Dumky
Encyclopedia
Dumka is a musical term introduced from the Ukrainian language
, with cognate
s in other Slavic languages
. Originally, it is the diminutive form of the Ukrainian term duma
, pl. dumy, "a Slavic (specifically Ukrainian) epic ballad … generally thoughtful or melancholic in character." Ukrainian and other Slavic classical composers drew on the harmonic patterns in the folk music of their countries to inform their more formal classical compositions.
The composition of dumky became popular after the publication of an ethnological study and analysis and a number of illustrated lectures were made by the Ukrainian composer Mykola Lysenko
in 1873 and 1874 in Kiev
and Saint Petersburg
. The lectures and publication were illustrated by a live performances by the blind kobzar
- Ostap Veresai
who performed a number of dumy singing to the accompaniment of his bandura
. Lysenko's study was the first to specifically study the melodies and the instrumental accompaniment played on the bandura, kobza
or lira
of the epic dumy.
A natural part of the process of transferring the traditional folk form to a formal classical milieu was the appropriation of the Dumka form by Slavic composers, most especially by Antonín Dvořák
. Thus, in classical music, it came to mean "a type of instrumental music involving sudden changes from melancholy to exuberance." Though generally characterized by a gently plodding, dreamy duple rhythm, many examples are in triple meter, including the popular Op. 72 No. 2 by Dvořák. Dvořák's last and best-known piano trio, No. 4 in E minor
, Op. 90, has six movements, each of which is a Dumka; the piece is sometimes called the Dumky-Trio.
Antonín Dvořák
Bohuslav Martinů
Pyotr Tchaikovsky
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet....
, with cognate
Cognate
In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term derives from the Latin cognatus . Cognates within the same language are called doublets. Strictly speaking, loanwords from another language are usually not meant by the term, e.g...
s in other Slavic languages
Slavic languages
The Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia.-Branches:Scholars traditionally divide Slavic...
. Originally, it is the diminutive form of the Ukrainian term duma
Duma (epic)
A Duma is a sung epic poem which originated in Ukraine during the Hetmanate Era in the sixteenth century...
, pl. dumy, "a Slavic (specifically Ukrainian) epic ballad … generally thoughtful or melancholic in character." Ukrainian and other Slavic classical composers drew on the harmonic patterns in the folk music of their countries to inform their more formal classical compositions.
The composition of dumky became popular after the publication of an ethnological study and analysis and a number of illustrated lectures were made by the Ukrainian composer Mykola Lysenko
Mykola Lysenko
Mykola Vitaliiovych Lysenko was a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and ethnomusicologist.- Biography :Lysenko was born in Hrynky, Kremenchuk Povit, Poltava Governorate, the son of Vitaliy Romanovich Lysenko . From childhood he became very interested in the folksongs of Ukrainian peasants and...
in 1873 and 1874 in Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
and Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
. The lectures and publication were illustrated by a live performances by the blind kobzar
Kobzar
A Kobzar was an itinerant Ukrainian bard who sang to his own accompaniment.-Tradition:Kobzars were often blind, and became predominantly so by the 1800s...
- Ostap Veresai
Ostap Veresai
Ostap Mykytovych Veresai , was a renowned minstrel and kobzar from the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire...
who performed a number of dumy singing to the accompaniment of his bandura
Bandura
Bandura refers to a Ukrainian plucked string folk instrument. It combines elements of a box zither and lute, as well as its lute-like predecessor, the kobza...
. Lysenko's study was the first to specifically study the melodies and the instrumental accompaniment played on the bandura, kobza
Kobza
The kobza is a Ukrainian folk music instrument of the lute family , a relative of the Central European mandora...
or lira
Lira
Lira is the name of the monetary unit of a number of countries, as well as the former currency of Italy, Malta, San Marino and the Vatican City and Israel. The term originates from the value of a Troy pound of high purity silver. The libra was the basis of the monetary system of the Roman Empire...
of the epic dumy.
A natural part of the process of transferring the traditional folk form to a formal classical milieu was the appropriation of the Dumka form by Slavic composers, most especially by Antonín Dvořák
Antonín Dvorák
Antonín Leopold Dvořák was a Czech composer of late Romantic music, who employed the idioms of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. Dvořák’s own style is sometimes called "romantic-classicist synthesis". His works include symphonic, choral and chamber music, concerti, operas and many...
. Thus, in classical music, it came to mean "a type of instrumental music involving sudden changes from melancholy to exuberance." Though generally characterized by a gently plodding, dreamy duple rhythm, many examples are in triple meter, including the popular Op. 72 No. 2 by Dvořák. Dvořák's last and best-known piano trio, No. 4 in E minor
Piano Trio No. 4 (Dvorák)
The Piano Trio No. 4 in E Minor is a piece by Antonin Dvořák for piano, violin and cello...
, Op. 90, has six movements, each of which is a Dumka; the piece is sometimes called the Dumky-Trio.
Antonín DvořákAntonín DvorákAntonín Leopold Dvořák was a Czech composer of late Romantic music, who employed the idioms of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. Dvořák’s own style is sometimes called "romantic-classicist synthesis". His works include symphonic, choral and chamber music, concerti, operas and many...
- Furiant with Dumka, Op. 12 (1884) for piano solo
- Dumka (Elegy), Op. 35 (1876) for piano solo
- Slavonic DancesSlavonic DancesThe Slavonic Dances are a series of 16 orchestral pieces composed by Antonín Dvořák in 1878 and 1886 and published in two sets as Opus 46 and Opus 72 respectively. Originally written for piano four hands, the Slavonic Dances were inspired by Johannes Brahms's own Hungarian Dances and were...
