Electricity sector in Honduras
Encyclopedia
The electricity sector in Honduras
is characterized by the dominance of a vertically integrated utility (except for about half of the generation
capacity); an incomplete attempt in the early 1990s to reform the sector; the increasing share of thermal generation over the past two decades; the poor financial health of the state utility Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE); the high technical and commercial losses in transmission and distribution; and the low electric coverage in rural areas.
The key challenges in the sector are:
In June 2007, the President of Honduras, Manuel Zelaya, declared an "energy emergency". An Intervention Board (Junta Interventora), headed by the Minister of Defense and the Minister of Finance, was temporarily put in charge of ENEE to address the crisis. The mandate of this Board has recently been extended until October 2008.
Source: ENEE
Firm electricity generation capacity is substantially lower than installed capacity due to seasonality (i.e. the natural uncertainty affecting hydroelectric generation), the old age of some of the plants, and mothballing of thermal capacity.
Expansion plans include the net addition of 1,479 MW of generation capacity in the period 2007-2015. The projected expansion by source is as follows:
Total gross addition: 2,021 MW
Net addition: 1,479 MW
Not all of these expansion projects may be feasible. In particular, two large hydropower projects on the Patuca and Cangrejal Rivers are controversial due to their environmental impact.
In 2007, percentages of electricity sold by consumer type were:
) through a 230 kV transmission line with a capacity of 300 MW. (See Regional integration, the SIEPAC project below)
In 2002, Honduras imported about 420 GW·h of electricity (more than 10% of its consumption) without any exports, thus making it a net importer of electricity.
Source: World Bank, 2007
The Electricity Coverage Index by department shows great disparities. Cortes and Islas de Bahia enjoy almost a 100% household coverage, while Lempira and Intibuca only have 24.6% and 36.2% coverage respectively.
Electrification was programmed under the 1994 Electricity Law for the Electricity Sector through the creation of the Social Fund for Electricity Development (FOSODE). The Government has set a target to increase national electricity coverage to 80 percent by 2015, giving equal priority to urban and rural. So far, the outcome has been positive, with an increase in national coverage from 43 percent in 1994 to 69 percent in 2006.
400,000 new connections are expected to be made by 2015. However, lack of financing has slowed grid development, causing it to lag behind demand.
duration is a measure of the reliability of supply to the distribution networks. This measure decreased for most regions in Honduras from 2001. However, in 2005, a general increase in the interruption duration happened. The total duration of interruptions per connection (36 hours per year in 2005, compared to 24 hours in 2004, but 135 hours in 1999 in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch
) is about twice as high as the average for Latin America and the Caribbean (14 hours per connection in 2005). However, the frequency of such interruptions has been higher in other countries, meaning that Honduras has a few long outages, while other countries have more frequent shorter ones.
Transmission and sub-transmission investments keep being delayed due to financial constraints. This situation, if further sustained, would increase the frequency of blackouts and would make it hard to reduce operating costs and technical losses.
Loss-reduction programs implemented during 2007 brought total losses down to 21.2%, 3.5% in transmission and 17.7% in distribution.
(See Distributional losses for comparison with the rest of LAC
)
ENEE is governed by a Board of Directors, which is formed by the Minister of Natural Resources and the Environment (SERNA), who chairs the Board; the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Housing; the Minister of Finance; the Minister of Industry and Commerce; the Minister of Foreign Cooperation; and a representative of the Honduran Council of Private Enterprise
(COHEP).The Board appoints a General Manager, who acts as its Secretary but has no vote.
may be undertaken by State, mixed ownership, or private entities. These entities are entitled to sell power to large consumers or to ENEE. As a result, private investors will mainly embark on new generation projects, including hydropower and alternative energy.
Every two years, ENEE must submit to the Regulator system expansion plans (i.e. procurement of new generation capacity and transmission expansion), which are to be approved by the Energy Cabinet.
By law, ENEE has the mandate of prioritizing renewable-based generation when determining the optimal expansion plan. The condition is that the net present value
of sequence including renewable-based generation must not exceed by more than 10 percent that of the least-cost expansion plan.
Private electricity generators using renewable energy have formed a National Association - Asociación de Productores de Energía Renovable de Honduras (APERH) - to promote the use of renewable energy.
In the case of isolated systems, the main generator is responsible of operating the transmission system and handling dispatch.
network by regions. The partition, which was to be approved by ENEE, would be followed by the sale of those networks to cooperatives, municipalities, worker’s associations, other similar types of groups, or to private companies, always subject to approval by the National Congress. The Law established that electricity distribution was to be carried out “in priority” by private companies under a concession regime. Distributors need to have a valid supply contract with generators for at least five years duration (however, the law does not mandate a minimum quantity).
of the distribution network in Honduras has failed: ENEE
continues its operations as a vertically integrated state-owned enterprise, being the de facto
sole buyer, responsible for procuring all the new energy required to meet demand.
resources. Due to the likely long-term trend of high oil prices, such resources could be developed at competitive prices. However, except for the large hydro projects, the potential for the development of renewable energy is yet to be explored.
The renewable energy use and potential in Honduras - hydro, wind, solar, biomass and geothermal - is described in more detail in the article Renewable energy in Honduras
.
programs. Large improvements could be made in the areas of air conditioning for both the residential and commercial sectors, where the implementation of measures in the area of demand management and the rational use of energy could prevent unplanned blackouts.
Some progress has been made recently under the Generación Autónoma y Uso Racional de Energía Eléctrica (GAUREE) project, financed by the European Union between 2000 and 2007. The GAUREE 2 project aims at increasing the use of energy-efficient Compact fluorescent lamp
s (CFLs), lowering the consumption of energy by 50 million kW·h per year. The plan of action includes giving away, in a three-phased operation, a free 20 W CFL bulb to 800,000 households (the majority of Honduran households still use inefficient 60 W, 75 W, and 100 W bulbs).
The Inter-Institutional Group for the Efficient Use of Energy (GIURE) has set out a plan with the objective of reducing national electricity demand by 100 MW in 2008. This would entail an 8 percent reduction of the maximum demand forecast by ENEE
. Some of the main activities included in GIURE’s program are: promotion of gas stove use, use of clean development mechanisms (CDM), educational campaigns, efficiency in he industrial and commercial sectors, etc.
