The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award was established in 1959 in honor of a scientist

Scientist

A scientist in a broad sense is one engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge. In a more restricted sense, a scientist is an individual who uses the scientific method. The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word...

 who helped elevate American

United States

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 physics

Physics

Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...

 to the status of world leader in the field.

E. O. Lawrence was the inventor of the cyclotron

Cyclotron

In technology, a cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator. In physics, the cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency is the frequency of a charged particle moving perpendicularly to the direction of a uniform magnetic field, i.e. a magnetic field of constant magnitude and direction...

, an accelerator

Particle accelerator

A particle accelerator is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams. An ordinary CRT television set is a simple form of accelerator. There are two basic types: electrostatic and oscillating field accelerators.In...

 of subatomic particles, and a 1939 Nobel

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...

 Laureate in physics for that achievement. The Radiation Laboratory he developed at Berkeley

University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...

 during the 1930s ushered in the era of “big science

Big Science

Big Science is a term used by scientists and historians of science to describe a series of changes in science which occurred in industrial nations during and after World War II, as scientific progress increasingly came to rely on large-scale projects usually funded by national governments or groups...

,” in which experiments were no longer done by an individual researcher and a few assistants on the table-top of an academic lab but by large, multidisciplinary teams of scientists and engineers in entire buildings full of sophisticated equipment and huge scientific machines. During World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

, Lawrence and his accelerators contributed to the Manhattan Project

Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project was a research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army...

, and he later played a leading role in establishing the U.S. system of national laboratories, two of which (Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore

Lawrence Livermore

Lawrence Livermore may refer to:*Larry Livermore, musician, record producer and music journalist.*Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory...

) now bear his name.

Shortly after Lawrence's death in August 1958, John A. McCone, Chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission

United States Atomic Energy Commission

The United States Atomic Energy Commission was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by Congress to foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. President Harry S...

, wrote to President

President of the United States

The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....

 Eisenhower suggesting the establishment of a memorial award in Lawrence's name. President Eisenhower agreed, saying, "Such an award would seem to me to be most fitting, both as a recognition of what he has given to our country and to mankind, and as a means of helping to carry forward his work through inspiring others to dedicate their lives and talents to scientific effort." The first Lawrence Awards were given in 1960.

The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award is bestowed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy to mid-career scientists and engineers in recognition of exceptional scientific, technical, and/or engineering achievements related to the broad missions of the U.S. Department of Energy and its programs. The Lawrence Award is administered by the Department of Energy's Office of Science.

Each Lawrence Award recipient receives a citation signed by the Secretary of Energy

United States Secretary of Energy

The United States Secretary of Energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the President's Cabinet, and fifteenth in the presidential line of succession. The position was formed on October 1, 1977 with the creation of the Department of Energy when President Jimmy...

, a gold

Gold

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...

 medal bearing the likeness of Ernest Orlando Lawrence, and a $20,000 honorarium

Honorarium

An honorarium is an ex gratia payment made to a person for their services in a volunteer capacity or for services for which fees are not traditionally required. This is used by groups such as schools or sporting clubs to pay coaches for their costs...

.

Nomination and Selection Procedures

The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Awards honor scientists and engineers, at mid-career, showing promise for the future, for exceptional contributions in research and development supporting the U.S. Department of Energy and its mission to advance the national, economic and energy security of the United States.

Beginning in 2011, the awards are given annually. One Lawrence Award is given in each of the following eight fields:

• Atomic, Molecular, and Chemical Sciences
• Biological and Environmental Sciences
• Computer, Information, and Knowledge Sciences
• Condensed Matter and Materials Sciences
• Energy Science and Innovation
• Fusion and Plasma Sciences
• High Energy and Nuclear Physics
• National Security and Nonproliferation

The objectives of the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Awards are:

• to encourage excellence in energy science and technology;
• to inspire people to dedicate their lives and talents to scientific and technological effort, through the examples of Ernest O. Lawrence and the Lawrence Award laureates; and
• to highlight for the general public the accomplishments of the U.S. scientific and technological communities associated with the U.S. Department of Energy.

