Dutch Indies literature
Encyclopedia
Dutch Indies literature or Dutch East Indies literature (Dutch: Indische letteren or Nederlands Indische literatuur.) is a section of Dutch literature
encompassing Dutch language literature inspired by colonial and post-colonial Insulinde from the Dutch Golden Age
to the present day. It includes Dutch
, Indo-European and Indonesian
authors. Its subject matter thematically revolves around the VOC
and Dutch East Indies
era, but also includes the postcolonial discourse.
Even though the socio-economic environment of the Dutch East Indies' colonial society was not particularly conducive to literary pursuits an influential Dutch literary sub-genre developed described as follows:
Most masterpieces in this genre have international appeal and have been translated to English. In December 1958 for instance American Time magazine
praised the translation of Maria Dermoût
's The Ten Thousand Things, and named it one of the best books of the year. Since 1985 academic working groups on Dutch Indies literature have existed in the Netherlands and the USA. The University of Massachusetts
maintains a Library of the Indies and descibes this literature as follows:
, P.A.Daum and Louis Couperus
.
Mandatory reading when studying Dutch Indies literature includes:
and "Paradijzen van weleer" by literary professor E.M.Beekman. Nieuwenhuys (1908-1999) born in the Dutch East Indies
and of Indo descent from his mothers side is the nestor of Dutch Indies literature.
The most important American literary proffesor specialised in Dutch Indies literature was E.M.Beekman (1939-2008), who spent his early childhood in the Dutch East Indies, and was associated with the University of Massachusettes. With the support of the 'Translations Program' of the 'National Endowment for the Humanities
', the 'Foundation for the Promotion of the Translation of Dutch Literary Work', and the 'Prince Bernhard Fund', Beekman has edited many translations of Dutch Indies literature and published widely on the topic.
In recent years the University of California, Berkeley
has shown particular interest in the Dutch Indies subject matter. Berkeley professor J.Dewulf is now a driving force behind further study and deepening of existing knowledge with initiatives such as the 'Amerindo Research Project' and the 2011 'International Conference on Colonial and Post-Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature'.
After the Indo diaspora from the former Dutch East Indies (now: Indonesia) Indo authors have mostly contributed to the postcolonial discourse of a.o. identity formation.
Much of the postcolonial literary discourse has been written by second generation immigrant authors of Indo (Eurasian) descent. Authors include:
The most significant and influential author that studied postcolonial identity formation however is the avant garde and visionary writer Tjalie Robinson
(1911–1974), a first generation repatriant.
During the ‘Dutch Ethical Policy’ in the interbellum period of the first half of the twentieth century, indigenous authors and intellectuals from the Dutch East Indies came to the Netherlands to study and/or work. During their stay of some years they participated in and contributed to the Dutch literary system. They wrote literary works and published literature in important literary reviews such as Het Getij, De Gemeenschap, Links Richten and Forum and as such contributed to Dutch Indies literature.
By exploring new literary themes and/or focusing on indigenous protagonists, they drew at the same time attention to indigenous culture and the indigenous plight. An early example was the Javanese prince and poet Noto Soeroto, a writer and journalist from the Dutch East Indies. He was not a radical Indonesian nationalist, but a supporter of the so called association politics, which sought collaboration between the Dutch and the native peoples of the Dutch East Indies.
Noto Soeroto came to the Netherlands to study Law in Leiden in 1910. He published in the avant-garde review Het Getij. His non-political poems were published in many volumes. They had exotic titles such as Melati-knoppen, Melati buds, De geur van moeders haarwrong, the odor/smell of mothers hair knot or Lotos of morgendauw, Lotos or morning dew. He wrote a famous brochure on Kartini, the Javanese princess and Indonesian national heroine, whose popular letters were published in 1912 and also contributed to ‘’Dutch Indies literature’’.
Although Dutch had no formal status in the Dutch East Indies, among the indigenous elite of the colony many were fluent in the Dutch language. Authors include: Chairil Anwar
; Soewarsih Djojopoespito; Noto Soeroto
; Sutan Sjahrir
; Kartini.
The wider definition of Dutch Indies literature also includes Soekarno's defense speech at his 1930 trial in Bandung
.
