EPC (contract)
Encyclopedia
EPC stands for Engineering
, Procurement
and Construction
.
It is a common form of contracting arrangement within the construction industry. Under an EPC contract, the contractor will design the installation, procure the necessary materials and construct it, either through own labour or by subcontracting part of the work. In some cases, the contractor will carry the project risk for schedule as well as budget in return for a fixed price, called lump sum
or LSTK
depending on the agreed scope of work.
When scope is restricted to engineering and procurement only, this is referred to as an EP or E and P (E+P) contract. This is often done in situations where the construction risk is too great for the contractor or when the Owner has a preference for doing the construction himself.
In an EPC contract, the EPC contractor (EPCC) agrees to deliver the keys of a commissioned plant to the owner for an agreed amount, just as a builder hands over the keys of a flat to the purchaser. The EPC way of executing a project is gaining importance worldwide. But it is also a way that needs good understanding, by the EPCC, for a profitable contract execution. An owner decides for an EPC contract for several vital reasons. Some are:
Besides the plant siting, in an EPC contract the owner will define the following:
The cost, that is the price to be paid to the EPCC, will be negotiated and finalised and paid in mutually agreed installments.
The essence of such contracts is that the owner, due to inexperience in EPC, doles out the whole contract of building up the project to a contractor. Hence, the major risk faced by an owner in such a contract is that of delay by the contractor. On the contrary, an EPC contractor now takes all the risk and attempts to complete the task as and when required.
In case of multiple EPC contracts, where an owner divides the complete project into smaller projects, several EPC contractors may come into play. In such cases, coordination among the contractors becomes a major issue. The owner or the project consultant in such cases has to continuously monitor and maintain the progress of the work and iron out differences or coordination issues, if any.
The EPCC must have data and expertise in all the required fields. A thorough knowledge of many aspects is required. Some important areas are:
The cost variation to the EPC Contractor can occur on various accounts, main being:
Change in scope of work either addition or omission will result in change in cost variation.
Regarding materials' prices oscillation or exhange rate oscillation: in most cases the contract contains a clause that eliminate this issue and bear this risk on the contractor's shoulders.
The handling of an EPC contract is a complicated and complex phenomenon for the EPCC management. Some important points to know are:
In order to ensure quality, the owner must also select a reputed and experienced EPC contractor. The owner should also utilize a third-party or in-house consultant to verify the design of major structures and inspect the main plant machines.
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...
, Procurement
Procurement
Procurement is the acquisition of goods or services. It is favourable that the goods/services are appropriate and that they are procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs of the purchaser in terms of quality and quantity, time, and location...
and Construction
Construction
In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking...
.
It is a common form of contracting arrangement within the construction industry. Under an EPC contract, the contractor will design the installation, procure the necessary materials and construct it, either through own labour or by subcontracting part of the work. In some cases, the contractor will carry the project risk for schedule as well as budget in return for a fixed price, called lump sum
Lump sum
A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made over time .The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development distinguishes between "price analysis" and "cost analysis" by whether the decision maker compares lump sum amounts, or subjects contract prices...
or LSTK
LSTK
LSTK stands for Lump Sum Turn Key.In the construction industry, LSTK combines two concepts. The LS part refers to the payment of a fixed sum for the delivery under e.g. an EPC contract. The financial risk lies with the contractor. TK specifies that the scope of work includes start-up of the...
depending on the agreed scope of work.
When scope is restricted to engineering and procurement only, this is referred to as an EP or E and P (E+P) contract. This is often done in situations where the construction risk is too great for the contractor or when the Owner has a preference for doing the construction himself.
In an EPC contract, the EPC contractor (EPCC) agrees to deliver the keys of a commissioned plant to the owner for an agreed amount, just as a builder hands over the keys of a flat to the purchaser. The EPC way of executing a project is gaining importance worldwide. But it is also a way that needs good understanding, by the EPCC, for a profitable contract execution. An owner decides for an EPC contract for several vital reasons. Some are:
- The owner puts in minimum efforts for his project and, so, has less stress
- EPC gives the owner one point contact. It is easy to monitor and coordinate
- It is easy for the owner to get post-commissioning services
- EPC way ensures quality and reduces practical issues faced in other ways
- Owner is not affected by the market rise
- Investment figure is known at the start of the project
Besides the plant siting, in an EPC contract the owner will define the following:
- Scope and the specifications of the plant
- Quality
- Project duration, and
- Cost
The cost, that is the price to be paid to the EPCC, will be negotiated and finalised and paid in mutually agreed installments.
Owner and contractor liabilities
Once an EPC contract is done, the EPC contractor becomes liable for completing the project according to the conditions mentioned in the tender. The EPC contractor, in turn, may hire several sub-contractors or sub-vendors to complete different portions of the project. The payment in such contracts commensurate with the work done though an up-front advance is normally preferable by a contractor.The essence of such contracts is that the owner, due to inexperience in EPC, doles out the whole contract of building up the project to a contractor. Hence, the major risk faced by an owner in such a contract is that of delay by the contractor. On the contrary, an EPC contractor now takes all the risk and attempts to complete the task as and when required.
In case of multiple EPC contracts, where an owner divides the complete project into smaller projects, several EPC contractors may come into play. In such cases, coordination among the contractors becomes a major issue. The owner or the project consultant in such cases has to continuously monitor and maintain the progress of the work and iron out differences or coordination issues, if any.
Global arena
An EPC contract is a complex phenomenon. It involves various agencies and characteristics. So the EPC contract, especially in global context, needs thorough understanding. The EPCC must know about the various factors that will affect the working, the results and success or failure of the contract, in global arena.The EPCC must have data and expertise in all the required fields. A thorough knowledge of many aspects is required. Some important areas are:
- Local (where the plant will be located) market conditions for the materials supply and labour availability and performance
- Local code, statutory etc., requirements
- Availability of local supervisory personnel
- Availability of local and global engineering services
- Local and global contractors, their experience and performance
Cost variation
An important factor that can affect the EPCC's performance is cost variation. An EPC contract normally has no price escalation clause, so, any variation in prices from the contract stage is on the account of the contractor.The cost variation to the EPC Contractor can occur on various accounts, main being:
- Change in scope of work
Change in scope of work either addition or omission will result in change in cost variation.
Regarding materials' prices oscillation or exhange rate oscillation: in most cases the contract contains a clause that eliminate this issue and bear this risk on the contractor's shoulders.
Monitoring by owner and EPCC
The following points will be helpful to the owner for monitoring the project:- Define guarantees well
- Define scope and quality very carefully
- Define milestones meticulously
- Have the LD/penalty clauses well-defined
The handling of an EPC contract is a complicated and complex phenomenon for the EPCC management. Some important points to know are:
- Have payment terms very specific
- Have similar terms and conditions regarding quality, guarantee etc., as demanded by owner's with various vendors
- Do not keep terms open-ended
- Coordinate vigilantly to reduce chances of errors at site
Regarding owners
The owner must clearly define the project as any changes after the EPC contract has been signed will be costly.In order to ensure quality, the owner must also select a reputed and experienced EPC contractor. The owner should also utilize a third-party or in-house consultant to verify the design of major structures and inspect the main plant machines.