Electricity sector in Sweden
Encyclopedia
Sweden
relies on hydro power and nuclear power
. In 2008 the consumption of electricity in Sweden was 16 018 kWh per inhabitant. The European union (15) average was 7 409 kWh/person.
The electricity supply and consumption were about equal in 2006–2009: 124–146 TWh. In 2009 the electricity supply included water power 66 TWh (53 %), nuclear power
50 TWh (40 %) and nettoimport 4 TWh (3 %). The Swedish use of electricity declined 14 % in 2009. As a comparison also in Finland the use of electricity declined 11 % in 2009 compared to 2007. Potential factors may include recession and the forest and automoble industry changes.
The industrial structural changes may have long term influence in the electricity sector in Sweden. For example Stora Enso
has moved some pulp and paper production from Scandinavia to Brazil and China. The net energy change of investments depends on energy choices in Brazil and China.
in Sweden include Forsmark nuclear power station and Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant and Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant
in total ten reactors. Swedish nuclear power is owned by the state company Vattenfall
, Finnish Fortum
and German Eon
. The competition authorities and OECD have criticized the joint ownership. Swedish people voted for phase-out of nuclear power plants on 23 March 1980. The outcome of the vote was that the nuclear reactors will be phased out at a feasible rate. In 1980 the Riksdag decided that nuclear energy would be phased out by 2010. Barsebäck 1
nuclear reactor was shut in 1999 and Barsebäck 2
in 2005.
Sweden imports uranium from Australia, Canada, Russia and Namibia. Vattenfall
imports from Namibia and Eon
from Canada and Russia.
The import of uranium by Vattenfall
has been criticized in the Swedish media and the Parliament e.g. in 23 March 2010. Vattenfall
imports uranium from Namibia, Rössing Uranium Mine owned by Rio Tinto
. Rössing Mine do not allow any visitors in the mine area and do not answer any questions concerning the employee health and safety and environmental protection. In 2008 SOMO
, the Netherlands, made a health study of the mine workers in Namibia. Vattenfall had not made any official controls for six years in 2010.
produced 1.6 % of electricity with wind power
. The European average was 4.1 %. [6] At end 2010 installed wind capacity meet 3.2 % of Swedish and 5.3% of the EU’s electricity needs. According to the Swedish National Action Plan (2010) for the European Union 2009 Renewable Energy Directive the Swedish government plan is 8% wind power of electricity (12.5 TWh) in 2020.
The Swedish Energy Agency recommended in 2007 a target of 30 TWh of wind power in 2020. The annual electricity use was in average 146 TWh in 2000–2009. According to the Swedish National Action Plan (2010) the electricity use will be 156 TWh in 2020 giving 7 % rise from the period 2000–2009 average (12.5TWh wind power is 8% of total = 12.5/0.08=156TWh)
and EU classify peat
as fossil fuel
. The IEA tables combine peat energy and coal energy. Peat is not classified as a renewable fuel in Directive 2001/77/EC on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity Market. The Swedish energy data reported e.g. in 2008 often combine peat with biofuels instead of hard coal. This is in contradiction with the international statistical standards.
Electricity production from peat in 2007amounted to about 0.7 TWh. Peat imports amounted to 379 000 tonnes in 2007 equivalent to 0.9–1.1 TWh. but was used also in the district heating plants 2.8 TWh annually in 2007–2009. From 1 January 2008 (valid in the year 2009) the tax of peat was 1.8 öre/kWh compared to the tax of hard coal 39.5 öre/kWh. Standard emissions are (g CO 2 / kWh): hard coal 341 and peat 381.
According to the Swedish statistics review the peat harvesting destructs the vegetation including all original plants and animal life. The peat ditching increases the suspended materials in the drainage water. In the peat combustion there is a risk of sulphur and nitrogen oxide emissions. Radioactive substances exist naturally in the peat and are released during combustion and are found in the heavy metals in the ashes.
, international transports and renewable fuels has increased from 1990 to 2009 39 % (91.4 TWh / 126.8 TWh) and from 2000 to 2009 21 % (104.4 TWh / 126.8 TWh).