, Jakarta, 1990) Chapter VIII P.145-155 ISBN 979 407 278 8 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8Q5exzqm34EC&dq=Sastra+Hindia+Belanda+dan+kita&source=gbs_navlinks_s Willems, Wim Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) ISBN 9789035133099 Willems, Wim Schrijven met je vuisten; brieven van Tjalie Robinson (Publisher: Prometheus, 2009) ISBN 9789044611977
Dutch literature
Dutch literature comprises all writings of literary merit written through the ages in the Dutch language, a language which currently has around 23 million native speakers...
encompassing Dutch language literature inspired by colonial and post-colonial Insulinde from the Dutch Golden Age
Dutch Golden Age
The Golden Age was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. The first half is characterised by the Eighty Years' War till 1648...
to the present day. It includes Dutch
Dutch people
The Dutch people are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Suriname, Chile, Brazil, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United...
, Indo-European and Indonesian
Culture of Indonesia
Indonesian culture has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. Indonesia is central along ancient trading routes between the Far East and the Middle East, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of...
authors. Its subject matter thematically revolves around the VOC
VOC
VOC may refer to:* VOC, a United States Navy abbreviation for "Observation Composite Squadron"* Vitium Organicum Cordis, Latin for heart defect* Vancouver Organizing Committee, the organizer of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics...
and Dutch East Indies
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800....
era, but also includes the postcolonial discourse.
Even though the socio-economic environment of the Dutch East Indies' colonial society was not particularly conducive to literary pursuits an influential Dutch literary sub-genre developed described as follows:
"[...] a descriptive quality about them in the way they treated ordinary aspects of life in the Indies. This set them for ever apart from those writings in Europe, even if the language was still Dutch. It was this backdrop, or decor, that was different. The idea that whilst the language was Dutch, the scene, the scenery, everything was somehow different. This sense of the different permeated all that was written, even if their own (authors) reference point was still a belief that they were part of the metropolitan literary tradition." Ian Campbell, Sydney University, 2000.
Most masterpieces in this genre have international appeal and have been translated to English. In December 1958 for instance American Time magazine
Time (magazine)
Time is an American news magazine. A European edition is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong...
praised the translation of Maria Dermoût
Maria Dermoût
Maria Dermoût , was an Indo novelist, considered one of the greats of Dutch literature and as such an important proponent of Dutch Indies literature...
's The Ten Thousand Things, and named it one of the best books of the year. Since 1985 academic working groups on Dutch Indies literature have existed in the Netherlands and the USA. The University of Massachusetts
University of Massachusetts
This article relates to the statewide university system. For the flagship campus often referred to as "UMass", see University of Massachusetts Amherst...
maintains a Library of the Indies and descibes this literature as follows:
"It is a literature of great creativity and irony, a record of the lost cause and expectations of a colonial power."
Canon of Dutch Indies literature
The three iconic authors of the 19th century are MultatuliMultatuli
Eduard Douwes Dekker , better known by his pen name Multatuli , was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar , which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies .-Biography:Dekker was born in Amsterdam...
, P.A.Daum and Louis Couperus
Louis Couperus
Louis Marie-Anne Couperus was a Dutch novelist and poet during the Belle Époque. There is a wide variety of genres in his oeuvre, which contains poetry, fairy tales, psychological novels, and historical novels...
.
Mandatory reading when studying Dutch Indies literature includes:
- Multatuli: Max Havelaar; (Multatuli. Max Havelaar: Or The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. Translated by Roy Edwards. Introduction by D. H. Lawrence. Afterword by E. M. Beekman)
- Louis Couperus: De stille kracht; (L. Couperus. E. M. Beekman, ed. The Hidden Force. Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. Revised and edited, with an introduction and notes by E. M. Beekman.)
- P.A.Daum: Uit de suiker in de tabak and Goena Goena;
- E.Du Perron: Het land van herkomst; (E.du Perron. Country of Origin. Translated by Francis Bulhof and Elizabeth Daverman. Introduction and notes by Francis Bulhof.)
