Dumitru Staniloae
Encyclopedia
Dumitru Stăniloae was a Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...

n Eastern Orthodox priest, theologian, academic, and professor. Father Stăniloae worked for over 45 years on a comprehensive Romanian
Romanian language
Romanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova...

 translation of the Philokalia
Philokalia
The Philokalia is a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters of the Eastern Orthodox hesychast tradition. They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in "the practise of the contemplative life". The collection was compiled in...

, a collection of writings by the Church Fathers
Church Fathers
The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were early and influential theologians, eminent Christian teachers and great bishops. Their scholarly works were used as a precedent for centuries to come...

, together with the hieromonk
Hieromonk
Hieromonk , also called a Priestmonk, is a monk who is also a priest in the Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholicism....

, Arsenie Boca
Arsenie Boca
Arsenie Boca was a Romanian Orthodox monk, theologian and artist. He was persecuted by the Communists and named among the 100 greatest Romanians....

, who brought manuscripts from Mount Athos
Mount Athos
Mount Athos is a mountain and peninsula in Macedonia, Greece. A World Heritage Site, it is home to 20 Eastern Orthodox monasteries and forms a self-governed monastic state within the sovereignty of the Hellenic Republic. Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the...

. His masterpiece, The Dogmatic Orthodox Theology (1978), makes him one of the most reputed Christian Theologians of the second half of the 20th century. He produced valuable comments on the works of the Fathers of the Church, such as Gregory of Nyssa
Gregory of Nyssa
St. Gregory of Nyssa was a Christian bishop and saint. He was a younger brother of Basil the Great and a good friend of Gregory of Nazianzus. His significance has long been recognized in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Catholic and Roman Catholic branches of Christianity...

, Maximus the Confessor, or Athanasius the Great
Athanasius of Alexandria
Athanasius of Alexandria [b. ca. – d. 2 May 373] is also given the titles St. Athanasius the Great, St. Athanasius I of Alexandria, St Athanasius the Confessor and St Athanasius the Apostolic. He was the 20th bishop of Alexandria. His long episcopate lasted 45 years Athanasius of Alexandria [b....

.

Biography

Dumitru Stăniloae was born on November 16, 1903, in Vlădeni
Dumbravita, Brasov
Dumbrăviţa is a commune in Braşov County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Dumbrăviţa and Vlădeni.-References:...

, in what is now Braşov County
Brasov County
Brașov ; ) is a county of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Brașov. The county incorporates within its boundaries most of the Medieval "lands" Burzenland and Făgăraș Land.-Demographics:...

, Romania. He was the last of five children of Rebeca (mother) and Irimie (father). His mother was a priest's niece. On 10 February 1917 he went to Braşov
Brasov
Brașov is a city in Romania and the capital of Brașov County.According to the last Romanian census, from 2002, there were 284,596 people living within the city of Brașov, making it the 8th most populated city in Romania....

 to study at the Andrei Şaguna Confessional Humanist Lyceum. He received a fellowship from Gojdu Foundation in 1918 and a fellowship from Cernăuţi University
Chernivtsi University
The Chernivtsi National University is the leading Ukrainian institution for higher education in northern Bukovina, in Chernivtsi, a city in southwest Ukraine....

 in 1922. Disappointed by the quality of the manuals and the teaching methods, he left the University for the University of Bucharest after one year. He was offered a fellowship by Metropolitan Nicolae Bălan at the Metropolitan Center in Sibiu
Sibiu
Sibiu is a city in Transylvania, Romania with a population of 154,548. Located some 282 km north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt...

 in 1924 during the Easter Fast. Stăniloae graduated from Cernăuţi University in 1927, receiving a fellowship to study theology in Athens
Athens
Athens , is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state...

. In the fall of 1928, he earned his Ph.D.
Ph.D.
A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...

 degree at Cernăuţi
Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast in southwestern Ukraine. The city is situated on the upper course of the River Prut, a tributary of the Danube, in the northern part of the historic region of Bukovina, which is currently divided between Romania and Ukraine...

 (Thesis: Life and work of Dosoftei of Jerusalem and his connections with Romanian Principalities). The Metropolitan Center in Sibiu offered him a fellowship in Byzantology and Dogmatics. He went to Munich to attend the courses of Prof. August Heisenberg (father of physicist Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory...

), and then went to Berlin, Paris and Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...

 to study the work of Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas was a monk of Mount Athos in Greece and later the Archbishop of Thessaloniki known as a preeminent theologian of Hesychasm. The teachings embodied in his writings defending Hesychasm against the attack of Barlaam are sometimes referred to as Palamism, his followers as Palamites...

. He married on October 4, 1930 and had two twins in 1931, named Dumitru and Maria.