– in 2009 import: Norway 8, Denmark 3, Finland 3
– in 2009 export: Norway 3, Denmark 4, Finland 2, Germany 1, Poland 1
– in 2008 import: Norway 9, Denmark 2 , Finland 4
– in 2008 export: Norway 2, Denmark 7, Finland 4, Germany 3, Poland 2
is the power market for Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Estonia. The electric producers in Sweden include: Vattenfall
, Fortum
, E.On
and Sydkraft
.
Vattenfall
is a 100 % state owned company. It produces electricity in several European countries. Vattenfall is 5th top electricity producer in Europe.
is the national electricity transmission grid operator.
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
relies on hydro power and nuclear power
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity...
. In 2008 the consumption of electricity in Sweden was 16 018 kWh per inhabitant. The European union (15) average was 7 409 kWh/person.
The electricity supply and consumption were about equal in 2006–2009: 124–146 TWh. In 2009 the electricity supply included water power 66 TWh (53 %), nuclear power
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity...
50 TWh (40 %) and nettoimport 4 TWh (3 %). The Swedish use of electricity declined 14 % in 2009. As a comparison also in Finland the use of electricity declined 11 % in 2009 compared to 2007. Potential factors may include recession and the forest and automoble industry changes.
The industrial structural changes may have long term influence in the electricity sector in Sweden. For example Stora Enso
Stora Enso
Stora Enso Oyj is a Finnish pulp and paper manufacturer, formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998. It is headquartered in Helsinki, and it has approximately 29,000 employees...
has moved some pulp and paper production from Scandinavia to Brazil and China. The net energy change of investments depends on energy choices in Brazil and China.
| Electricity in Sweden (TWh) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use | Produce | Import* | Hydro | Nuclear | Wind | Other* | |
| 1990 | 140 | 142 | -2 | 71 | 65 | 0 | 5 |
| 1991 | 141 | 142 | -1 | 62 | 73 | 0 | 7 |
| 2000 | 147 | 142 | 5 | 78 | 55 | 0 | 9 |
| 2001 | 150 | 158 | -7 | 78 | 69 | 0.5 | 10 |
| 2005 | 147 | 154 | -7 | 72 | 70 | 0.9 | 12 |
| 2006 | 145 | 139 | 6 | 61 | 65 | 1.0 | 12 |
| 2007 | 146 | 145 | 1 | 66 | 64 | 1.4 | 14 |
| 2008 | 144 | 146 | -2 | 68 | 61 | 2.0 | 14 |
| 2009 | 138 | 134 | 5 | 65 | 50 | 2.5 | 16 |
| * Other= Production-Hydro-Nuclear-Wind, Import =Import minus export | |||||||
Electricity pro person and by power source
| Electricity pro person in Sweden (kWh/ hab.) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use | Production | Import/Export | Imp./Exp. % | Fossil | Nuclear Nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity... |
Nuc. Nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity... % |
Other RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... * |
Bio Biomass Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel.... +waste |
Wind | Non RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... use* |
RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... %* |
|
| 2004 | 16,633 | 16,878 | -245 | -1.5 % | 580 | 8,620 | 51.8 % | 6,789 | 890 | 8,954 | 46.2 % | |
| 2005 | 16,726 | 17,546 | -819 | -4.9 % | 431 | 8,016 | 47.9 % | 8,174 | 926 | 7,626 | 54.4 % | |
| 2006 | 16,474 | 16,266 | 208 | 1.3 % | 572 | 7,314 | 44.4 % | 7,383 | 997 | 8,094 | 50.9 % | |
| 2008 | 16,018 | 16,225 | -206 | -1.3 % | 527 | 6,922 | 43.2 % | 7,687 | 1,088 | 7,243 | 54.8 % | |
| 2009 | 14,881 | 14,375 | 506 | 3,4 % | 431 | 5,382 | 36.2 % | 7,008* | 1,281 | 269* | 6,323 | 57.5 % |
| * Other RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... is waterpower, solar and geothermal electricity Geothermal electricity Geothermal electricity is electricity generated from geothermal energy.Technologies in use include dry steam power plants, flash steam power plants and binary cycle power plants... and windpower until 2008 * Non RE use = use – production of renewable electricity RE % = (production of RE / use) * 100 % Note: EU Renewable energy in the European Union The countries of the European Union are currently the number two global leaders in the development and application of renewable energy. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's dependence on foreign energy imports, and in meeting targets to combat... calculates the share of renewable energies in gross electrical consumption |
||||||||||||
Nuclear power
Nuclear powerNuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity...