In its initial two and a half decades, the expansion of ENEE
was boosted by the technical and financial support of the international financial organizations. Hydroelectric projects abounded and the transmission network expanded to incorporate all economically active areas of the country into the national grid, which was interconnected with Nicaragua (1976), Costa Rica (1982) and Panama (1986). The largest project, the hydroelectric plant of El Cajón (300 MW) on the Rio Comayagua in Central Honduras was commissioned in 1985. At that time Honduras had an installed capacity of 560 MW and a peak demand of only 220 MW.
The demand growth projections did not materialize, which left the country with a large excess capacity and ENEE
with a heavy debt burden. As a result, the existing thermal power plants were not well maintained. When demand eventually caught up and a severe drought occurred, many of the thermal plants were inoperational, leading to a severe energy crisis in 1993.
, was born as a response to the crisis. It contained the provisions for the establishment of a competitive power market (vertical unbundling, freedom of entry to all sector activities, open access to transmission and distribution networks, and freedom of choice for large users); the separation of the roles of policymaking, regulation, and provision of electricity services; application of cost-recovery tariffs and targeted subsidies; and private provision of electricity services.
The establishment of the new competitive market failed: the distribution networks were not unbundled and privatized, and ENEE
continued operating as a vertically integrated state-owned enterprise that maintained its central role in energy planning and policy making. In addition, the principles of cost covering tariffs and targeted subsidies were not properly implemented due both to inadequate political commitment and to an important dependency on imported oil for power generation, which led to high and volatile generation prices that were not passed on to retail tariffs.
In the 1990s, thermoelectric generation has come to lead a system that was dominated by hydropower: Hydropower
plant capacity has gone from 90 percent to only 30 percent. The reasons for this shift are twofold. First, hydroelectric development became more expensive when funding through interest-free loans for its development from International financial institutions was cut. Second, the lower risks and shorter maturity of thermal generation projects, as perceived by private investors, directed generation expansion towards the use of heavy fuel oil and medium speed diesels.
has signed with Independent Power Producer
s running fossil fuel power plants now account for the majority of energy generation in Honduras. According to the Interamerican Development Bank, these PPAs were "expensive and with clauses that made them very inflexible".
As early as in 1993, during the government of Rafael Leonardo Callejas (1990–1994), ENEE signed its first Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with an Independent Power Producer (IPP) for the provision of thermal energy. The contract was signed with Electricidad de Cortés (Elcosa) for a period of 17 years. One year later, Carlos Roberto Reina
(1994–1998) approved two giant 10-year contracts for Empresa de Mantenimiento, Construcción y Electricidad (EMCE), which itself belongs to the Honduran Terra group, and the Honduran energy company Luz y Fuerza de San Lorenzo (Lufussa). EMCE and Lufussa managed to sign new contracts with the government of Carlos Flores
(1998–2002), which included tax exemptions for up to five years and the payment of fixed and variable charges, the former independently of whether energy was actually being produced, as it is typically the case in Power Purchase Agreements.
The government of Ricardo Maduro
(2002–2006) signed two more 12-year contracts with Enersa - partners of EMCE - and Lufussa. However, in November 2002, quickly signed another 12-year contract for US$477 million with the Honduran subsidiary of AES Corporation
, under which AES Honduras was to supply some 200 megawatts of power. In September 2003 ENEE canceled that contract as well, because the provider allegedly failed to fulfill certain clauses and was behind schedule.
, decrees No. 85-98 and 267-98 were approved in 1998 by the Honduras Congress with the aim of promoting the development of renewable energy-generating plants. The new legislation includes tax breaks to developers and a secure buyer arrangement for energy at prices equivalent to the system’s short-term marginal cost
. ENEE
, which is the default buyer, must pay a premium (10 percent of the same short-run marginal cost) for the electricity generated when the installed capacity is below 50 MW. This framework has facilitated the negotiation of about 30 public-private partnerships with ENEE for small renewable energy plants. In addition, Decree No. 85-98 also establishes tax exemptions in favor of developers: import and sales taxes on equipment, and a five-year income tax holiday.
The government considers renewable resources as a vital element of its strategy to diversify energy supply, reduce vulnerability to external shocks, and mitigate the environmental impacts of energy production. The development of large hydropower projects and the provision of further incentives for grid-connected renewable projects are the present priorities of the government in the renewable energy sector. The penetration of renewable energy technologies into rural electrification programs is still limited and most of the rural electrification activities are grid extensions.
According to the World Bank, the potential for the development of off-grid and small renewable sources largely unexploited, due to a lack of incentives and clear and consistent policy framework.
and the Inter-American Development Bank
agreed to the execution of the SIEPAC
project. This project aims at the electric integration of the region. Feasibility studies showed that the creation of a regional transmission system would be very positive for the region and lead to a reduction in electricity costs and to improvements in the continuity and reliability of supply. In 1996, the six countries (Panama, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and El Salvador) signed the Framework Treaty for the Electricity Market in Central America.
The design of the Regional Electricity Market (MER) was done in 1997 and approved in 2000. MER is an additional market superimposed on the existing six national markets, with a regional regulation, in which the agents authorized by the Regional Operational Body (EOR) carry out international electricity transactions in the region. As for the infrastructure, EPR (Empresa Propietaria de la Red S.A.) is in charge of the design, engineering, and construction of about 1,800 km of 230kV transmission lines. The project is expected to be operational by the end of 2008.
(For a map of the regional transmission line, see SIEPAC)
initiated program to reduce arrears and commercial losses under the heading Operación Tijera (Operation “Scissor”). It entails coordinated action from all Ministries and government agencies aiming to cut service (a) to delinquent clients, and (b) to any users detected during the operation with irregular service connections or with meters that had been tampered with. According to press reports, the operation has led to an instantaneous increase in collections.
declared an "energy emergency" in order to buy additional electricity and to overcome the country's energy crisis. The Minister of Defense is charged with resolving the crisis, and was put, together with the Minister of Finance, at the Head of an "Intervention Board" of ENEE. The mandate of the "Intervention Board" has been extended until October 2008.