- Maria Dermoût: De tienduizend dingen; (Maria Dermoût. The Ten Thousand Things. Translated by Hans Koning. Afterword by E. M. Beekman.)
- Vincent Mahieu (aka Tjalie RobinsonTjalie RobinsonTjalie Robinson is the main alias of the Indo intellectual and writer Jan Boon also known as Vincent Mahieu. His father Cornelis Boon, a KNIL sergeant, was Dutch and his Indo-European mother Fela Robinson was part English and Javanese...
}: Tjoek and Tjies; - Hella S. Haasse: Sleuteloog and Heren van de Thee; (The Lords of Tea (1992) translated into English by Ina Rilke as The Tea Lords, 2010.)
- Brouwers: Bezonken rood;
- Rudy Kousbroek: Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom;
- Adriaan van Dis: Indische duinen. (My Father’s War, London, Heinemann, 2004) and Familieziek (Family Fray)
Academic authorities
The two authoritative reference books on Dutch Indies literature are the "Oostindische spiegel" by literary historian Rob NieuwenhuysRob Nieuwenhuys
Rob Nieuwenhuys was a Dutch writer of Indo descent. The son of a 'Totok' Dutchman and an Indo-European mother, he and his younger brother Roelof, grew up in Batavia, where his father was the managing director of the renowned Hotel des Indes .His Indies childhood profoundly influenced his life...
and "Paradijzen van weleer" by literary professor E.M.Beekman. Nieuwenhuys (1908-1999) born in the Dutch East Indies
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800....
and of Indo descent from his mothers side is the nestor of Dutch Indies literature.
The most important American literary proffesor specialised in Dutch Indies literature was E.M.Beekman (1939-2008), who spent his early childhood in the Dutch East Indies, and was associated with the University of Massachusettes. With the support of the 'Translations Program' of the 'National Endowment for the Humanities
National Endowment for the Humanities
The National Endowment for the Humanities is an independent federal agency of the United States established by the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 dedicated to supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. The NEH is located at...
', the 'Foundation for the Promotion of the Translation of Dutch Literary Work', and the 'Prince Bernhard Fund', Beekman has edited many translations of Dutch Indies literature and published widely on the topic.
In recent years the University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
has shown particular interest in the Dutch Indies subject matter. Berkeley professor J.Dewulf is now a driving force behind further study and deepening of existing knowledge with initiatives such as the 'Amerindo Research Project' and the 2011 'International Conference on Colonial and Post-Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature'.
Indo European Authors
75% of the Dutch speaking community in the Dutch East Indies were so called Indo-Europeans, i.e. Eurasians belonging to the European legal class. Although most published work was written by full blooded Dutchmen, so called 'Totoks', many Indo authors have also written Dutch Indies literature covering a vast array of topics. While Louis Couperus wrote about the upper class elite, Victor Ido wrote about the lower class paupers.After the Indo diaspora from the former Dutch East Indies (now: Indonesia) Indo authors have mostly contributed to the postcolonial discourse of a.o. identity formation.
List of Indo Authors
A considerable number of authors of Dutch Indies literature are Indo-European i.e. Dutch-Indonesian Eurasians. Authors include:- Louis CouperusLouis CouperusLouis Marie-Anne Couperus was a Dutch novelist and poet during the Belle Époque. There is a wide variety of genres in his oeuvre, which contains poetry, fairy tales, psychological novels, and historical novels...
(1863–1923) - Victor IdoVictor IdoVictor Ido is the main alias of the Indo Dutch language writer and journalist Hans van de Wall. Born in Surabaya, Dutch East Indies from a Dutch father and Indo mother...
(1869–1948) - Ernest Douwes DekkerErnest Douwes DekkerErnest François Eugène Douwes Dekker was an Indonesian freedom fighter and politician of Indo descent. He was related to the famous Dutch writer, Multatuli, whose real name was Eduard Douwes Dekker. In his youth, he took part in the Second Boer War in South Africa on the Boer side...
(1879–1950) - Maria DermoûtMaria DermoûtMaria Dermoût , was an Indo novelist, considered one of the greats of Dutch literature and as such an important proponent of Dutch Indies literature...