Stăniloae was ordained a deacon on October 8, 1931 and was ordained a priest on September 25, 1932. He had another daughter, Lidia, on October 8 of the following year, and became the director of Telegraful Român (Romanian Telegraph) newspaper, meeting and befriending Nichifor Crainic
Nichifor Crainic
Nichifor Crainic was a Romanian writer, editor, philosopher, poet and theologian famed for his traditionalist and antisemitic activities...

. In June 1936 Stăniloae became rector of the Theological Academy in Sibiu. In 1940, at the initiative of poet Sandu Tudor the Rugul aprins (Burning altar) group is founded. It was composed of hieromonk
Hieromonk
Hieromonk , also called a Priestmonk, is a monk who is also a priest in the Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholicism....

 Ivan Kulighin (confessor of Russian Metropolitan
Metropolitan bishop
In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of a historical Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital.Before the establishment of...

 of Rostov
Rostov
Rostov is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, northeast of Moscow. Population:...

, refugee at Cernica), hieromonk Benedict Ghius, hieromonk Sofian Boghiu, Prof. Alex. Mironescu, poet Vasile Voiculescu
Vasile Voiculescu
Vasile Voiculescu was a Romanian poet, short-story writer, playwright, and physician.-Early life and education:Voiculescu was born in Pârscov, Buzău County, Romania, to a family of wealthy peasants. He attended primary school in Pleşcoi, a village near his home, for a year, after which he was sent...

, architect Constantin Joja, father Andrei Scrima, Ion Marin Sadoveanu
Ion Marin Sadoveanu
Ion Marin Sadoveanu was a Romanian playwright.- Biography :...

. The group, gathering regularly at the Cernica and Antim
Antim Monastery
The Antim Monastery is located in Bucharest, Romania on Mitropolit Antim Ivireanu Street, no. 29. It was built between 1713 and 1715 by Saint Antim Ivireanu, at that time a Metropolitan Bishop of Romania. The buildings were restored by Patriarch Justinian Marina in the 1950s. As of 2005, there are...

 monasteries, constitutes a rejuvenation of the Christian life in Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....

. In 1946 he was asked by Metropolitan Nicolae Bălan, under pressure Petru Groza
Petru Groza
Petru Groza was a Romanian politician, best known as the Prime Minister of the first Communist Party-dominated governments under Soviet occupation during the early stages of the Communist regime in Romania....

 to resign as rector of the Theological Academy in Sibiu. He remained a professor until 1947, when he was transferred to the University of Bucharest
University of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest , in Romania, is a university founded in 1864 by decree of Prince Alexander John Cuza to convert the former Saint Sava Academy into the current University of Bucharest.-Presentation:...

's Faculty of Theology, as the Ascetics and Mystics chair. Due to political unrest in Romania in 1958 following a split in the Romanian Communist Party
Romanian Communist Party
The Romanian Communist Party was a communist political party in Romania. Successor to the Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to communist revolution and the disestablishment of Greater Romania. The PCR was a minor and illegal grouping for much of the...

, Stăniloae was arrested by the Securitate
Securitate
The Securitate was the secret police agency of Communist Romania. Previously, the Romanian secret police was called Siguranţa Statului. Founded on August 30, 1948, with help from the Soviet NKVD, the Securitate was abolished in December 1989, shortly after President Nicolae Ceaușescu was...

. on September 5. While in Aiud
Aiud
Aiud is a city located in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania. The city has a population of 28,934 people. It has the status of municipality and is the second-largest city in the county, after county seat Alba Iulia. The Aiud administrative region is 142.2 square kilometres in area.- Administration...

 prison, his only surviving child, Lidia, gives birth to his grandchild, Dumitru Horia. Lidia is asked to leave the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Physics because of the arrest of her father. Stăniloae is freed from prison in 1963 and begins work as a functionary at the Holy Synod
Synod
A synod historically is a council of a church, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. In modern usage, the word often refers to the governing body of a particular church, whether its members are meeting or not...

 of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian Orthodox Church
The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church. It is in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox churches, and is ranked seventh in order of precedence. The Primate of the church has the title of Patriarch...

, and begins teaching again in October. He is invited to conferences in Freiburg and Heidelberg by Prof. Paul Miron. He receives the approval for the trip from the State Department of Cults who wants to change the image of Romania. While lecturing at Oxford University, he became friends with the theologian Donald Allchin. He retired in 1973.

