Epedigree
Encyclopedia
An epedigree is an electronic document
which provides data on a the history of a particular batch of a drug. It satisfies the requirement for a 'drug pedigree' while using a convenient electronic form.
An epedigree is simply an electronic document which satisfies a pedigree requirement. The primary purpose of an epedigree is to protect consumers from contaminated medicine or counterfeit drugs.
ratified the Pedigree Standard as an international standard that specifies an XML
description of the life history of a product across an arbitrarily complex supply chain.
As of 2008, most states have enacted some sort of pedigree requirement and many have also required epedigree. However, the existing epedigree requirements amount to little more than requiring that pharmaceutical supply chain companies be able to provide reports in formats such as pdf, text files or spreadsheets.
The basic data elements of an original epedigree are:
- Lot
- Potency
- Expiration
- National Drug Code
and Electronic Product Code
- Manufacturer
- Distributor, Wholesaler or Pharmacy
- Unique identifier of the salable unit
As the product moves down the supply chain, each company is required to carry forward all previous epedigree information. In this way, the final point of sale has the complete lineage of every unit.
1) Minimize cost of chargebacks through 100% accurate adjudication. Chargebacks account for 2-15% of gross revenue for a pharmaceutical manufacturer.
2) Minimize risk by increasing accuracy in Medicare/Medicaid pricing calculations by fully knowing all fees, rebates, and chargebacks that should be applied to a specific unit sale. Over $4B in fines have been handed down for improperly calculating Medicare/Medicaid pricing.
3) Limit liability of having to recall entire lots of product because a (non-serialized) shipment was stolen - see example: http://www.fdanews.com/newsletter/article?issueId=11679&articleId=107687
4) Achieve visibility for manufacturers in the labyrinth that is the wholesale distribution network to more accurately forecast demand and measure sales & marketing programs.
Although simple epedigree systems are an important first step, significant improvement in public safety would result from a more standardized and automated approach. The larger and more difficult task of providing for an Automated Epedigree System has been suggested, but not required by any state. Such a system would require fairly significant changes to supply chain
companies' data interchanges and would certainly require advanced Track and Trace technology (with bar codes or RFID). The requirements that come closest to an Automated Epedigree System have been proposed by California. In March 2008, the California Board of Pharmacy (CBOP) published its "E-Pedigree Requirements" which are scheduled to go into effect in a phased approach between 2015-2017. If the FDA establishes electronic pedigree regulations they would supersede California's. CBOP has proposed an XML
standard document and the law requires an "interoperable electronic system".
Electronic document
An electronic document is any electronic media content that are intended to be used in either an electronic form or as printed output....
which provides data on a the history of a particular batch of a drug. It satisfies the requirement for a 'drug pedigree' while using a convenient electronic form.
Pedigree
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 2006 Compliance Policy Guide for the Prescription Drug Marketing Act states that:
"A drug pedigree is a statement of origin that identifies each prior sale, purchase, or trade of a drug, including the date of those transactions and the names and addresses of all parties to them."
An epedigree is simply an electronic document which satisfies a pedigree requirement. The primary purpose of an epedigree is to protect consumers from contaminated medicine or counterfeit drugs.
Standard
On January 5, 2007 EPCglobalEPCglobal
EPCglobal is a joint venture between GS1 and GS1 US .It is an organization set up to achieve worldwide adoption and standardization of Electronic Product Code technology....
ratified the Pedigree Standard as an international standard that specifies an XML
XML
Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards....
description of the life history of a product across an arbitrarily complex supply chain.
As of 2008, most states have enacted some sort of pedigree requirement and many have also required epedigree. However, the existing epedigree requirements amount to little more than requiring that pharmaceutical supply chain companies be able to provide reports in formats such as pdf, text files or spreadsheets.
The basic data elements of an original epedigree are:
- Lot
- Potency
- Expiration
- National Drug Code
National Drug Code
The National Drug Code is a unique product identifier used in the United States for drugs intended for human use. The Drug Listing Act of 1972 requires registered drug establishments to provide the Food and Drug Administration with a current list of all drugs manufactured, prepared, propagated,...
and Electronic Product Code
Electronic Product Code
The Electronic Product Code is designed as a universal identifier that provides a unique identity for every physical object anywhere in the world, for all time. Its structure is defined in the EPCglobal Tag Data Standard , which is an open standard freely available for download from the website...
- Manufacturer
- Distributor, Wholesaler or Pharmacy
- Unique identifier of the salable unit
As the product moves down the supply chain, each company is required to carry forward all previous epedigree information. In this way, the final point of sale has the complete lineage of every unit.
Laws
ePedigree laws are in a rapid state of flux with states changing the "drop dead" date for compliance with tracking and authentication years beyond the original dates set by FL and CA. The definitive requirements will include serialization. Companies that focus purely on achieving compliance will miss the opportunity to use regulation as a business driver. The ability to track and serialize unit level saleable packages (e.g. bottle of 25 pills) not just cases or pallets can create business value in knowing exactly where their products are purchased can do the following:1) Minimize cost of chargebacks through 100% accurate adjudication. Chargebacks account for 2-15% of gross revenue for a pharmaceutical manufacturer.
2) Minimize risk by increasing accuracy in Medicare/Medicaid pricing calculations by fully knowing all fees, rebates, and chargebacks that should be applied to a specific unit sale. Over $4B in fines have been handed down for improperly calculating Medicare/Medicaid pricing.
3) Limit liability of having to recall entire lots of product because a (non-serialized) shipment was stolen - see example: http://www.fdanews.com/newsletter/article?issueId=11679&articleId=107687
4) Achieve visibility for manufacturers in the labyrinth that is the wholesale distribution network to more accurately forecast demand and measure sales & marketing programs.
Although simple epedigree systems are an important first step, significant improvement in public safety would result from a more standardized and automated approach. The larger and more difficult task of providing for an Automated Epedigree System has been suggested, but not required by any state. Such a system would require fairly significant changes to supply chain
Supply chain
A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to...
companies' data interchanges and would certainly require advanced Track and Trace technology (with bar codes or RFID). The requirements that come closest to an Automated Epedigree System have been proposed by California. In March 2008, the California Board of Pharmacy (CBOP) published its "E-Pedigree Requirements" which are scheduled to go into effect in a phased approach between 2015-2017. If the FDA establishes electronic pedigree regulations they would supersede California's. CBOP has proposed an XML
XML
Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards....
standard document and the law requires an "interoperable electronic system".
External links
- ePedigree info from the California Board of Pharmacy
- Florida ePedigree Law
- FDA Counterfeit Drug page
- EPCglobal's Pedigree Standard an XML description of the life history of a product
- IBM's ePedigree solution
- Oracle Pedigree and Serialization Manager