(1888–1962) - Edgar du PerronEdgar du PerronCharles Edgar du Perron, more commonly known as E. du Perron, was a famous and influential Dutch poet and author of Indo-European descent. Best known for his literary acclaimed master piece ‘Land van herkomst’ of 1935...
(1899–1940) - Beb VuykBeb VuykElizabeth Vuyk was a Dutch writer of Indo descent. Her Indo father was born in the Dutch East Indies and had a mother from Madura, but was ‘repatriated’ to the Netherlands on a very young age. He married into a typically Calvinist Dutch family and lived in the port city of Rotterdam...
(1905–1991) - Rob NieuwenhuysRob NieuwenhuysRob Nieuwenhuys was a Dutch writer of Indo descent. The son of a 'Totok' Dutchman and an Indo-European mother, he and his younger brother Roelof, grew up in Batavia, where his father was the managing director of the renowned Hotel des Indes .His Indies childhood profoundly influenced his life...
(1908–1999)
Much of the postcolonial literary discourse has been written by second generation immigrant authors of Indo (Eurasian) descent. Authors include:
- Adriaan van DisAdriaan van DisAdriaan van Dis is a Dutch author, with Indo roots, who debuted in 1983 with the novella Nathan Sid. He is also known as the host of his own television show.-Youth:...
(1946- ) - Ernst JanszErnst JanszErnst Gideon Jansz is one of the founding members and frontmen of Doe Maar. Doe Maar is a Dutch 1980s ska/reggae band, and is considered one of the most successful bands in Dutch pop history....
(1948- ) - Marion BloemMarion BloemMarion Bloem is a Dutch writer and film maker of Indo descent, best known as author of the literary acclaimed book Geen gewoon Indisch meisje and director of the 2008 feature film Ver van familie .Bloem is a second generation Indo immigrant born into a family of four...
(1952- )
The most significant and influential author that studied postcolonial identity formation however is the avant garde and visionary writer Tjalie Robinson
Tjalie Robinson
Tjalie Robinson is the main alias of the Indo intellectual and writer Jan Boon also known as Vincent Mahieu. His father Cornelis Boon, a KNIL sergeant, was Dutch and his Indo-European mother Fela Robinson was part English and Javanese...
(1911–1974), a first generation repatriant.
Indonesian Authors
By exploring new literary themes and/or focusing on indigenous protagonists, they drew at the same time attention to indigenous culture and the indigenous plight. An early example was the Javanese prince and poet Noto Soeroto, a writer and journalist from the Dutch East Indies. He was not a radical Indonesian nationalist, but a supporter of the so called association politics, which sought collaboration between the Dutch and the native peoples of the Dutch East Indies.
Noto Soeroto came to the Netherlands to study Law in Leiden in 1910. He published in the avant-garde review Het Getij. His non-political poems were published in many volumes. They had exotic titles such as Melati-knoppen, Melati buds, De geur van moeders haarwrong, the odor/smell of mothers hair knot or Lotos of morgendauw, Lotos or morning dew. He wrote a famous brochure on Kartini, the Javanese princess and Indonesian national heroine, whose popular letters were published in 1912 and also contributed to ‘’Dutch Indies literature’’.
Although Dutch had no formal status in the Dutch East Indies, among the indigenous elite of the colony many were fluent in the Dutch language. Authors include: Chairil Anwar
Chairil Anwar
Chairil Anwar was an Indonesian poet and member of the "1945 generation" of writers. He is estimated to have written 96 works, including 70 individual poems....
; Soewarsih Djojopoespito; Noto Soeroto
Noto Soeroto
Noto Soeroto a Javanese prince from the Jogjakarta noble house of Paku Alaman was a poet and writer of Dutch Indies literature and journalist from the Dutch East Indies...
; Sutan Sjahrir
Sutan Sjahrir
Sutan Sjahrir , an avant garde and idealistic Indonesian intellectual, was a revolutionary independence leader...
; Kartini.
The wider definition of Dutch Indies literature also includes Soekarno's defense speech at his 1930 trial in Bandung
Bandung
Bandung is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia, and the country's third largest city, and 2nd largest metropolitan area in Indonesia, with a population of 7.4 million in 2007. Located 768 metres above sea level, approximately 140 km southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler...