, Op. 46 and 72, (Three of the sixteen) - Violin Concerto in A minorViolin Concerto (Dvorák)Violin Concerto in A minor, Op. 53 is a concerto for violin and orchestra composed by Antonín Dvořák in 1879. The concerto was premiered in 1883 by František Ondříček in Prague. He also gave the premieres in Vienna and London...
, Op. 53, mvt. 3 - though based on a FuriantFuriantA Furiant is a rapid and fiery Bohemian dance in 2/4 and 3/4 time, with frequently shifting accents.The stylised form of the dance was often used by Czech composers such as Antonin Dvořák in the eighth dance from his Slavonic Dances and in his 6th Symphony, and by Bedřich Smetana in The Bartered...
, the middle part is a Dumka - String Sextet in A, Op. 48 (1878), mvt. 2: "Dumka: Poco allegretto"
- Piano Quintet No. 2 in APiano Quintet No. 2 (Dvorák)Antonín Dvořák's Piano Quintet No. 2 in A major, Op. 81, B. 155, is a quintet for piano, 2 violins, viola, and cello. It was composed between August 18 and October 8 of 1887, and was premiered in Prague on January 6, 1888...
, Op. 81 (1887), mvt. 2: "Dumka: Andante con moto" - Piano Trio No. 4 in E minorPiano Trio No. 4 (Dvorák)The Piano Trio No. 4 in E Minor is a piece by Antonin Dvořák for piano, violin and cello...
, Op. 90 (1891) — the Dumky-Trio - String Quartet No. 10 in E-Flat Major, Op. 51 - B. 92: II. Dumka. Andante Con Moto
Bohuslav MartinůBohuslav MartinuBohuslav Martinů was a prolific Czech composer of modern classical music. He was of Czech and Rumanian ancestry. Martinů wrote six symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and a large body of orchestral, chamber, vocal and instrumental works. Martinů became a violinist in the Czech Philharmonic...
- Dumka (unnumbered), H. 4 (1909 - Polička, Czechoslovakia), for solo piano
- Dumka No. 1, H. 249 (1936 - Paris, France), for solo piano
- Dumka No. 2, H. 250 (1936 - Paris, France), for solo piano
- Dumka No. 3, H. 285bis (1941 - Jamaica, NY, USA), for solo piano
Pyotr TchaikovskyPyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский ; often "Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky" in English. His names are also transliterated "Piotr" or "Petr"; "Ilitsch", "Il'ich" or "Illyich"; and "Tschaikowski", "Tschaikowsky", "Chajkovskij"...
- Dumka, Op. 59 (Scenes from a Russian village) for solo piano (1886)
Others
- Anatoly Kos-Anatolsky, Dumka and kolomiyka from the opera Sojchyne krylo
- Mily BalakirevMily BalakirevMily Alexeyevich Balakirev ,Russia was still using old style dates in the 19th century, and information sources used in the article sometimes report dates as old style rather than new style. Dates in the article are taken verbatim from the source and therefore are in the same style as the source...
, Dumka in E flat major (1900) - Vasyl BarvinskyVasyl BarvinskyVasyl Oleksandrovich Barvinsky was Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor, teacher, musicologist, and music related social figure....
, Dumka (1925) - Alexander BorodinAlexander BorodinAlexander Porfiryevich Borodin was a Russian Romantic composer and chemist of Georgian–Russian parentage. He was a member of the group of composers called The Five , who were dedicated to producing a specifically Russian kind of art music...
, Dumka (from the piano quintet nr.2 in A Major, op. 81) - Frederic ChopinFrédéric ChopinFrédéric François Chopin was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist. He is considered one of the great masters of Romantic music and has been called "the poet of the piano"....
, Dumka, Op. 74 No. 19, KK IVb/9, CT. 147 - Rebecca ClarkeRebecca Helferich ClarkeRebecca Clarke was an English classical composer and violist best known for her chamber music featuring the viola. She was born in Harrow and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music in London, later becoming one of the first female professional orchestral players...
, Dumka, Duo Concertante for Violin and Viola, with Piano (1941) - Mykola LysenkoMykola LysenkoMykola Vitaliiovych Lysenko was a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and ethnomusicologist.- Biography :Lysenko was born in Hrynky, Kremenchuk Povit, Poltava Governorate, the son of Vitaliy Romanovich Lysenko . From childhood he became very interested in the folksongs of Ukrainian peasants and...
, 2nd piano rhapsody (1877) - Moniuszko, Jontek's aria from the opera Halka
- Modest MussorgskyModest MussorgskyModest Petrovich Mussorgsky was a Russian composer, one of the group known as 'The Five'. He was an innovator of Russian music in the romantic period...
, Paraska's aria from the opera Sorochynsky fair - M. Shneider-Trnavsky, Dumka and dance for symphony orchestra (1909)
- M. Zawadsky, 12 dumky and 42 shumky
- V. Zaremba
- S. Zaremba
Sources
- S. I. Gritsa (Hrytsa) Dumi vidayushcheyesya dostoyaniye ukrainskoy kulturi (Dumy a remarkable product of Ukrainian culture) Musica anticqua Europae orientalis II Bydgosz, 1969.(In Russian)
- M. Antonowych Dumka and Duma in MGG