Households consuming less than 100 kW·h per month pay a tariff which only covers 22 percent of cost, while those consuming between 0 and 300 kW·h—84 percent of all residential clients—only pay 39 percent of cost. Even clients consuming more than 500 kW·h per month pay only 82 percent of the cost of supply. Tariffs for municipalities are equivalent to about 77 percent of cost. The table below shows the average cost of supply and the current final price (after direct subsidy) for the different users:
Source: World Bank, 2007
By way of comparison, the weighted average
residential tariff in Latin America and the Caribbean at the end of 2005 was US$ 0.115 per kW·h, while the industrial weighted average
was US$ 0.107 per kW·h. Clearly, residential tariffs in Honduras are below the regional average.
was established in 1994 to compensate for any tariff increase to eligible residential users (those that consume less than 300 kW·h per month). In the period (2001–2005), the Government paid about US$ 75.6 million in direct tariff subsidies to residential consumers.
The explicit cross-subsidy incorporated in the current tariff does not respect the caps set by the 1994 Electricity Law as it has benefited most residential consumers, making the compensatory surcharges to other consumer categories (i.e. commercial and industrial) also exceed the mandated limits. Also, the generalized subsidy and the direct subsidy paid by the Government are poorly targeted and regressive. Non-poor consumers (i.e. those consuming above 150 kW·h/month), have been the most benefited by the cross-subsidy as they currently pay between 50 and 80 percent of economic costs. This has resulted in one of the lowest residential tariffs in the region and also to a high consumption (about 200 kW·h per month in residential use). This figure doubles the average residential use in El Salvador and Guatemala, whose per capita income is more than double that of Honduras. Inefficient interfuel substitution is another result of low electricity prices, particularly for cooking and water heating, since electricity, although a more inefficient and economically expensive option, is cheaper for the consumer than, for instance, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
, the Social Electriciation Fund FOSODE and the private sector. ENEE has no self-financing capacity and virtually no capacity to take on new debt or other financial obligations such as those arising from Power Purchase Agreements. The poor financial health of ENEE thus casts doubt on its ability to finance the planned major investments in new generation capacity.
has invested about US$ 189 million in its activities, the areas that have receive the largest amount of funds being distribution and transmission.
capacity. Private investors have also invested about US$70 million in 110 MW of small hydro- and bagasse
-fired capacity. Reliance on the private sector has become the norm for generation capacity expansion.
has been partially financed with expensive revolving loans from local banks and credits from thermal generators on the payment of energy purchases that amounted to US$ 124 million in 2003–05. Debt service coverage and contribution to investments have been negative during the past five years.
technologies and energy efficiency.
The largest investments in rural electrification
have been made by FOSODE, which has been successful in raising international aid funds (both concessionary loans and grants), which complement the budgetary resources that the Government provides every year as required by law. The Fund receives additional financing from fees that municipalities impose on electricity companies in their jurisdiction. Between 1995 and 2006, FOSODE invested US$91.4 million in rural electrification.
es on equipment and materials for rural electrification projects, import taxes on equipment and materials for power plants using renewable energy sources, and sales tax on electricity sales. According to the World Bank, the total average annual tax exemptions are estimated at about US$ 108 million, mostly fuel taxes (US$ 64.8 million) and sales taxes on electricity consumption (US$ 37.8 million).
.
As for generation, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) started to sign Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with ENEE as early as 1993. Today, IPPs account for over 60% of generation capacity, most of it thermal, in Honduras.
Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was previously known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize...
is characterized by the dominance of a vertically integrated utility (except for about half of the generation
Electricity generation
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from other forms of energy.The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday...
capacity); an incomplete attempt in the early 1990s to reform the sector; the increasing share of thermal generation over the past two decades; the poor financial health of the state utility Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE); the high technical and commercial losses in transmission and distribution; and the low electric coverage in rural areas.
The key challenges in the sector are:
- how to finance investments in generation and transmission in the absence of either a financially healthy utility or of concessionary funds by external donors for these types of investments;
- how to rebalance tariffs, cut arrears and reduce commercial losses - including electricity theft - without fostering social unrest;
- how to reconcile environmental concerns with the government's objective to build two new large dams and associated hydropower plants; and
- how to improve access in rural areas.
In June 2007, the President of Honduras, Manuel Zelaya, declared an "energy emergency". An Intervention Board (Junta Interventora), headed by the Minister of Defense and the Minister of Finance, was temporarily put in charge of ENEE to address the crisis. The mandate of this Board has recently been extended until October 2008.
Installed capacity and expansion plans
With an installed generation capacity of 1,568 MW (2007), Honduras relies on a thermo-based power system (accounting for nearly two-thirds of its total installed capacity), which is very vulnerable to high and volatile international oil prices. The generation mix is as follows:| 589 | 38 | |
|---|---|---|
| Hydroelectric | 464 | 30 |
| Thermal | 125 | 8 |
| Diesel motors | 92 | 6 |
| Gas turbines | 33 | 2 |
| Privately owned | 979 | 62 |
| Hydroelectric | 55 | 3 |
| Thermal | 924 | 59 |
| Diesel motors | 816 | 52 |
| Gas turbines | 40 | 3 |
| Biomass | 68 | 4 |
| TOTAL | 1,568 | 100 |
Source: ENEE
Firm electricity generation capacity is substantially lower than installed capacity due to seasonality (i.e. the natural uncertainty affecting hydroelectric generation), the old age of some of the plants, and mothballing of thermal capacity.
Expansion plans include the net addition of 1,479 MW of generation capacity in the period 2007-2015. The projected expansion by source is as follows:
- CoalFossil fuel power plantA fossil-fuel power station is a power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or petroleum to produce electricity. Central station fossil-fuel power plants are designed on a large scale for continuous operation...
: 600 MW (2011 and after) - HydroelectricityHydroelectricityHydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy...
: 570 MW (2007–2015) - Renting (mainly thermal) or imports: 300 MW (2008 onwards)
- Medium Speed Diesel: 300 MW
- WindWind energyWind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion; see also wind power.Total wind energy flowing through an imaginary area A during the time t is:E = ½ m v2 = ½ v 2...
: 60 MW (2009) - Geothermal: 86 MW (2010)
- Other renewables (mainly biomassBiomassBiomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel....