Stăniloae became Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Thessaloniki in 1976, Doctor Honoris Causa of the Saint-Serge Orthodox Institute in Paris in 1981, Doctor Honoris Causa of the Faculty of Orthodox Theology
University of Belgrade
The University of Belgrade is the oldest and largest university of Serbia.Founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School in revolutionary Serbia, by 1838 it merged with the Kragujevac-based departments into a single university...

 in Belgrade in 1982, and Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Bucharest
University of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest , in Romania, is a university founded in 1864 by decree of Prince Alexander John Cuza to convert the former Saint Sava Academy into the current University of Bucharest.-Presentation:...

 in 1992. He was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas prize of the Faculty of Theology in Tübingen in 1980 and the Cross Sf. Augustin in Canterbury in 1982. Stăniloae died on October 5, 1993 at the age of 90.

Works

  • Catholicism after the War, Sibiu
    Sibiu
    Sibiu is a city in Transylvania, Romania with a population of 154,548. Located some 282 km north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt...

    , 1932
  • Life and teachings of Gregory Palamas
    Gregory Palamas
    Gregory Palamas was a monk of Mount Athos in Greece and later the Archbishop of Thessaloniki known as a preeminent theologian of Hesychasm. The teachings embodied in his writings defending Hesychasm against the attack of Barlaam are sometimes referred to as Palamism, his followers as Palamites...

    , Sibiu, 1938
  • Orthodoxy and Romanianism, Sibiu, 1939
  • The standing of Mr. Lucian Blaga
    Lucian Blaga
    -Biography:Lucian Blaga was a commanding personality of the Romanian culture of the interbellum period. He was a philosopher and writer higly acclaimed for his originality, a university professor and a diplomat. He was born on May 9, 1895 in Lancrăm, near Alba Iulia, Romania, his father being an...

     on Christianity and Orthodoxism
    , Sibiu, 1942
  • Jesus Christ or man's restoration, Sibiu, 1943
  • Philokalia
    Philokalia
    The Philokalia is a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters of the Eastern Orthodox hesychast tradition. They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in "the practise of the contemplative life". The collection was compiled in...

    (translation); vol. 1: Sibiu, 1946; vol. 2: Sibiu, 1947; vol. 3: Sibiu, 1948; vol. 4: Sibiu, 1948; vol. 5: Bucharest, 1976; vol. 6: Bucharest, 1977; vol. 7: Bucharest, 1978; vol. 8: Bucharest, 1979; vol. 9: Bucharest, 1980.
  • Uniatism in Transylvania
    Transylvania
    Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...

    , an attempt to dismember the Romanian people
    , Bucharest, 1973
  • Treaty of Orthodox Dogmatic Theology
    Dogmatic theology
    Dogmatic theology is that part of theology dealing with the theoretical truths of faith concerning God and his works, especially the official theology recognized by an organized Church body, such as the Roman Catholic Church, Dutch Reformed Church, etc...

    , Bucharest
    Bucharest
    Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....

    , 1978
  • Dieu est Amour, Geneve, 1980
  • Theology and the Church, New York
    New York
    New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...

    , 1980
  • Praying, freedom, holiness, Athens
    Athens
    Athens , is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state...

    , 1980
  • Priere de Jesus
    Jesus Prayer
    The Jesus Prayer or "The Prayer" is a short, formulaic prayer esteemed and advocated within the Eastern Orthodox church:The prayer has been widely taught and discussed throughout the history of the Eastern Churches. It is often repeated continually as a part of personal ascetic practice, its use...

     et experience de Saint Esprit
    Holy Spirit
    Holy Spirit is a term introduced in English translations of the Hebrew Bible, but understood differently in the main Abrahamic religions.While the general concept of a "Spirit" that permeates the cosmos has been used in various religions Holy Spirit is a term introduced in English translations of...

    , Paris, 1981
  • Orthodox Spirituality, Bucharest, 1981
  • Moral Orthodox Theology, vol. 2, Bucharest, 1981
  • St. Gregory of Nyssa
    Gregory of Nyssa
    St. Gregory of Nyssa was a Christian bishop and saint. He was a younger brother of Basil the Great and a good friend of Gregory of Nazianzus. His significance has long been recognized in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Catholic and Roman Catholic branches of Christianity...

     - Writings
    (translation), Bucharest, 1982
  • Orthodoxe Dogmatik, 1985
  • Le genie de l'orthodoxie, Paris, 1985
  • Spirituality a communion in Orthodox lithurgy, Craiova, 1986.
  • God's eternal face, Craiova
    Craiova
    Craiova , Romania's 6th largest city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central Oltenia. It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximately equal distances from the Southern Carpathians and the River Danube . Craiova is the chief...

    , 1987
  • St. Athanasius the Great
    Athanasius of Alexandria
    Athanasius of Alexandria [b. ca. – d. 2 May 373] is also given the titles St. Athanasius the Great, St. Athanasius I of Alexandria, St Athanasius the Confessor and St Athanasius the Apostolic. He was the 20th bishop of Alexandria. His long episcopate lasted 45 years Athanasius of Alexandria [b....