.
List of Dutch Indies literature authors
- Onno Zwier van Haren (1713-1779) Sultan van Bantam (1979)
- Wolter Robert, Baron van HoevellWolter Robert, Baron van HoevellWolter Robert, Baron van Hoëvell was a Dutch politician, and vicar.He traveled extensively through the Dutch colonies in Indonesia and was appalled by the colonial system and the treatment of slaves he had to witness...
(1812-1879) - MultatuliMultatuliEduard Douwes Dekker , better known by his pen name Multatuli , was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar , which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies .-Biography:Dekker was born in Amsterdam...
(1820-1887) - Conrad Busken Huet (1826-1886)
- Justus van MaurikJustus van MaurikJustus van Maurik , or Justus van Maurik Jr., was a Dutch author and cigar maker. He was the grandson of the similarly named Justus van Maurik Sr.....
(1846-1905) Indrukken van een Totok (1897) - P.A.Daum (1850-1898)
- Louis CouperusLouis CouperusLouis Marie-Anne Couperus was a Dutch novelist and poet during the Belle Époque. There is a wide variety of genres in his oeuvre, which contains poetry, fairy tales, psychological novels, and historical novels...
(1863–1923) - Victor IdoVictor IdoVictor Ido is the main alias of the Indo Dutch language writer and journalist Hans van de Wall. Born in Surabaya, Dutch East Indies from a Dutch father and Indo mother...
(1869-1948) - Ernest Douwes DekkerErnest Douwes DekkerErnest François Eugène Douwes Dekker was an Indonesian freedom fighter and politician of Indo descent. He was related to the famous Dutch writer, Multatuli, whose real name was Eduard Douwes Dekker. In his youth, he took part in the Second Boer War in South Africa on the Boer side...
(1879–1950) - Maria DermoûtMaria DermoûtMaria Dermoût , was an Indo novelist, considered one of the greats of Dutch literature and as such an important proponent of Dutch Indies literature...
(1888–1962) - Edgar du PerronEdgar du PerronCharles Edgar du Perron, more commonly known as E. du Perron, was a famous and influential Dutch poet and author of Indo-European descent. Best known for his literary acclaimed master piece ‘Land van herkomst’ of 1935...
(1899–1940) - Madelon Szekely-Lulofs (1899-1958) Rubber(1931) Koelie (1931)
- Johan FabriciusJohan FabriciusJohan Fabricius was a Dutch writer, journalist and adventurer.Fabricius was born in Bandung, Java. He wrote approximately 60 books, among them many books for children. He is well known for writing the historical children's book "De scheepsjongens van Bontekoe" , which was reprinted 28 times as of...
(1899-1981) De Scheepsjongens van Bontekoe (1923) - Beb VuykBeb VuykElizabeth Vuyk was a Dutch writer of Indo descent. Her Indo father was born in the Dutch East Indies and had a mother from Madura, but was ‘repatriated’ to the Netherlands on a very young age. He married into a typically Calvinist Dutch family and lived in the port city of Rotterdam...
(1905–1991) - Rob NieuwenhuysRob NieuwenhuysRob Nieuwenhuys was a Dutch writer of Indo descent. The son of a 'Totok' Dutchman and an Indo-European mother, he and his younger brother Roelof, grew up in Batavia, where his father was the managing director of the renowned Hotel des Indes .His Indies childhood profoundly influenced his life...
(1908–1999) Oostindische spiegel (1972) - Tjalie RobinsonTjalie RobinsonTjalie Robinson is the main alias of the Indo intellectual and writer Jan Boon also known as Vincent Mahieu. His father Cornelis Boon, a KNIL sergeant, was Dutch and his Indo-European mother Fela Robinson was part English and Javanese...
(1911–1974) - Soewarsih Djojopoespito (1912-1977)
- Hella HaasseHella HaasseHélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse was a Dutch writer, often referred to as "the Grand Old Lady" of Dutch literature, and whose novel Oeroeg was a staple for generations of Dutch schoolchildren. Her internationally acclaimed Magnus opus is "Heren van de Thee", translated to "The Tea Lords"...