): 15 MW - Other thermal expansion (Gas turbineGas turbineA gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between....
s): 90 MW
Total gross addition: 2,021 MW
- Removals: -542 MW
Net addition: 1,479 MW
Not all of these expansion projects may be feasible. In particular, two large hydropower projects on the Patuca and Cangrejal Rivers are controversial due to their environmental impact.
Demand
Total electricity sold in 2007 was 4,932 GW·h. In 2005, electricity sold by connection was 4,376 kWh, which was much higher than in the neighboring countries Guatemala (2,337 kWh per connection), Nicaragua (2,931 kWh per connection) and El Salvador (3,109 kWh per connection). It is, however, much lower than in the more developed Central American countries, such as Costa Rica (7,969 kWh) and Panama (7,574 kWh).In 2007, percentages of electricity sold by consumer type were:
- Residential: 42%
- Commercial: 24%
- Industrial: 13%
- Large consumers: 13%
- Public lighting: 2.5%
- Government: 2%
- Autonomous entities: 2%
- Municipalities: 1%
- Exports: 0.5%
Demand projections
Peak demand has grown over 7 percent annually in recent years, reaching 1,088 MW in 2006. For the period 2006-2010, the expected annual rate of growth of energy demand is expected to be around 6% percent, while peak demand could increase at around 7%. The actual growth rate will depend on whether electricity tariffs would be increased, the success of a current program to decrease electricity theft and on whether technical distribution losses can be reduced.Interconnection with neighboring countries
The Honduran electricity grid is interconnected with the grids of its neighbors Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. However, the capacity of the interconnections is limited. It is expected to be expanded as part of the Central American Electric Interconnection System (SIEPACSIEPAC
SIEPAC is a planned interconnection of the power grids of six Central American nations...
) through a 230 kV transmission line with a capacity of 300 MW. (See Regional integration, the SIEPAC project below)
In 2002, Honduras imported about 420 GW·h of electricity (more than 10% of its consumption) without any exports, thus making it a net importer of electricity.
Supply vs demand
While peak demand in 2006 was below total installed capacity, it lay slightly above firm capacity. According to supply and demand projections by the World Bank, new generation capacity to be commissioned in the period 2007-2010 will not be enough to meet demand growth, which means that an energy shortfall is likely to happen in the near future.Access to electricity
The overall electricity coverage is 69%. In rural areas it reaches only 45%, which contrast with the 94% coverage in urban areas (2006). The table below presents the access data per number of households and consumers.| Population | % | No. of Households | % | No. of Customers | % | Access Rate (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | 3,350,081 | 45.5% | 700,507 | 49.0% | 661,582 | 66.9% | 94.4% |
| Rural | 4,016,940 | 54.5% | 729,611 | 51.0% | 327,114 | 33.1% | 44.8% |
| TOTAL | 7,367,021 | 100% | 1,430,118 | 100% | 988,696 | 100% | 69.1% |
Source: World Bank, 2007
The Electricity Coverage Index by department shows great disparities. Cortes and Islas de Bahia enjoy almost a 100% household coverage, while Lempira and Intibuca only have 24.6% and 36.2% coverage respectively.
Electrification was programmed under the 1994 Electricity Law for the Electricity Sector through the creation of the Social Fund for Electricity Development (FOSODE). The Government has set a target to increase national electricity coverage to 80 percent by 2015, giving equal priority to urban and rural. So far, the outcome has been positive, with an increase in national coverage from 43 percent in 1994 to 69 percent in 2006.
400,000 new connections are expected to be made by 2015. However, lack of financing has slowed grid development, causing it to lag behind demand.
Interruption frequency and duration
Power outagePower outage
A power outage is a short- or long-term loss of the electric power to an area.There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network...
duration is a measure of the reliability of supply to the distribution networks. This measure decreased for most regions in Honduras from 2001. However, in 2005, a general increase in the interruption duration happened. The total duration of interruptions per connection (36 hours per year in 2005, compared to 24 hours in 2004, but 135 hours in 1999 in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch
Hurricane Mitch
Hurricane Mitch was the most powerful hurricane and the most destructive of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season, with maximum sustained winds of 180 mph . The storm was the thirteenth tropical storm, ninth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the season. Along with Hurricane Georges, Mitch...
) is about twice as high as the average for Latin America and the Caribbean (14 hours per connection in 2005). However, the frequency of such interruptions has been higher in other countries, meaning that Honduras has a few long outages, while other countries have more frequent shorter ones.
Distribution and transmission losses
In the period 2001-2006, electricity losses increased from about 20 percent to 25 percent, compared to 8% in Chile and almost 30% in Nicaragua. This relatively high level of losses is mostly due to theft, fraud, and illegal connections. A recent study estimated that technical losses are about 10 percent, which implies that current commercial losses are about 15 percent, 30 percent of which correspond to fraud, 29 percent to illegal settlements and 29 percent to billing errors.Transmission and sub-transmission investments keep being delayed due to financial constraints. This situation, if further sustained, would increase the frequency of blackouts and would make it hard to reduce operating costs and technical losses.
Loss-reduction programs implemented during 2007 brought total losses down to 21.2%, 3.5% in transmission and 17.7% in distribution.
(See Distributional losses for comparison with the rest of LAC
LAC
-Places:* Los Angeles County in California* La Crescenta, California, unincorporated area in Los Angeles County* California State Prison, Los Angeles County...
)
De jure situation
The Electricity Law of 1994 assigns the policymaking function to an Energy Cabinet chaired by the President of the Republic with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, SERNA) as its Secretary and Coordinator. A regulatory agency, the Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE), was created to take charge of, among other functions:- Supervise power sales agreements to be signed by distribution companies;
- Approve standards related to service quality, reliability and safety;
- Monitor and enforce laws and standards;
- Approve tariffs and propose Average Short-Term Marginal costMarginal costIn economics and finance, marginal cost is the change in total cost that arises when the quantity produced changes by one unit. That is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good...
s; - Approve system expansion programs;
- Submit for approval to the Ministry of Environment power purchase and sales agreements that ENEEENEEThe Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
intends to sign.