     - Writings
    (translation), Bucharest, 1987
  • Orthodox Dogmatic Theology Studies (Christology of St. Maximus the Confessor, Man and God, St. Symeon The New Theologian
    Symeon the New Theologian
    Symeon the New Theologian was a Byzantine Christian monk and poet who was the last of three saints canonized by the Eastern Orthodox church and given the title of "Theologian"...

    , Hymns of God's love)
    , Craiova, 1991
  • St. Cyril of Alexandria
    Cyril of Alexandria
    Cyril of Alexandria was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. He came to power when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire. Cyril wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the later 4th and 5th centuries...

     - Writings
    (translation), Bucharest, 1991

Quotes

  • "The glory to which man is called is that he should grow more godlike by growing ever more human."
  • "Love for God
    Love of God
    Love of God are central notions in monotheistic and polytheistic religions, and are important in one's personal relationship with God and one's conception of God ....

    , or more strictly, thought taken for God, represents a continuous contribution toward more and more authentic relations among humans."
  • "Humans, must work and think in solidarity with regard to the transformation of the gifts of nature. Thus it is through the mediation of nature that solidarity is created among humans, and work, guided by thought, is a principle virtue creative of communion among humans."

External links

Dumitru Stăniloae article in Dictionary of Romanian Theologians http://biserica.org/WhosWho/DTR/S/DumitruStaniloae.html Freely downloadable interviews (audio and video) can be found at www.sfaturiortodoxe.ro and www.ortodox.tv From East to West, interview with Sorin Dumitrescu on Eastern vs. Western spirituality http://www.nistea.com/staniloae7_ro.htm Dacă n-ar fi iubirea Tatălui şi a Duhului, n-ar fi nici Hristos, interview http://www.laurentiudumitru.ro/interviu-inedit-Dumitru-Staniloae.php Teologie Dogmatică Ortodoxă freely downloadable at Bilioteca Teologică Digitală (Digital Theologic Library) Scurtă interpretare teologică a naţiunii by Dumitru Stăniloae Învierea Domnului şi importanţa ei universală by Dumitru Stăniloae Liviu Jitianu: Christologische Symphonie von Mensch und Welt. Grundzüge einer neupatristischen orthodoxen Theologie im Werk von Dumitru Staniloae. Dissertation, Freiburg University, Freiburg 2006 ("Christological symphony of man and world. Outlines of a neo-patristic orthodox theology in the works of Dumitru Staniloae"; online version)

Further reading

  • Cleman, O. Dumitru Staniloae. Le genie de l’Orthodoxie (Paris, Desclee de Brouwer, 1985).
  • Louth, A. "The Orthodox Dogmatic Theology of Dumitru Staniloae," Modern Theology, 2 (1997), 253-266.
  • Miller, Ch. The Gift of the World. An introduction to the Theology of Dumitru Staniloae. Еdinburgh (Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 2000).
  • Lucian Turcescu
    Lucian Turcescu
    Lucian Turcescu , is a Romanian-born Canadian professor of theology at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada.He emigrated to Canada in 1992, and obtained his Ph.D. in theology from the University of Toronto in 1999. Turcescu taught for six years at St...

    , ed., Dumitru Stăniloae: tradition and modernity in theology, Iași, Romania; Palm Beach, Florida: Center for Romanian Studies, 2002. ISBN 9739432298
  • Lucian Turcescu
    Lucian Turcescu
    Lucian Turcescu , is a Romanian-born Canadian professor of theology at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada.He emigrated to Canada in 1992, and obtained his Ph.D. in theology from the University of Toronto in 1999. Turcescu taught for six years at St...

    , "Dumitru Staniloae", Commentary and Original Source materials in English translation in The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law, Politics, and Human Nature, 2 vols., eds. John Witte, Jr. and Frank Alexander (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2005) 1:685-711 and 2:537-558. The two volumes received the Choice Outstanding Academic Titles Award for 2006.
  • Toma, S.-L. Η πατερικη παραδοσις εις το εργον του π. Δημητριου Στανιλοαε και ο συγχρονος κοσμος (Θεσσαλονικη: Π.Πουπναπα, 2007).
  • Ivana Noble, Doctrine of Creation within the Theological Project of Dumitru Stăniloae, Prague, Czech Republic; Communio Viatorum, Volume 2007, XLIX, Number 2, pp. 185–209.
  • Mihail Neamtu, 'Between the Gospel And the Nation: Dumitru Stăniloae's Ethno-Theology.' ARCHAEUS. Studies in History of Religions (X (3)/2006)'http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=4aa83c31-4267-47e1-9283-85a927aa2d13&articleId=e8660b23-162d-4d44-9215-bb8f231a4fdc
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