(1918-2011) - Ernst JanszErnst JanszErnst Gideon Jansz is one of the founding members and frontmen of Doe Maar. Doe Maar is a Dutch 1980s ska/reggae band, and is considered one of the most successful bands in Dutch pop history....
(1948- ) - Marion BloemMarion BloemMarion Bloem is a Dutch writer and film maker of Indo descent, best known as author of the literary acclaimed book Geen gewoon Indisch meisje and director of the 2008 feature film Ver van familie .Bloem is a second generation Indo immigrant born into a family of four...
(1952- ) - A. Alberts
- Chairil AnwarChairil AnwarChairil Anwar was an Indonesian poet and member of the "1945 generation" of writers. He is estimated to have written 96 works, including 70 individual poems....
- Augusta de Wit
- H.J. Friedericy
- Kartini
- Rudy KousbroekRudy KousbroekHerman Rudolf Kousbroek was a Dutch poet, translator, writer and first of all essayist. He was a prominent figure in Dutch cultural life between 1950 and 2010 and one of the most outspoken atheists in the Netherlands. In 1975 he was awarded the P.C...
- G.J. Resink
- Helga RuebsamenHelga RuebsamenHelga Ruebsamen is a Dutch writer. She received the Ferdinand Bordewijk Prijs in 1998 for Het lied en de waarheid.-Works:*De kameleon *De heksenvriend *Wonderolie...
- Soetan SjahrirSutan SjahrirSutan Sjahrir , an avant garde and idealistic Indonesian intellectual, was a revolutionary independence leader...
- Noto SoerotoNoto SoerotoNoto Soeroto a Javanese prince from the Jogjakarta noble house of Paku Alaman was a poet and writer of Dutch Indies literature and journalist from the Dutch East Indies...
- F. SpringerF. SpringerF. Springer was the pseudonym of Carel Jan Schneider, a Dutch foreign service diplomat and writer.Schneider was born in Batavia, Dutch East Indies...
- Ewald Vanvugt
- Marie van Zeggelen
- Willem Walraven
- Aya Zikken
See also
- Dutch literatureDutch literatureDutch literature comprises all writings of literary merit written through the ages in the Dutch language, a language which currently has around 23 million native speakers...
- Indonesian literatureIndonesian literatureIndonesian literature, is a term grouping various genres of South-East Asian literature.Indonesian Literature can refer to literature produced in the Indonesian archipelago. It is also used to refer more broadly to literature produced in areas with common language roots based on the Malay language...
- Canon of Dutch LiteratureCanon of Dutch LiteratureThe Canon of Dutch Literature comprises a list of 1000 works of Dutch Literature culturally important to Dutch Heritage, and is published on the DBNL. Several of these works are lists themselves; such as early dictionaries, lists of songs, recipes, biographies or encyclopedic compilations of...
- List of Dutch language writers
- Indos in colonial historyIndos in colonial historyIndos are a Eurasian people of mixed Indonesian and European descent. The pre-colonial evolution of this hybrid Eurasian community in the East Indies commenced during the arrival of Portuguese traders in the 16th century and continued with the arrival of Dutch traders in the 17th and 18th...
Further reading
Paasman, Bert ‘Tjalie Robinson, de stem van Indisch Nederland’ (Publisher: Stichting Tong Tong, 1994) ISBN 90-801433-3-2 Review: http://www.tongtong.nl/boek-tjalie.html Sastrowardoyo, Subagio Sastra Hindia Belanda dan kita (Publisher: PT Balai PustakaBalai Pustaka
Balai Pustaka is the state-owned publisher of Indonesia and publisher of major pieces of Indonesian literature such as Salah Asuhan, Sitti Nurbaya and Layar Terkembang. Its head office is in Jakarta....
, Jakarta, 1990) Chapter VIII P.145-155 ISBN 979 407 278 8 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8Q5exzqm34EC&dq=Sastra+Hindia+Belanda+dan+kita&source=gbs_navlinks_s Willems, Wim Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) ISBN 9789035133099 Willems, Wim Schrijven met je vuisten; brieven van Tjalie Robinson (Publisher: Prometheus, 2009) ISBN 9789044611977