De facto situation
The Energy Cabinet has met less than once a year since its creation. Also, SERNA has not been proactive in its role as the Cabinet’s Secretary and Coordinator to set the agenda and to supply the technical groundwork for decisions. CNE has had a marginal role due to lack of political support and resources. As a result of this void at the cabinet level, the national utility Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE) has become the default point for energy expertise, sought by the Government even in matters of policymaking and regulation, which contributes to a weak separation of roles among utility, regulatory agency and the ministry.ENEE is governed by a Board of Directors, which is formed by the Minister of Natural Resources and the Environment (SERNA), who chairs the Board; the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Housing; the Minister of Finance; the Minister of Industry and Commerce; the Minister of Foreign Cooperation; and a representative of the Honduran Council of Private Enterprise
Honduran Council of Private Enterprise
The Honduran Council of Private Enterprise is a business trade organization in Honduras. COHEP is the largest such trade organization in the country, and is one of the three private organizations in Honduras proposes candidates for the Supreme Court of Honduras...
(COHEP).The Board appoints a General Manager, who acts as its Secretary but has no vote.
Generation
Under the 1994 Electricity Law, generationElectricity generation
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from other forms of energy.The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday...
may be undertaken by State, mixed ownership, or private entities. These entities are entitled to sell power to large consumers or to ENEE. As a result, private investors will mainly embark on new generation projects, including hydropower and alternative energy.
Every two years, ENEE must submit to the Regulator system expansion plans (i.e. procurement of new generation capacity and transmission expansion), which are to be approved by the Energy Cabinet.
By law, ENEE has the mandate of prioritizing renewable-based generation when determining the optimal expansion plan. The condition is that the net present value
Net present value
In finance, the net present value or net present worth of a time series of cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is defined as the sum of the present values of the individual cash flows of the same entity...
of sequence including renewable-based generation must not exceed by more than 10 percent that of the least-cost expansion plan.
Private electricity generators using renewable energy have formed a National Association - Asociación de Productores de Energía Renovable de Honduras (APERH) - to promote the use of renewable energy.
Transmission
Transmission networks are, by law, subject to an “open access” rule. Transmission networks can be built and owned by public, private, or mixed ownership operating enterprises. However, in practice Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE) is responsible for transmission and System Operations through its Dispatch Center, which determines the system’s hourly marginal cost of generation.In the case of isolated systems, the main generator is responsible of operating the transmission system and handling dispatch.
De jure situation
The 1994 Law mandated Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE) to divide its distributionElectricity distribution
File:Electricity grid simple- North America.svg|thumb|380px|right|Simplified diagram of AC electricity distribution from generation stations to consumers...
network by regions. The partition, which was to be approved by ENEE, would be followed by the sale of those networks to cooperatives, municipalities, worker’s associations, other similar types of groups, or to private companies, always subject to approval by the National Congress. The Law established that electricity distribution was to be carried out “in priority” by private companies under a concession regime. Distributors need to have a valid supply contract with generators for at least five years duration (however, the law does not mandate a minimum quantity).
De facto situation
The unbundling and privatizationPrivatization
Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency or public service from the public sector to the private sector or to private non-profit organizations...
of the distribution network in Honduras has failed: ENEE
ENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
continues its operations as a vertically integrated state-owned enterprise, being the de facto
De facto
De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
sole buyer, responsible for procuring all the new energy required to meet demand.
Renewable energy
In Honduras, there is great potential of untapped indigenous renewable energyRenewable energy
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from...
resources. Due to the likely long-term trend of high oil prices, such resources could be developed at competitive prices. However, except for the large hydro projects, the potential for the development of renewable energy is yet to be explored.
The renewable energy use and potential in Honduras - hydro, wind, solar, biomass and geothermal - is described in more detail in the article Renewable energy in Honduras
Renewable energy in Honduras
In Honduras, there is an important potential of untapped indigenous renewable energy resources. Due to the likely long-term trend of high oil prices, such resources could be developed at competitive prices....
.
Energy efficiency
Honduras has a very large potential for developing energy efficiencyEfficient energy use
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature...
programs. Large improvements could be made in the areas of air conditioning for both the residential and commercial sectors, where the implementation of measures in the area of demand management and the rational use of energy could prevent unplanned blackouts.
Some progress has been made recently under the Generación Autónoma y Uso Racional de Energía Eléctrica (GAUREE) project, financed by the European Union between 2000 and 2007. The GAUREE 2 project aims at increasing the use of energy-efficient Compact fluorescent lamp
Compact fluorescent lamp
A compact fluorescent lamp , also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps...
s (CFLs), lowering the consumption of energy by 50 million kW·h per year. The plan of action includes giving away, in a three-phased operation, a free 20 W CFL bulb to 800,000 households (the majority of Honduran households still use inefficient 60 W, 75 W, and 100 W bulbs).
The Inter-Institutional Group for the Efficient Use of Energy (GIURE) has set out a plan with the objective of reducing national electricity demand by 100 MW in 2008. This would entail an 8 percent reduction of the maximum demand forecast by ENEE
ENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
. Some of the main activities included in GIURE’s program are: promotion of gas stove use, use of clean development mechanisms (CDM), educational campaigns, efficiency in he industrial and commercial sectors, etc.
Phase I: Monopoly and hydro-based expansion
Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE) was created in 1957 by Decree 48, the Ley Constitutiva de la Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica—the Constitutive Law. Its mandate was to promote the country’s electrification through the study, construction and operation of electrification works, government representation in any company in which the Government was a shareholder, and to provide assistance to any private generator or distributor that would require it.In its initial two and a half decades, the expansion of ENEE
ENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
was boosted by the technical and financial support of the international financial organizations. Hydroelectric projects abounded and the transmission network expanded to incorporate all economically active areas of the country into the national grid, which was interconnected with Nicaragua (1976), Costa Rica (1982) and Panama (1986). The largest project, the hydroelectric plant of El Cajón (300 MW) on the Rio Comayagua in Central Honduras was commissioned in 1985. At that time Honduras had an installed capacity of 560 MW and a peak demand of only 220 MW.
