Choros
Encyclopedia
Choros was the ruling clan of the Zungars and Dorbet
s and once ruled the whole Four Oirats
. They founded the Zunghar Empire in the 17th century. According to a myth, their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree, a legend shared with the Uyghur
royal family.
In the late 14th century, the Oirats appeared as dominant power against the Eastern Mongols. The ruling clan of the Four Oirats
was Choros at the time. Under their leadership, the Western Mongols established their authority over all Mongol proper and defeated the Jurchens, the Tuva
ns, and the Moghulistan
is. In 1455 other Oirat tribes overthrew the Choros Khan Esen Tayishi who had enthroned himself Khagan
of the Great Yuan
. About 1620 the Choros scattered after bitter fighting with the Khalkha Altan Khan. The Khalkha
and south-western Inner Mongolia
n princes repeatedly looted them from 1552 to 1628, forcing them to migrate further west. Some of the Choros fled with a body of the Dorbed
northward into Siberia
and present-day Barnaul
. But they crushed the Khalkha Altan Khan; and made an alliance with the northern Khalkhas in 1640.
By 1690 three Oirat states had emerged: Khoshud, Kalmyk
and Zunghar Khanates. The majority of the Choros with the Dorbeds and the Khoids settled in the region of the Black Irtysh, the Urungu, the Imil, and the Ili
, forming the Zunghar Empire. The Zunghar Khanate was ruled by the Dorbed and the Choros, displaced the Khoshuds in their homeland Zungaria. Although, they reached their peak in the late 17 century, they began to disintegrate after Galdan
's wars with the Qing. The Choros were defeated in 1697 and 1771; and they were annexed by the Qing Dynasty
. The Western Mongols under the Choros princes who submitted to the Qing became Öölds.
Dörbet
Dörbet may refers to:* Dörbet , an Oirat tribe;* Dörbet , a Khorchin-Kharchin tribe;...
s and once ruled the whole Four Oirats
Oirats
Oirats are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal...
. They founded the Zunghar Empire in the 17th century. According to a myth, their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree, a legend shared with the Uyghur
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
royal family.
In the late 14th century, the Oirats appeared as dominant power against the Eastern Mongols. The ruling clan of the Four Oirats
Four Oirats
The Four Oirats or the Alliance of the Four Oirat tribes was the confederation of the Oirat tribes, which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in Mongolian history.Despite the universal currency of the term Four Oirats among Eastern Mongols and Oirats and numerous explanations by...
was Choros at the time. Under their leadership, the Western Mongols established their authority over all Mongol proper and defeated the Jurchens, the Tuva
Tuva
The Tyva Republic , or Tuva , is a federal subject of Russia . It lies in the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders with the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and with Mongolia to the...
ns, and the Moghulistan
Moghulistan
Moghulistan or Mughalistan is a historical geographic unit in Central Asia that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and the Chinese Autonomous Region of Xinjiang...
is. In 1455 other Oirat tribes overthrew the Choros Khan Esen Tayishi who had enthroned himself Khagan
Khagan
Khagan or qagan , alternatively spelled kagan, khaghan, qaghan, or chagan, is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate...
of the Great Yuan
Post-imperial Mongolia
The Northern Yuan Dynasty refers to the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty which continued to rule Mongolia after the expulsion of the Mongol court from China in 1368, until the emergence of the Qing Dynasty in the 17th century. The period was marked by factional struggles and the often only nominal...
. About 1620 the Choros scattered after bitter fighting with the Khalkha Altan Khan. The Khalkha
Khalkha
Khalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
and south-western Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation...
n princes repeatedly looted them from 1552 to 1628, forcing them to migrate further west. Some of the Choros fled with a body of the Dorbed
Dörbed
The Dörbet is the second largest subgroup of the Mongol people in modern Mongolia and was one major tribe of the Four Oirat confederation in 15th-18th century. In early times, the Dörbet and the Dzungars were ruled by collateral branches of the Choros...
northward into Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
and present-day Barnaul
Barnaul
-Russian Empire:Barnaul was one of the earlier cities established in Siberia. Originally chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, the site was founded by the wealthy Demidov family in the 1730s. In addition to the copper which had originally...
. But they crushed the Khalkha Altan Khan; and made an alliance with the northern Khalkhas in 1640.
By 1690 three Oirat states had emerged: Khoshud, Kalmyk
Kalmyk people
Kalmyk people is the name given to the Oirats, western Mongols in Russia, whose descendants migrated from Dzhungaria in 1607. Today they form a majority in the autonomous Republic of Kalmykia on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist government...
and Zunghar Khanates. The majority of the Choros with the Dorbeds and the Khoids settled in the region of the Black Irtysh, the Urungu, the Imil, and the Ili
Ili
-Acronyms:* ILI: I Laugh Inside* Integrating Lifestyle Innovations, a home automation company specialising in the design and supply of systems in New Zealand to the world.* Irish Life International, part of Irish Life and Permanent...
, forming the Zunghar Empire. The Zunghar Khanate was ruled by the Dorbed and the Choros, displaced the Khoshuds in their homeland Zungaria. Although, they reached their peak in the late 17 century, they began to disintegrate after Galdan
Galdan
Choros Erdeniin Galdan was a Dzungar-Oirat Khan of the Dzungar Khanate. He was the fourth son of Erdeni Baatur Hongtaiji, founder of the Zunghar Khanate, thus Galdan is a descendant of Esen taishi...
's wars with the Qing. The Choros were defeated in 1697 and 1771; and they were annexed by the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. The Western Mongols under the Choros princes who submitted to the Qing became Öölds.