Criteria

Eligibility for the Lawrence Award requires that all recipients:

• be in the middle of their careers, defined as within 20 years of earning their highest degree*;
• be citizens of the United States;
• be recognized for achievement in research principally funded by the U.S. Department of Energy; and
• be assessed primarily on the scientific impact and technical significance of their work relative to its discipline and/or related mission. (Business management and stewardship acumen, while valued, is not a significant qualification factor used when evaluating a nominee’s worthiness.)

Nomination Materials

Nomination is made by a letter of justification, curriculum vitae, a statement explaining the nominee’s connection to DOE support, a no more than 35 word citation, a bibliography of significant publications, and identifying the award category of the nominee (Atomic, Molecular, and Chemical Sciences; Biological and Environmental Sciences; Computer, Information, and Knowledge Sciences; Condensed Matter and Materials Sciences; Energy Science and Innovation; Fusion and Plasma Sciences; High Energy and Nuclear Physics; or National Security and Nonproliferation). An individual’s nomination is limited to a single category.

Selection

The nomination materials for all eligible nominees are objectively studied by independent peer review panels, one for each of eight award categories, and if worthy candidate(s) are identified in the peer review, selection recommendations based upon these findings are made by Federal Program Officials. A concurrence request for any awardees is made to the Secretary of Energy, who holds final discretion over any selection(s). The reviewers are not empanelled as a Federal Advisory Committee. The identity of all nominators, all nominees, and all peer review panelists remain anonymous. DOE employees must comply with regulations governing conduct of employees codified in 10 CFR Part 1010 and Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch at 5 CFR Part 2635.

Award Laureates

1960

• Harvey Brooks
• John S. Foster, Jr.
• Isadore Perlman
• Norman F. Ramsey, Jr.
• Alvin M. Weinberg
  Alvin M. Weinberg
  Alvin Martin Weinberg was an American nuclear physicist who was the administrator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory during and after the Manhattan Project period. He came to Oak Ridge, Tennessee in 1945 and remained there until his death in 2006.-Early years in Chicago: Alvin Weinberg was born...
  
  

1961

• Leo Brewer
  Leo Brewer
  Leo Brewer 1919-2005 was an American physical chemist, considered by many to be the founder of modern high-temperature chemistry. He was born 13 June 1919 in St. Louis, Missouri and died 22 February 2005 in Lafayette, California, of the sequelae of Beryllium poisoning from his work in World War II...
  
  
• Henry Hurwitz Jr.
• Conrad L. Longmire
  Conrad Longmire
  Conrad Lee Longmire was an American theoretical physicist who was best known as the discoverer of the mechanism behind high-altitude electromagnetic pulse....
  
  
• Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky
  Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky
  Wolfgang Kurt Hermann "Pief" Panofsky , was a German-American physicist.-Early life:Panofsky was born the son of renowned art historian Erwin Panofsky in Berlin, Germany. He received his bachelor's degree from Princeton University in 1938 and obtained his PhD from Caltech in 1942. Around this time...
  
  
• Kenneth E. Wilzbach

1962

• Andrew A. Benson
• Richard P. Feynman
• Herbert Goldstein
  Herbert Goldstein
  Herbert Goldstein was an American physicist and the author of the standard graduate textbook Classical Mechanics. He received a B.S. from City College of New York in 1940 and a Ph.D...
  
  
• Anthony L. Turkevich
  Anthony L. Turkevich
  Anthony Leonid Turkevich was an American radiochemist who was the first to determine the composition of the Moon's surface using an alpha scattering spectrometer on the Surveyor 5 mission in 1967. He had also worked on nuclear weapons during and after World War II, as well as peaceful uses of...
  
  
• Herbert F. York

1963

• Herbert J.C. Kouts
• L. James Rainwater
• Louis Rosen
  Louis Rosen
  Louis Rosen was a nuclear physicist, the "father" of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center.Dr. Rosen held a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree from the University of Alabama and a Doctorate in Physics from Pennsylvania State University...
  
  
• James M. Taub
• Cornelius A. Tobias

1964

• Jacob Bigeleisen
  Jacob Bigeleisen
  Jacob Bigeleisen was an American chemist who worked on the Manhattan Project on techniques to extract uranium-235 from uranium ore, an isotope that can sustain nuclear fission and would be used in developing an atomic bomb but that is less than 1% of naturally occurring uranium...
  
