Dörbed
Encyclopedia
The Dörbet is the second largest subgroup of the Mongol people
in modern Mongolia
and was one major tribe of the Four Oirat
confederation in 15th-18th century. In early times, the Dörbet and the Dzungars were ruled by collateral branches of the Choros
. The Do'rbets are distributed among the western provinces of Mongolia, Kalmykia
, and small portion in Heilongjiang
, China
. In Mongolia, Dörbets are centered in the Uvs province.
confederation in the 12th century; but their relation with the Dörbets is unclear. However, the Dörbets appeared in the early 15th century as part of the Four Oirats
.
In the 17th century, the leader of Do'rbets was Baatar Dalai Taishi (d.1637). In order to unite the Oirad Mongols
, Dalai Taishi used the method of marriage of convenience
; Dalai Taishi and Khoshut leader Güshi Khan
married the Torgut and Kho Orluk
sisters. During the Dalai Taishi period (circa 1625), the Oirat tribes lived in harmony.
In 1616, Dalai Taishi established diplomatic relation with the Tsardom of Russia
. The next year Dalai Taishi's son Solom Tseren joined the Kalmyks on the Volga with 4,000 households. In 1699 a body of the Dörbets joined the Don Cossacks
, eventually becoming the Buzava Kalmyks. Trapped west of the Volga, the Do'rbets could not join the 1771 flight of the Torguds, and hence dominated the remaining Kalmyks. In the early 19th century, they had split into the Lesser Dörbets (Baga Dorbod), living in northern Kalmykia
and the Greater Dörbets (Их Дөрвөд), living around Lake Manych-Gudilo
.
Meanwhile, the Dörbets in the Oirat homeland remained major tribe of the Zunghars. In 1753 three chiefs of them submitted to the Qing Dynasty
. They were resettled first in Bayankhongor Province, and then in Uvs Province
in 1759. They formed into 16 banners of the Sain Zayaatu Leagues. The Dörbets nobility's 15,000 subjects included Bayid
s and a small number of Khotongs.
From the 1880s, the Khalkha
influenced Dörbets socio-economic trends. The Kalmyk Dambijantsan headed the anti-communist disturbances; and separatist feeling had remained strong until 1930's.
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
in modern Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
and was one major tribe of the Four Oirat
Four Oirats
The Four Oirats or the Alliance of the Four Oirat tribes was the confederation of the Oirat tribes, which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in Mongolian history.Despite the universal currency of the term Four Oirats among Eastern Mongols and Oirats and numerous explanations by...
confederation in 15th-18th century. In early times, the Dörbet and the Dzungars were ruled by collateral branches of the Choros
Choros
Choros was the ruling clan of the Zungars and Dorbets and once ruled the whole Four Oirats. They founded the Zunghar Empire in the 17th century. According to a myth, their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree, a legend shared with the Uyghur royal family.In the late...
. The Do'rbets are distributed among the western provinces of Mongolia, Kalmykia
Kalmykia
The Republic of Kalmykia is a federal subject of Russia . Population: It is the only Buddhist region in Europe. It has also become well-known as an international chess mecca because its former President, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, is the head of the International Chess Federation .-Geography:*Area:...
, and small portion in Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang
For the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang, see Amur River' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑...
, China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
. In Mongolia, Dörbets are centered in the Uvs province.
History
A Dörben clan of Duwa Sohor's four sons existed within the Khamag MongolKhamag Mongol
Khamag Mongol was a major tribal confederation in Mongolian plateau in 12th century. It is sometimes also considered a predecessor state to the Mongol Empire....
confederation in the 12th century; but their relation with the Dörbets is unclear. However, the Dörbets appeared in the early 15th century as part of the Four Oirats
Four Oirats
The Four Oirats or the Alliance of the Four Oirat tribes was the confederation of the Oirat tribes, which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in Mongolian history.Despite the universal currency of the term Four Oirats among Eastern Mongols and Oirats and numerous explanations by...