The demand growth projections did not materialize, which left the country with a large excess capacity and ENEE
ENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
with a heavy debt burden. As a result, the existing thermal power plants were not well maintained. When demand eventually caught up and a severe drought occurred, many of the thermal plants were inoperational, leading to a severe energy crisis in 1993.
1994 Electricity Law
The 1994 new Electricity Law, passed under the administration of President Carlos Roberto ReinaCarlos Roberto Reina
Carlos Roberto Reina Idiáquez was a politician of the Liberal Party of Honduras, and President of Honduras from January 27, 1994 to January 27, 1998....
, was born as a response to the crisis. It contained the provisions for the establishment of a competitive power market (vertical unbundling, freedom of entry to all sector activities, open access to transmission and distribution networks, and freedom of choice for large users); the separation of the roles of policymaking, regulation, and provision of electricity services; application of cost-recovery tariffs and targeted subsidies; and private provision of electricity services.
The establishment of the new competitive market failed: the distribution networks were not unbundled and privatized, and ENEE
ENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
continued operating as a vertically integrated state-owned enterprise that maintained its central role in energy planning and policy making. In addition, the principles of cost covering tariffs and targeted subsidies were not properly implemented due both to inadequate political commitment and to an important dependency on imported oil for power generation, which led to high and volatile generation prices that were not passed on to retail tariffs.
In the 1990s, thermoelectric generation has come to lead a system that was dominated by hydropower: Hydropower
Hydropower
Hydropower, hydraulic power, hydrokinetic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of falling water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower has been used for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as...
plant capacity has gone from 90 percent to only 30 percent. The reasons for this shift are twofold. First, hydroelectric development became more expensive when funding through interest-free loans for its development from International financial institutions was cut. Second, the lower risks and shorter maturity of thermal generation projects, as perceived by private investors, directed generation expansion towards the use of heavy fuel oil and medium speed diesels.
The emergence of Independent Power Producers
Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that ENEEENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
has signed with Independent Power Producer
Independent Power Producer
An Independent Power Producer is an entity, which is not a public utility, but which owns facilities to generate electric power for sale to utilities and end users...
s running fossil fuel power plants now account for the majority of energy generation in Honduras. According to the Interamerican Development Bank, these PPAs were "expensive and with clauses that made them very inflexible".
As early as in 1993, during the government of Rafael Leonardo Callejas (1990–1994), ENEE signed its first Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with an Independent Power Producer (IPP) for the provision of thermal energy. The contract was signed with Electricidad de Cortés (Elcosa) for a period of 17 years. One year later, Carlos Roberto Reina
Carlos Roberto Reina
Carlos Roberto Reina Idiáquez was a politician of the Liberal Party of Honduras, and President of Honduras from January 27, 1994 to January 27, 1998....
(1994–1998) approved two giant 10-year contracts for Empresa de Mantenimiento, Construcción y Electricidad (EMCE), which itself belongs to the Honduran Terra group, and the Honduran energy company Luz y Fuerza de San Lorenzo (Lufussa). EMCE and Lufussa managed to sign new contracts with the government of Carlos Flores
Carlos Roberto Flores
Carlos Roberto Flores Facussé was President of Honduras from 27 January 1998 to 27 January 2002 and President of the National Congress from 25 January 1994 to 25 January 1998.- Biography :...
(1998–2002), which included tax exemptions for up to five years and the payment of fixed and variable charges, the former independently of whether energy was actually being produced, as it is typically the case in Power Purchase Agreements.
The government of Ricardo Maduro
Ricardo Maduro
Ricardo Rodolfo Maduro Joest is a former President of Honduras and Bank of Honduras chairman. Maduro graduated from The Lawrenceville School and later Stanford University...
(2002–2006) signed two more 12-year contracts with Enersa - partners of EMCE - and Lufussa. However, in November 2002, quickly signed another 12-year contract for US$477 million with the Honduran subsidiary of AES Corporation
AES Corporation
AES Corporation is a Fortune 500 company that generates and distributes electrical power. The company was founded on January 28, 1981, as Applied Energy Services by Roger Sant from the US Federal Energy Administration and Dennis Bakke from the Office of Management and Budget. AES Corporation is...
, under which AES Honduras was to supply some 200 megawatts of power. In September 2003 ENEE canceled that contract as well, because the provider allegedly failed to fulfill certain clauses and was behind schedule.
Phase III: Renewable energy promotion and a comeback of hydropower
Under the Presidency of Carlos FloresCarlos Roberto Flores
Carlos Roberto Flores Facussé was President of Honduras from 27 January 1998 to 27 January 2002 and President of the National Congress from 25 January 1994 to 25 January 1998.- Biography :...
, decrees No. 85-98 and 267-98 were approved in 1998 by the Honduras Congress with the aim of promoting the development of renewable energy-generating plants. The new legislation includes tax breaks to developers and a secure buyer arrangement for energy at prices equivalent to the system’s short-term marginal cost
Marginal cost
In economics and finance, marginal cost is the change in total cost that arises when the quantity produced changes by one unit. That is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good...
. ENEE
ENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
, which is the default buyer, must pay a premium (10 percent of the same short-run marginal cost) for the electricity generated when the installed capacity is below 50 MW. This framework has facilitated the negotiation of about 30 public-private partnerships with ENEE for small renewable energy plants. In addition, Decree No. 85-98 also establishes tax exemptions in favor of developers: import and sales taxes on equipment, and a five-year income tax holiday.
The government considers renewable resources as a vital element of its strategy to diversify energy supply, reduce vulnerability to external shocks, and mitigate the environmental impacts of energy production. The development of large hydropower projects and the provision of further incentives for grid-connected renewable projects are the present priorities of the government in the renewable energy sector. The penetration of renewable energy technologies into rural electrification programs is still limited and most of the rural electrification activities are grid extensions.
According to the World Bank, the potential for the development of off-grid and small renewable sources largely unexploited, due to a lack of incentives and clear and consistent policy framework.
Regional integration, the SIEPAC project
In 1995, after almost a decade of preliminary studies, the Central American governments, the government of SpainSpain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
and the Inter-American Development Bank
Inter-American Development Bank
The Inter-American Development Bank is the largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean...
agreed to the execution of the SIEPAC
SIEPAC
SIEPAC is a planned interconnection of the power grids of six Central American nations...
project. This project aims at the electric integration of the region. Feasibility studies showed that the creation of a regional transmission system would be very positive for the region and lead to a reduction in electricity costs and to improvements in the continuity and reliability of supply. In 1996, the six countries (Panama, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and El Salvador) signed the Framework Treaty for the Electricity Market in Central America.