  
• Albert L. Latter
• Harvey M. Pratt
• Marshall N. Rosenbuth
• Theos J. Thompson

1965

• George A. Cowan
• Floyd M. Culler
• Milton C. Edlund
• Theodore B. Taylor
• Arthur C. Upton

1966

• Harold M. Agnew
• Ernest C. Anderson
• Murray Gell-Mann
  Murray Gell-Mann
  Murray Gell-Mann is an American physicist and linguist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles...
  
  
• John R. Huizenga
• Paul R. Vanstrum

1967

• Mortimer M. Elkind
• John M. Googin
• Allen F. Henry
• John O. Rasmussen
• Robert N. Thorn

1968

• James R. Arnold
• E. Richard Cohen
• Val L. Fitch
• Richard Latter
• John B. Storer

1969

• Geoffrey F. Chew
  Geoffrey Chew
  Geoffrey F. Chew is an American theoretical physicist.He has worked as a professor of physics at the UC Berkeley since 1957 and has been an emeritus since 1991. Chew holds a PhD in theoretical particle physics from the University of Chicago. Between 1950 and 1956, he was a physics faculty member...
  
  
• Don T. Cromer
• Ely M. Gelbard
• F. Newton Hayes
• John H. Nuckolls

1970

• William J. Bair
• James W. Cobble
• Joseph M. Hendrie
• Michael M. May
• Andrew M. Sessler

1971

• Thomas B. Cook
• Robert L. Fleischer
• Robert L. Hellens
• P. Buford Price
  P. Buford Price
  Paul Buford Price, usually known as P. Buford Price, is a professor in the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley and a member of the National Academy of Sciences...
  
  
• Robert M. Walker
  Robert M. Walker
  Robert Michael Walker was United States Under Secretary of the Army 1997-1998.-Biography:Robert M. Walker was born in Martin, Tennessee, in 1948. He attended the University of Tennessee. From 1969-1976, he worked as a staff assistant to Rep. Joe L. Evins .Walker joined the staff of Senator Jim...
  
  

1972

• Charles C. Cremer
• Sidney D. Drell
• Marvin Goldman
• David A. Shirley
• Paul F. Zweifel

1973

• Louis Baker
• Seymour Sack
• Thomas E. Wainwright
• James Robert Weir
• Sheldon Wolff

1974

• Joseph Cerny
• Harold Paul Fourth
• Henry C. Honeck
• Charles A. McDonald
• Chester R.Richmond

1975

• Evan H. Appelman
• Charles E. Elderkin
• William A. Lokke
• Burton Richter
  Burton Richter
  Burton Richter is a Nobel Prize-winning American physicist. He led the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center team which co-discovered the J/ψ meson in 1974, alongside the Brookhaven National Laboratory team led by Samuel Ting. This discovery was part of the so-called November Revolution of particle...
  
  
• Samuel C. C. Ting
  Samuel C. C. Ting
  Samuel Chao Chung Ting is an American physicist who received the Nobel Prize in 1976, with Burton Richter, for discovering the subatomic J/ψ particle...
  
  

1976

• A. Philip Bray
• James W. Cronin
• Kaye D. Lathrop
• Adolphus L. Lotts
• Edwin D. McClanahan

1977

• James D. Bjorken
• John L. Emmett
• F. William Studier
• Gareth Thomas
  Gareth Thomas
  Gareth Thomas may refer to:*Gareth Thomas , Welsh actor*Gareth Thomas , rugby league and former rugby union player...
  
  
• Dean A. Waters

1980

• Donald W. Barr
• B. Grant Logan
• Nicholas P. Samios
• Benno P. Schoenborn
• Charles D. Scott

1981

• Martin Blume
• Yuan Tseh Lee
• Fred R. Mynatt
• Paul B. Selby
• Lowell L. Wood

1982

• George F. Chapline, Jr.
• Mitchell J. Feigenbaum
• Michael J. Lineberry
• Nicholas Turro
  Nicholas Turro
  Nicholas J. Turro is an American chemist, Wm. P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry at Columbia University. He is the recipient of the 2011 Arthur C...
  
  
• Raymond E. Wildung

1983

• James F. Jackson
• Michael E. Phelps
  Michael E. Phelps
  Michael Edward Phelps is a professor and an American biophysicist. He is known for being one of the fathers of positron emission tomography . Phelps was born in 1939 in Cleveland, Ohio. He spent his early life as a boxer, winning the coveted Golden Gloves...
  