.
In the 17th century, the leader of Do'rbets was Baatar Dalai Taishi (d.1637). In order to unite the Oirad Mongols
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
, Dalai Taishi used the method of marriage of convenience
Marriage of convenience
A marriage of convenience is a marriage contracted for reasons other than the reasons of relationship, family, or love. Instead, such a marriage is orchestrated for personal gain or some other sort of strategic purpose, such as political marriage. The phrase is a calque of - a marriage of...
; Dalai Taishi and Khoshut leader Güshi Khan
Güshi Khan
Güshi Khan , a Khoshut prince and leader of the Khoshut Khanate, who had supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Khan. His military assistance to the Gelug school enabled the 5th Dalai Lama to establish political control over Tibet...
married the Torgut and Kho Orluk
Kho Orluk
Kho Orluk , was an Oirat prince and Tayishi of the Torghut-Oirat tribe. Around 1616, Kho Orluk persuaded the other Torghut princes and lesser nobility to move their tribe en masse westward through southern Siberia and southward along the Emba River to the grass steppes north of the Russian garrison...
sisters. During the Dalai Taishi period (circa 1625), the Oirat tribes lived in harmony.
In 1616, Dalai Taishi established diplomatic relation with the Tsardom of Russia
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 till Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 a year...
. The next year Dalai Taishi's son Solom Tseren joined the Kalmyks on the Volga with 4,000 households. In 1699 a body of the Dörbets joined the Don Cossacks
Don Cossacks
Don Cossacks were Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don.- Etymology and origins :The Don Cossack Host was a frontier military organization from the end of the 16th until the early 20th century....
, eventually becoming the Buzava Kalmyks. Trapped west of the Volga, the Do'rbets could not join the 1771 flight of the Torguds, and hence dominated the remaining Kalmyks. In the early 19th century, they had split into the Lesser Dörbets (Baga Dorbod), living in northern Kalmykia
Kalmykia
The Republic of Kalmykia is a federal subject of Russia . Population: It is the only Buddhist region in Europe. It has also become well-known as an international chess mecca because its former President, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, is the head of the International Chess Federation .-Geography:*Area:...
and the Greater Dörbets (Их Дөрвөд), living around Lake Manych-Gudilo
Lake Manych-Gudilo
Lake Manych-Gudilo is a large saltwater reservoir lake in Kalmykia, Russia. Part of the lake lies also in Rostov Oblast and Stavropol Krai. It has an area of about 344 km² and average depth of only about 0.6 m....
.
Meanwhile, the Dörbets in the Oirat homeland remained major tribe of the Zunghars. In 1753 three chiefs of them submitted to the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. They were resettled first in Bayankhongor Province, and then in Uvs Province
Uvs Province
Uvs is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the west of the country, 1336 km away from the national capital Ulaanbaatar.Its capital is Ulaangom which lies 936m above the Sea level....
in 1759. They formed into 16 banners of the Sain Zayaatu Leagues. The Dörbets nobility's 15,000 subjects included Bayid
Bayid
The Bayid is third largest subgroup of the Mongols in Mongolia and was a tribe in Four Oirats. Bayids were a prominent clan within the Mongol Empire. Bayids can be found in both Mongolic and Turkic peoples...
s and a small number of Khotongs.
From the 1880s, the Khalkha
Khalkha
Khalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
influenced Dörbets socio-economic trends. The Kalmyk Dambijantsan headed the anti-communist disturbances; and separatist feeling had remained strong until 1930's.
Notable people
- Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, former Prime Minister of People's Republic of Mongolia and general secretary of Mongolian People's Revolutionary PartyMongolian People's Revolutionary PartyThe Mongolian People's Party formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party is an ex-communist political party in Mongolia. The party is abbreviated MPP in English and ' in Mongolian...
- Givaan, the Hero of the People's Republic of Mongolia