The design of the Regional Electricity Market (MER) was done in 1997 and approved in 2000. MER is an additional market superimposed on the existing six national markets, with a regional regulation, in which the agents authorized by the Regional Operational Body (EOR) carry out international electricity transactions in the region. As for the infrastructure, EPR (Empresa Propietaria de la Red S.A.) is in charge of the design, engineering, and construction of about 1,800 km of 230kV transmission lines. The project is expected to be operational by the end of 2008.
(For a map of the regional transmission line, see SIEPAC)
Operation scissor
In February 2007, ENEEENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
initiated program to reduce arrears and commercial losses under the heading Operación Tijera (Operation “Scissor”). It entails coordinated action from all Ministries and government agencies aiming to cut service (a) to delinquent clients, and (b) to any users detected during the operation with irregular service connections or with meters that had been tampered with. According to press reports, the operation has led to an instantaneous increase in collections.
Declaration of Emergency
In June 2007, President Manuel ZelayaManuel Zelaya
José Manuel Zelaya Rosales is a politician who was President of Honduras from January 27, 2006 until June 28, 2009. The eldest son of a wealthy businessman, he inherited his father's nickname "Mel," and, before entering politics, was involved in his family's logging and timber businesses.Elected...
declared an "energy emergency" in order to buy additional electricity and to overcome the country's energy crisis. The Minister of Defense is charged with resolving the crisis, and was put, together with the Minister of Finance, at the Head of an "Intervention Board" of ENEE. The mandate of the "Intervention Board" has been extended until October 2008.
Tariff increase
In an attempt to address ENEE's delicate financial situation, the government intends to raise tariffs for certain consumers, those whose bills are the highest. This increase, which will bring tariffs closer to costs, would not affect residential users whose consumption is below 100kWh. A 16% tariff increase for fuel adjustement was alrady applied in January 2008. According to the new manager of ENEE, an additional 11% adjustement will be applied in May. The overall target, established in the "Financial Plan for the Strengthening of ENEE" is for tariffs to have increased by 27% at the end of 2008.Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies
According to the law, a tariff reflecting generation and transmission costs would be the regulated power price for distributors. The tariff, to be published in the official Gazette in order to become effective, had to be calculated yearly by the generators and approved by the regulator, who would also decide on any subsequent adjustments to it. However, ENEE has failed to apply this 1994 Law’s provision for the calculation and implementation of cost-covering tariffs and of focalized subsidies.Residential, commercial and industrial tariffs
Average tariffs for industrial and commercial consumers already cover economic costs and are one of the highest in the region. However, the average tariff for the residential category is 60 percent of the economic cost of supply, and only 54 percent after deducting the Government’s direct subsidy.Households consuming less than 100 kW·h per month pay a tariff which only covers 22 percent of cost, while those consuming between 0 and 300 kW·h—84 percent of all residential clients—only pay 39 percent of cost. Even clients consuming more than 500 kW·h per month pay only 82 percent of the cost of supply. Tariffs for municipalities are equivalent to about 77 percent of cost. The table below shows the average cost of supply and the current final price (after direct subsidy) for the different users:
| Average Cost of Supply (kW·h) | Current final price (after direct subsidy) ($/kW·h) | No. of Users | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residential Block (kW·h/month) | |||
| 0-50 | 0.224 | 0.039 | 174,338 |
| 51-100 | 0.158 | 0.04 | 132,804 |
| 101-150 | 0.147 | 0.047 | 128,361 |
| 151-300 | 0.141 | 0.066 | 242,723 |
| 301-500 | 0.137 | 0.089 | 83,368 |
| 501- | 0.134 | 0.109 | 43,747 |
| Industrial medium voltage | 0.107 | 0.105 | 134 |
| Commercial | 0.13 | 0.133 | 59,700 |
Source: World Bank, 2007
By way of comparison, the weighted average
Weighted mean
The weighted mean is similar to an arithmetic mean , where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others...
residential tariff in Latin America and the Caribbean at the end of 2005 was US$ 0.115 per kW·h, while the industrial weighted average
Weighted mean
The weighted mean is similar to an arithmetic mean , where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others...
was US$ 0.107 per kW·h. Clearly, residential tariffs in Honduras are below the regional average.
Cost recovery
The overall result of the distortions in the tariff structure is that just 81 percent of economic costs of supply are covered, leading to a financial situation that is not sustainable in the short term and that could lead the country to face a severe energy crisis by 2010.Direct subsidies and cross subsidies
A direct subsidySubsidy
A subsidy is an assistance paid to a business or economic sector. Most subsidies are made by the government to producers or distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry or an increase in the prices of its products or simply to encourage it to hire more labor A subsidy (also...
was established in 1994 to compensate for any tariff increase to eligible residential users (those that consume less than 300 kW·h per month). In the period (2001–2005), the Government paid about US$ 75.6 million in direct tariff subsidies to residential consumers.
The explicit cross-subsidy incorporated in the current tariff does not respect the caps set by the 1994 Electricity Law as it has benefited most residential consumers, making the compensatory surcharges to other consumer categories (i.e. commercial and industrial) also exceed the mandated limits. Also, the generalized subsidy and the direct subsidy paid by the Government are poorly targeted and regressive. Non-poor consumers (i.e. those consuming above 150 kW·h/month), have been the most benefited by the cross-subsidy as they currently pay between 50 and 80 percent of economic costs. This has resulted in one of the lowest residential tariffs in the region and also to a high consumption (about 200 kW·h per month in residential use). This figure doubles the average residential use in El Salvador and Guatemala, whose per capita income is more than double that of Honduras. Inefficient interfuel substitution is another result of low electricity prices, particularly for cooking and water heating, since electricity, although a more inefficient and economically expensive option, is cheaper for the consumer than, for instance, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Investment and financing
Investments in the sector are carried out by ENEEENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
, the Social Electriciation Fund FOSODE and the private sector. ENEE has no self-financing capacity and virtually no capacity to take on new debt or other financial obligations such as those arising from Power Purchase Agreements. The poor financial health of ENEE thus casts doubt on its ability to finance the planned major investments in new generation capacity.