  
• Paul H. Rutherford
• Mark S. Wrighton
  Mark S. Wrighton
  Mark Stephen Wrighton is an American academic, a chemist, and the current Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis. Born in Jacksonville, Florida, Wrighton received his B.S. in Chemistry from Florida State University in 1969. While at Florida State, he won the Monsanto Chemistry Award for...
  
  
• George B. Zimmerman

1984

• Robert W. Conn
• John J. Dunn
• Peter L. Hagelstein
  Peter L. Hagelstein
  Peter L. Hagelstein is a principal investigator in the Research Laboratory of Electronics and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He received a bachelor of science and a master of science degree in 1976, then a Doctor of Philosophy degree in electrical engineering in 1981,...
  
  
• Siegfried S. Hecker
  Siegfried S. Hecker
  Dr. Siegfried S. Hecker, PhD, is an Austrian-Polish-American nuclear scientist and metallurgist who served as the Emeritus Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1986 till 1997. A nuclear weapons specialist, Dr...
  
  
• Robert B. Laughlin
  Robert B. Laughlin
  Robert Betts Laughlin is a professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University. Along with Horst L. Störmer of Columbia University and Daniel C. Tsui of Princeton University, he was awarded a share of the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for their explanation of the fractional quantum Hall...
  
  
• Kenneth N. Raymond

1985

• Anthony P. Malinauskas
• William H. Miller
  William H. Miller (chemistry)
  William H. Miller is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and is a leading researcher in the field of theoretical chemistry. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science members. He was the 2007 recipient of the...
  
  
• David R. Nygren
  David R. Nygren
  David Robert Nygren is a particle physicist known for his invention of the Time projection chamber. He currently works at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where he has worked since 1973...
  
  
• Gordon C. Osbourn
• Betsy Sutherland
• Thomas A. Weaver

1986

• James J. Duderstadt
• Helen T. Edwards
  Helen T. Edwards
  Helen Thom Edwards is an American physicist. She led the effort to design and build the Tevatron, then the world's highest energyparticle acceleratorand the first high-energy accelerator completely based on superconducting magnets....
  
  
• Joe W. Gray
• C. Bradley Moore
• Gustavus J. Simmons
• James L. Smith

1987

• James W. Gordon
• Miklos Gyulassy
• Sung-Hou Kim
• James L. Kinsey
  James L. Kinsey
  James L. Kinsey is an American chemist, and D. R. Bullard-Welch Foundation Professor at Rice University.He won the 1995 Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy....
  
  
• J. Robert Merriman
• David E. Moncton

1988

• Mary K. Gaillard
• Richard T. Lahey, Jr.
• Chain Tsuan Liu
• Gene H. McCall
• Alexander Pines
  Alexander Pines
  Alexander Pines is the Glenn T. Seaborg Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, Senior Scientist in the Materials Sciences Division of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , and a member of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences and the Department of...
  
  
• Joseph S. Wall

1990

• John J. Dorning
• James R. Norris
  James R. Norris
  James Ritchie Norris is a mathematician working in probability theory and stochastic analysis. He is the Professor of Stochastic Analysis in the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge....
  
  
• S. Thomas Picraux
• Wayne J. Shotts
• Maury Tigner
• F. Ward Whicker

1991

• Zachary Fisk
• Richard Fortner
• Rulon Linford
• Peter Schultz
• Richard E. Smalley
• J. Pace Vandevender

1993

• James G. Anderson
• Robert G. Bergman
• Alan R. Bishop
• Yoon I. Chang
• Robert K. Moyzis
• John W. Shanner
• Carl Wieman
  Carl Wieman
  Carl Edwin Wieman is an American physicist at the University of British Columbia and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the production, in 1995 with Eric Allin Cornell, of the first true Bose–Einstein condensate.-Biography:...
  
  

1994

• John D. Boice, Jr.
• E. Michael Campbell
• Gregory J. Kubas
• Edward William Larsen
• John D. Lindl
• Gerard M. Ludtka
• George F. Smoot
• John E. Till

1996

• Charles Roger Alcock
• Mina J. Bissell
• Thom H. Dunning, Jr.
• Charles V. Jakowatz, Jr.
• Sunil K. Sinha
• Theofanis G. Theofanous
• Jorge Luis Valdes
  Jorge Luis Valdés
  Jorge Luis Valdés Berriel is a Cuban baseball player and Olympic gold medalist.Valdés is a one time Gold medalist for baseball, winning at the 1992 Summer Olympics.-External links:*...
  
