Encelia
Encyclopedia
Encelia is a genus
of the plant family
Asteraceae
. It consists of shrub
s (and one geophyte) of arid environments in southwestern North America
and western South America
. All have n = 18 chromosomes. With the exception of the South American species, all are obligate outcrossers
. In cultivation, the species readily form fertile F1 hybrid
s, F2s, and backcrosses
, but in natural areas of sympatry
, F2s and backcrosses are absent or rare.
Encelia species are used as food plants by the larva
e of some Lepidoptera
species including the leaf-miner Bucculatrix enceliae
which feeds exclusively on Encelia farinosa.
The phylogenetic sister group of Encelia is a clade comprising the genera Enceliopsis
and Geraea
. The three genera are informally called the "Encelia alliance".
Species
Hybrids
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of the plant family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
The Asteraceae or Compositae , is an exceedingly large and widespread family of vascular plants. The group has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies...
. It consists of shrub
Shrub
A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 5–6 m tall. A large number of plants may become either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience...
s (and one geophyte) of arid environments in southwestern North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
and western South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
. All have n = 18 chromosomes. With the exception of the South American species, all are obligate outcrossers
Outcrossing
Outcrossing is the practice of introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line. It increases genetic diversity, thus reducing the probability of all individuals being subject to disease or reducing genetic abnormalities...
. In cultivation, the species readily form fertile F1 hybrid
F1 hybrid
F1 hybrid is a term used in genetics and selective breeding. F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial generation seeds/plants or animal offspring resulting from a cross mating of distinctly different parental types....
s, F2s, and backcrosses
Backcrossing
Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent...
, but in natural areas of sympatry
Sympatry
In biology, two species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus regularly encounter one another. An initially-interbreeding population that splits into two or more distinct species sharing a common range exemplifies sympatric speciation...
, F2s and backcrosses are absent or rare.
Encelia species are used as food plants by the larva
Larva
A larva is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle...
e of some Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...
species including the leaf-miner Bucculatrix enceliae
Bucculatricidae
Bucculatricidae or is a family of moths. This small family has representatives in all parts of the world. Some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family Lyonetiidae....
which feeds exclusively on Encelia farinosa.
The phylogenetic sister group of Encelia is a clade comprising the genera Enceliopsis
Enceliopsis
Enceliopsis is a small genus of flowering plants in the daisy family. They are sometimes called sunrays. They are similar to the daisylike plants in the related genus Encelia...
and Geraea
Geraea
Geraea is a genus of the Asteraceae from southwestern North America, comprising two species, the annual Geraea canescens and the geophyte Geraea viscida.-External links:**...
. The three genera are informally called the "Encelia alliance".
Species
- Encelia actoniEncelia actoniEncelia actoni is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name Acton brittlebush, or Acton encelia. It was named for Acton, California, and is sometimes misspelled E. actonii. It is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California, where it grows in several...
ElmerAdolph Daniel Edward ElmerAdolph Daniel Edward Elmer was an American botanist and plant collector.Elmer was born in 1870 in Van Dyne, Wisconsin, United States. He was educated at the Washington Agricultural College, and earned a M.Sc. from Stanford University in 1903. He made extensive plant collections in the Philippines... - Encelia asperifolia (S.F.Blake) C. ClarkCurtis Clark- Life and career :Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1950, but moved to Los Angeles where he spent his student years and started composing and playing the piano. After Clark graduated in music theory and composition from the California Institute of Arts in Valencia, he set out for New York City...
& Kyhos - Encelia californicaEncelia californicaEncelia californica is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name California brittlebush. It is also commonly referred to as "California bush sunflower"....
Nutt.Thomas NuttallThomas Nuttall was an English botanist and zoologist, who lived and worked in America from 1808 until 1841.... - Encelia canescens Lam.Jean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist...
- Encelia conspersa Benth.George BenthamGeorge Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
- Encelia densifolia C. ClarkCurtis Clark- Life and career :Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1950, but moved to Los Angeles where he spent his student years and started composing and playing the piano. After Clark graduated in music theory and composition from the California Institute of Arts in Valencia, he set out for New York City...
& Kyhos - Encelia farinosaEncelia farinosaEncelia farinosa, or Brittlebush, is a common desert shrub of northwestern Mexico through California and the southwestern United States. Its common name comes from the brittleness of its stems....