Investment by sub-sector
In the period 1997-2006, ENEEENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
has invested about US$ 189 million in its activities, the areas that have receive the largest amount of funds being distribution and transmission.
Private developers
Between 1994 and 2006, private developers have invested some US$600 million in about 800 MW of medium speed diesel and gas turbineGas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between....
capacity. Private investors have also invested about US$70 million in 110 MW of small hydro- and bagasse
Bagasse
Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice. It is currently used as a biofuel and as a renewable resource in the manufacture of pulp and paper products and building materials....
-fired capacity. Reliance on the private sector has become the norm for generation capacity expansion.
Short-term credit
Distribution and transmission investment by ENEEENEE
The Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica , is Honduras's government owned and operated electrical power company, operating within the Electricity sector in Honduras.- By the Numbers :* ENEE employs more than 2,500 people....
has been partially financed with expensive revolving loans from local banks and credits from thermal generators on the payment of energy purchases that amounted to US$ 124 million in 2003–05. Debt service coverage and contribution to investments have been negative during the past five years.
Concessionary funding
As explained in more detail in the section on external assistance further below, concessionary funding by international donors is currently directed only at rural electrification, new renewable energyRenewable energy
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from...
technologies and energy efficiency.
The largest investments in rural electrification
Rural electrification
Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas. Electricity is used not only for lighting and household purposes, but it also allows for mechanization of many farming operations, such as threshing, milking, and hoisting grain for storage; in areas...
have been made by FOSODE, which has been successful in raising international aid funds (both concessionary loans and grants), which complement the budgetary resources that the Government provides every year as required by law. The Fund receives additional financing from fees that municipalities impose on electricity companies in their jurisdiction. Between 1995 and 2006, FOSODE invested US$91.4 million in rural electrification.
Tax exemptions
The electricity sector enjoys several tax exemptions: import tax exemptions for fuels used by ENEE and other power companies for electricity generation, import and sales taxSales tax
A sales tax is a tax, usually paid by the consumer at the point of purchase, itemized separately from the base price, for certain goods and services. The tax amount is usually calculated by applying a percentage rate to the taxable price of a sale....
es on equipment and materials for rural electrification projects, import taxes on equipment and materials for power plants using renewable energy sources, and sales tax on electricity sales. According to the World Bank, the total average annual tax exemptions are estimated at about US$ 108 million, mostly fuel taxes (US$ 64.8 million) and sales taxes on electricity consumption (US$ 37.8 million).
Summary of private participation in the electricity sector
Although the 1994 Electricity Law contained the provisions for the establishment of a competitive power market (vertical unbundling, freedom of entry to all sector activities, open access to transmission and distribution networks, and freedom of choice for large users); ENEE has continued operating as a vertically integrated state-owned enterprise with total control over transmission and distributionElectricity distribution
File:Electricity grid simple- North America.svg|thumb|380px|right|Simplified diagram of AC electricity distribution from generation stations to consumers...
.
As for generation, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) started to sign Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with ENEE as early as 1993. Today, IPPs account for over 60% of generation capacity, most of it thermal, in Honduras.
| OLADE (Organización Latinoamericana de Energía) estimates that CO2 emissions from electricity production in 2003 were 1.51 million tons of CO2, which represents 24 percent of total emissions from the energy sector Other data (2004) report emissions of 6.04 MtCO2 from consumption and flaring of fossil fuels, which corresponds to 0.86 tCO2 per capita (Central and South America average: 2.35 tons). Clean Development Mechanism projects in electricityAccording to its promoter, Finnder, the small hydropower project Rio Blanco (50 MW) was the first small Clean Development MechanismClean Development Mechanism The Clean Development Mechanism is one of the "flexibility" mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol . It is defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, and is intended to meet two objectives: to assist parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the... (CDM) registered in the World, with the first Certified Emission Reductions awarded in October 2005. Currently, there are eleven CDM-registered projects related to electricity generation in Honduras. Nine of those projects are hydro plants, which represent 80% (177,636 tCO2e) of the total estimated annual emissions reductions. The two remaining projects are one on cogeneration Cogeneration Cogeneration is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.... and another one on biogas Biogas Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung, and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas... recovery and electricity generation. External assistanceConcessionary loans and grants from international financial institutions and bilateral donors in the Honduran energy sector are focused on rural electrificationRural electrification Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas. Electricity is used not only for lighting and household purposes, but it also allows for mechanization of many farming operations, such as threshing, milking, and hoisting grain for storage; in areas... , energy efficiency Efficient energy use Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature... and new renewable energy. This type of financing is limited. None of the current donor-funded projects supports large hydropower development, expansion of fossil energy generation and major investments in transmission, which are necessary to ensure that supply keeps up with demand and to maintain service quality. World BankCurrently, the World BankWorld Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty... is contributing funds and assistance through three projects related to the energy sector in Honduras:
Inter-American Development BankCurrently, the Inter-American Development Bank is contributing funds and assistance to the following projects in the energy sector in Honduras:
The IDB has also financed an advanced pre-feasibility study Feasibility study Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In its simplest... for the Patuca 3 large hydroelectric project. European UnionBetween 2000 and 2007, the European Union (EU) has financed the Generación Autónoma y Uso Racional de Energía Eléctrica (GAUREE) project, which aims at increasing the use of energy-efficient CFLs. The total cost of the project is Euro 6.68 million (US$ 9.06 million), with a total contribution from the EU of Euro 5 million (US$ 6.785 million)OthersElectrification projects have also been carried out with resources from the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica), and with cooperation from countries like Finland, Japan, Korea, and Norway. In addition, there is an agreement in place with the Fondo Cafetero Nacional (FCN) for the electrification of coffee-producing regions.The President of the CBEI announced in July 2007 that the Bank would provide "strong" financing, consisting of a "first disbursement" of US$ 100 million. The funds would be invested in transmission lines, which - according to the CBEI President - would generate sufficient cash flow to repay the loan. See also
External links
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