in Sweden include Forsmark nuclear power station and Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant and Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant
Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant
The Nuclear power station Oskarshamn is one of three active nuclear power stations in Sweden. The plant is about 30 kilometers north of Oskarshamn directly at the Kalmarsund at the Baltic Sea coast and with three reactors producing about 10% of the electricity needs of Sweden...
in total ten reactors. Swedish nuclear power is owned by the state company Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
, Finnish Fortum
Fortum
Fortum Oyj is a Finnish publicly listed energy company, which focuses on the Nordic and Baltic countries, Poland and the north-west of Russia. After acquisition of Russian energy company TGC-10 in year 2008, Western Siberia has become an important operating area for Fortum. The head of the company...
and German Eon
Eon
-Science:* Aeon, a very long time* Eon , a collective problem solving project* Eon Mountain, in Canada* A measure of time in the geologic time scale- Fiction :* Eon , by Greg Bear...
. The competition authorities and OECD have criticized the joint ownership. Swedish people voted for phase-out of nuclear power plants on 23 March 1980. The outcome of the vote was that the nuclear reactors will be phased out at a feasible rate. In 1980 the Riksdag decided that nuclear energy would be phased out by 2010. Barsebäck 1
Barsebäck nuclear power plant
Barsebäck is a closed boiling water nuclear power plant in Sweden, which is situated in Barsebäck, Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne. Located just 20 kilometers from the Danish capital, Copenhagen, the Danish government pressed for its closure during its entire lifetime. As a result of the Swedish...
nuclear reactor was shut in 1999 and Barsebäck 2
Barsebäck nuclear power plant
Barsebäck is a closed boiling water nuclear power plant in Sweden, which is situated in Barsebäck, Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne. Located just 20 kilometers from the Danish capital, Copenhagen, the Danish government pressed for its closure during its entire lifetime. As a result of the Swedish...
in 2005.
Sweden imports uranium from Australia, Canada, Russia and Namibia. Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
imports from Namibia and Eon
Eon
-Science:* Aeon, a very long time* Eon , a collective problem solving project* Eon Mountain, in Canada* A measure of time in the geologic time scale- Fiction :* Eon , by Greg Bear...
from Canada and Russia.
The import of uranium by Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
has been criticized in the Swedish media and the Parliament e.g. in 23 March 2010. Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
imports uranium from Namibia, Rössing Uranium Mine owned by Rio Tinto
Rio Tinto Group
The Rio Tinto Group is a diversified, British-Australian, multinational mining and resources group with headquarters in London and Melbourne. The company was founded in 1873, when a multinational consortium of investors purchased a mine complex on the Rio Tinto river, in Huelva, Spain from the...
. Rössing Mine do not allow any visitors in the mine area and do not answer any questions concerning the employee health and safety and environmental protection. In 2008 SOMO
SOMO
State Oil Marketing Organization is an Iraqi National Company responsible for marketing Iraq's oil. It is headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq....
, the Netherlands, made a health study of the mine workers in Namibia. Vattenfall had not made any official controls for six years in 2010.
Wind power
In 2008 Wind power was produced 2 TWh. As of 2008, SwedenSweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
produced 1.6 % of electricity with wind power
Wind power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships....
. The European average was 4.1 %. [6] At end 2010 installed wind capacity meet 3.2 % of Swedish and 5.3% of the EU’s electricity needs. According to the Swedish National Action Plan (2010) for the European Union 2009 Renewable Energy Directive the Swedish government plan is 8% wind power of electricity (12.5 TWh) in 2020.
The Swedish Energy Agency recommended in 2007 a target of 30 TWh of wind power in 2020. The annual electricity use was in average 146 TWh in 2000–2009. According to the Swedish National Action Plan (2010) the electricity use will be 156 TWh in 2020 giving 7 % rise from the period 2000–2009 average (12.5TWh wind power is 8% of total = 12.5/0.08=156TWh)
Biofuels
In 2008 the supply of biofuel in electricity production was 12.3 TWh in 2008 and 13.3 TWh in 2009. The volume of biofuels has increased since 1998 (4 TWh in 1998).Fossil fuels
In 2008 the fossil fuel supplies for electricity production were: oil 1 TWh, natural gas 1 TWh and coal 3 TWh.Peat
The IEAInternational Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis...
and EU classify peat
Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
as fossil fuel
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years...
