum mucronatum Mägdefrau as the same species; in which case the name Distichophytum had priority over his Rebuchia and should have been used as the genus name.
Phylogeny
On the basis of the shape of the sporangia (reniform), their lateral position on the stem, borne on short stalks, and their mode of dehiscence, Hueber placed the genus in the Zosterophyllophytina. A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. agrees in placing Distichophytum (as Rebuchia in the original) in a paraphyletic stem group of broadly defined "zosterophylls", basal to the lycopsidsLycopodiophyta
The Division Lycopodiophyta is a tracheophyte subdivision of the Kingdom Plantae. It is the oldest extant vascular plant division at around 410 million years old, and includes some of the most "primitive" extant species...
(living and extinct clubmosses and relatives).
External links
- Cladogram from