Torr. & A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
var. farinosa - Brittlebush- Encelia farinosaEncelia farinosaEncelia farinosa, or Brittlebush, is a common desert shrub of northwestern Mexico through California and the southwestern United States. Its common name comes from the brittleness of its stems....
Torr. & A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
var. phenicodonta (S.F.Blake) I.M.JohnstonIvan Murray JohnstonI. M. Johnston , was a United States botanist. He studied at Pomona College in Claremont, California and at Harvard University... - Encelia farinosaEncelia farinosaEncelia farinosa, or Brittlebush, is a common desert shrub of northwestern Mexico through California and the southwestern United States. Its common name comes from the brittleness of its stems....
Torr. & A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
var. radians T.S.Brandegee
- Encelia farinosa
- Encelia frutescensEncelia frutescensEncelia frutescens is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names button brittlebush and bush encelia.-Distribution:...
A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
ssp. frutescens- Encelia frutescensEncelia frutescensEncelia frutescens is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names button brittlebush and bush encelia.-Distribution:...
A.GrayAsa Gray-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....
ssp. glandulosa C. ClarkCurtis Clark- Life and career :Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1950, but moved to Los Angeles where he spent his student years and started composing and playing the piano. After Clark graduated in music theory and composition from the California Institute of Arts in Valencia, he set out for New York City...
- Encelia frutescens
- Encelia halimifolia Cav.Antonio José CavanillesAntonio José Cavanilles was a leading Spanish taxonomic botanist of the 18th century. He named many plants, particularly from Oceania, his name is abbreviated as Cav...
- Encelia nutans EastwoodAlice EastwoodAlice Eastwood was a Canadian American botanist. Born in Toronto, she moved to the United States at 14, and from age twenty to thirty, was a teacher in Denver, Colorado and taught herself botany. In 1890 she assumed a post in the herbarium at the California Academy of Sciences...
- Encelia palmeri VaseyGeorge Vasey (botanist)George S. Vasey was an English-born American botanist who collected a lot in Illinois before integrating the United States Department of Agriculture , where he became Chief Botanist and curator of the greatly expanded National Herbarium.-Biography:George Vasey was born in 1822 in Snainton near...
& RoseJoseph Nelson RoseJoseph Nelson Rose was an American botanist. He was born in Union County, Indiana. His father died serving during the Civil War when Joseph Rose was a young boy. He later graduated from high school in Liberty, Indiana.... - Encelia ravenii Wiggins
- Encelia resiniferaEncelia resiniferaEncelia resinifera is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the United States.-Description:...
C. ClarkCurtis Clark- Life and career :Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1950, but moved to Los Angeles where he spent his student years and started composing and playing the piano. After Clark graduated in music theory and composition from the California Institute of Arts in Valencia, he set out for New York City...
ssp. resinifera- Encelia resiniferaEncelia resiniferaEncelia resinifera is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the United States.-Description:...
C. ClarkCurtis Clark- Life and career :Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1950, but moved to Los Angeles where he spent his student years and started composing and playing the piano. After Clark graduated in music theory and composition from the California Institute of Arts in Valencia, he set out for New York City...
ssp. tenuifolia C. ClarkCurtis Clark- Life and career :Clark was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1950, but moved to Los Angeles where he spent his student years and started composing and playing the piano. After Clark graduated in music theory and composition from the California Institute of Arts in Valencia, he set out for New York City...
- Encelia resinifera
- Encelia ventorum T.S. Brandegee
- Encelia virginensisEncelia virginensisEncelia virginensis is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name Virgin River brittlebush. This shrub is native to the southwestern United States, particularly the Mojave Desert. This is a bushy, sprawling shrub reaching heights between one half and 1.5 meters...
A. Nels.
Hybrids
- Encelia × laciniata VaseyGeorge Vasey (botanist)George S. Vasey was an English-born American botanist who collected a lot in Illinois before integrating the United States Department of Agriculture , where he became Chief Botanist and curator of the greatly expanded National Herbarium.-Biography:George Vasey was born in 1822 in Snainton near...
& RoseJoseph Nelson RoseJoseph Nelson Rose was an American botanist. He was born in Union County, Indiana. His father died serving during the Civil War when Joseph Rose was a young boy. He later graduated from high school in Liberty, Indiana....