. The IEA tables combine peat energy and coal energy. Peat is not classified as a renewable fuel in Directive 2001/77/EC on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity Market. The Swedish energy data reported e.g. in 2008 often combine peat with biofuels instead of hard coal. This is in contradiction with the international statistical standards.
Electricity production from peat in 2007amounted to about 0.7 TWh. Peat imports amounted to 379 000 tonnes in 2007 equivalent to 0.9–1.1 TWh. but was used also in the district heating plants 2.8 TWh annually in 2007–2009. From 1 January 2008 (valid in the year 2009) the tax of peat was 1.8 öre/kWh compared to the tax of hard coal 39.5 öre/kWh. Standard emissions are (g CO 2 / kWh): hard coal 341 and peat 381.
According to the Swedish statistics review the peat harvesting destructs the vegetation including all original plants and animal life. The peat ditching increases the suspended materials in the drainage water. In the peat combustion there is a risk of sulphur and nitrogen oxide emissions. Radioactive substances exist naturally in the peat and are released during combustion and are found in the heavy metals in the ashes.
By sector
In 2009 electricity use was by sector:- residential, services etc 72.9 TWh
- industry 48.8 TWh
- district heating, refineries 3.6 TWh.
- transport 2.9 TWh.
Trasport sector
The transport sector used in 2009 petrol 41.7 TWh, diesel 40.6 TWh, renewable fuels 4.6 TWh and electricity 2.9 TWh. The use of electricity in the Swedish transport sector is practically unchanged since 1980 (2.3 TWh). The total final energy use in the transport sector including aviationAviation
Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. Aviation is derived from avis, the Latin word for bird.-History:...
, international transports and renewable fuels has increased from 1990 to 2009 39 % (91.4 TWh / 126.8 TWh) and from 2000 to 2009 21 % (104.4 TWh / 126.8 TWh).
Import and export
The annual electricity import and export was 10–20 TWh in 2006–2009. Sweden imported 8–10 TWh hydro power from Norway in 2006–2009 and exported some electricity back. Electricity export and import was (TWh)– in 2009 import: Norway 8, Denmark 3, Finland 3
– in 2009 export: Norway 3, Denmark 4, Finland 2, Germany 1, Poland 1
– in 2008 import: Norway 9, Denmark 2 , Finland 4
– in 2008 export: Norway 2, Denmark 7, Finland 4, Germany 3, Poland 2
Companies
Nord Pool SpotNord Pool Spot
Nord Pool Spot runs the largest market for electrical energy in the world, measured in volume traded and in market share. It operates in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia. More than 70% of the total consumption of electrical energy in the Nordic market is traded through Nord Pool...
is the power market for Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Estonia. The electric producers in Sweden include: Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
, Fortum
Fortum
Fortum Oyj is a Finnish publicly listed energy company, which focuses on the Nordic and Baltic countries, Poland and the north-west of Russia. After acquisition of Russian energy company TGC-10 in year 2008, Western Siberia has become an important operating area for Fortum. The head of the company...
, E.On
E.ON
E.ON AG, marketed with an interpunct as E•ON, is the holding company of the world's largest investor-owned energy service provider based in Düsseldorf, Germany. The name comes from the Greek word aeon which means eternity....
and Sydkraft
Sydkraft
E.ON Sverige AB, formerly known as Sydkraft, is Sweden's second largest utility company with an annual turnover of 42.9 billion Swedish Krona . The net profit for the 2008 fiscal year amounted to SEK 14.88 billion...
.
Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
is a 100 % state owned company. It produces electricity in several European countries. Vattenfall is 5th top electricity producer in Europe.
Transmission
Svenska KraftnätSvenska Kraftnät
Svenska Kraftnät is an electricity and natural gas transmission system operator in Sweden. It is a state-owned public utility, which was created in 1992 by splitting the former government agency Vattenfall into a power generation company and a transmission company...
is the national electricity transmission grid operator.