  

1998

• Dan Gabriel Cacuci
• Joanna S. Fowler
  Joanna S. Fowler
  Joanna S. Fowler, a senior chemist at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the Director of Brookhaven’s Center for Translational Neuroimaging, has been named the 2005 recipient of the Distinguished Basic Scientist of the Year Award from the Academy of Molecular...
  
  
• Laura H. Greene
• Neil P. Kelly
• Steven E. Koonin
  Steven E. Koonin
  Steven E. Koonin was the Under Secretary of Energy for Science at the United States Department of Energy. He left that post in November 2011 for a position at the Institute for Defense Analyses. He was previously Chief Scientist for BP plc, where he was responsible for guiding the company’s...
  
  
• Mark H. Thiemens
• Ahmed H. Zewail

2002

• C. Jeffrey Brinker
• Claire M. Fraser
  Claire M. Fraser
  Claire M. Fraser-Liggett is an American microbiologist and the current head of the Institute for Genome Sciences at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore...
  
  
• Bruce T. Goodwin
• Keith O. Hodgson
• Saul Perlmutter
  Saul Perlmutter
  Saul Perlmutter is an American astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of...
  
  
• Benjamin D. Santer
  Benjamin D. Santer
  Dr. Benjamin D. Santer is a climate researcher at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and former researcher at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit...
  
  
• Paul J. Turinsky

2004

• Richard B. Elkind
• Nathaniel J. Fisch
• Bette Korber
• Claire Ellen Max
  Claire Ellen Max
  Claire Ellen Max is a Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz and affiliated with the Lick Observatory. She is the Director of the Center for Adaptive Optics at UCSC. In 1972 she received her Ph.D. in Astrophysical Sciences from Princeton University,...
  
  
• Fred N. Mortensen
• Richard J. Saykally
  Richard J. Saykally
  Richard J. Saykally is an American chemist. He is currently a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He has received numerous awards and accolades for advanced research on the molecular characteristics of water.-Career:...
  
  
• Ivan K. Schuller
  Ivan K. Schuller
  Ivan K. Schuller is an American condensed matter experimental physicist. He is best known for his work on superlattices. His interests are focused on thin films, nanostructures, novel materials, magnetism, and superconductivity....
  
  
• Gregory W. Swift

2006http://www.energy.gov/news/4769.htm

• Paul Alivisatos
  Paul Alivisatos
  Armand Paul Alivisatos is an American scientist of Greek descent, researching the structural, thermodynamic, optical, and electrical properties of nanocrystals...
  
   and Moungi Bawendi, Materials Research
• Malcolm J. Andrews, National Security
• Arup K. Chakraborty, Life Sciences
• My Hang V. Huynh
  My Hang V. Huynh
  My Hang V. Huynh is a Vietnamese chemist in the High Explosives Science and Technology Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Huynh's research has led to the creation of "Green Primary Explosives" which are "designed to replace traditional mercury and lead-based explosives and reduce damaging...
  
  , Chemistry
• Marc Kamionkowski, Physics
• John Zachara, Environmental Science and Technology
• Steven Zinkle, Nuclear Technology

2009http://energy.gov/articles/secretary-chu-announces-2009-ernest-orlando-lawrence-award-winners

• Joan F. Brennecke
• William Dorland
• Omar Hurricane
• Wim Leemans
• Zhi-Xun Shen
• Sunney Xie

2011http://energy.gov/articles/secretary-chu-announces-2011-ernest-orlando-lawrence-award-winners

• David E. Chavez
• Thomas P. Guilderson
• Lois Curfman McInnes (co-winnner with Barry F. Smith)
• Barry F. Smith (co-winner with Lois Curfman Smith)
• Paul C. Canfield
• Amit Goyal
  Amit Goyal
  Dr. Amit Goyal is a UT-Battelle Corporate Fellow, a Battelle Distinguished Inventor and an ORNL Distinguished Scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratories in Tennessee. He is also the chair of the UT-Battelle-ORNL Corporate Fellow Council. He is one of the leading researchers in the field of High...
  
  
• Riccardo Betti
• Bernard Matthew Poelker
• Mark B. Chadwick