European Movement
Encyclopedia
The European Movement International is a lobbying
association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration
, and disseminating information about it.
was being championed by notables such as Duncan Sandys
in the form of the Anglo-French United European Movement. The UEM acted as a platform for the co-ordination of the organisations created in the wake of World War II
. As a result of their efforts, the congress of The Committee for the Co-ordination of the European Movements took place in Paris
on 17 July 1947 incorporating "La Ligue Européenne de Coopération Economique" (LECE), "l'Union Européenne des Fédéralistes" (UEF), "l'Union Parlementaire Européenne" (UPE) and the Anglo-French United European Movements. They met again on the 10th November 1947 and changed their name to The Joint International Committee for European Unity. They retained this name until after the 1948 Congress of The Hague.
From 7 to 11 May 1948, 800 delegates from Europe and observers from Canada and the United States gathered in The Hague
, the Netherlands
for the Congress of Europe
. Organised by the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity and presided over by Winston Churchill, the Congress brought together representatives from across a broad political spectrum, providing them with the opportunity to discuss ideas about the development of European Union
. Important political figures such as Konrad Adenauer
, Winston Churchill
, Harold Macmillan
, François Mitterrand
, Paul-Henri Spaak
, Albert Coppé
and Altiero Spinelli
took an active role in the congress and a call was launched for a political, economic and monetary Union of Europe. This landmark conference was to have a profound influence on the shape of the European Movement, which was created soon afterwards.
The European Movement was formally created on the 25th October 1948, when the Joint International Committee for European Unity decided to change its name. Duncan Sandys was elected President
and Léon Blum
, Winston Churchill, Alcide De Gasperi
and Paul-Henri Spaak were elected as Honorary Presidents.
The first major achievement of the European Movement was the setting up of the Council of Europe
in May 1949. The European Movement was also responsible for the creation of the College of Europe
in Bruges
and the European Center of Culture in Geneva
.
One of its major functions during the 1950s through to the 1990s was the setting up of think-tanks and a network of discussion groups across Europe, in countries both democratic and Communist.
Since 1948, the European Movement has lobbied for further integration, on numerous subjects. It worked in favour of the direct election of the European Parliament
by all European citizens, in favour of the Treaty on the European Union (the Maastricht Treaty
) and also for a European Constitution.
, solidarity, and respect for basic human rights. It seeks to provide a structure to encourage and facilitate the active participation of citizens and civil society organisations in the development of a united Europe". Its various Councils and Associations, under the co-ordination of the European Movement International (EMI), work to influence major decision-makers across European civil society - its multitudinous associations, governments, politicians, political parties, enterprises, trade unions and individual lobbyists - to achieve these ends. The Movement focuses its attentions on seeking further integration in the political, social and cultural arenas, using its network of lobbyists to achieve those ends.
The EM also works as a study and information group operating through various projects and activities. It tries to involve larger segments of the public in the European project by disseminating information on European affairs and activities and getting them involved in its projects.
The association attempts to remain pluralist, and integrates into its management political personalities from both the Right and the Left.
As with many pan-European organisations that deal with European integration, the Movement (including its national organisations) has been divided for a long time between the "unionists", supporters of simple intergovernmental cooperation along the lines of the pre-Maastricht
EU, and the "federalists", supporters of a federalised Europe governed along similar lines to the United States.
, is headed up by a President and six Vice-Presidents, all of whom usually hold significant offices in the European Union or other pan-European organisations. Honorary Presidents, generally prominent European politicians (for example Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
), are also elected, but hold no executive powers.
The current President of the EMI is Jo Leinen, MEP and Chairman of the Environment Committee in the European Parliament. The management of the organisation is drawn from across Europe.
- AEJ | Council of European Dentists - CED | Direct Selling Europe - DSE | European Association of Railway Personnel - AEC | European Association of Retirement Schemes for Liberal Professions - EurelPro | European Confederation of Veterans | European Centre for Culture - ECC | European League of Economic Cooperation - ELEC | Europeans Throughout the World - ETTW | Foundation Euractiv | Permanent Forum of the European Civil Society | European Association of Teachers - AEDE | Association des Etats Généraux des Etudiants de l'Europe
- AEGEE | Association of Women of Southern Europe - AFEM | Association of Local Democracy Agencies
- ALDA | European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions
- CESI
| Council of European Municipalities and Regions
- CEMR | Charter of European Rural Communities | Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe - CPMR | European Citizens' Action Service - ECAS | European Federation of Building Societies - EFBS | European Trade Union Confederation
- ETUC | European People's Party
- EPP | European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party - ELDR | International Association of Former Officials of the European Communities - AIACE | International Centre for European Studies - CIFE
| Young European Federalists - JEF
| Party of European Socialists
- PES | Union Syndicale Fédérale | Union of European Federalists - UEF | European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-Sized - UEAPME
| Union of European Petroleum Independents - UPEI
can join the European Movement. Only on national level the EM has youth branches.
Current Members of the Board are: President: Jo Leinen
; Vice-presidents international organisations: Christof-Sebastian Klitz | Bernadette Ségol | Róża Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein; Vice-presidents national councils: Jessica Chamba | Olivier Hinnekens | Ksenija Milenkovic; Treasurer: Dries Callens; Board members: Michalis Angelopoulos, Erik Boel, Daniel Correa, Bernd Hüttemann, Pauline Gessant, Antonio Moreira, Natasa Owens, Eve Pakkanen, Christodoulos Pelaghias, Federica Sabbati, Frédéric Vallier, Christian Wenning
Advocacy group
Advocacy groups use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems...
association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration
European integration
European integration is the process of industrial, political, legal, economic integration of states wholly or partially in Europe...
, and disseminating information about it.
History
The origins of the European Movement date back to July 1947, when the cause of a united EuropeEurope
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
was being championed by notables such as Duncan Sandys
Duncan Sandys
Edwin Duncan Sandys, Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC was a British politician and a minister in successive Conservative governments in the 1950s and 1960s...
in the form of the Anglo-French United European Movement. The UEM acted as a platform for the co-ordination of the organisations created in the wake of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. As a result of their efforts, the congress of The Committee for the Co-ordination of the European Movements took place in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
on 17 July 1947 incorporating "La Ligue Européenne de Coopération Economique" (LECE), "l'Union Européenne des Fédéralistes" (UEF), "l'Union Parlementaire Européenne" (UPE) and the Anglo-French United European Movements. They met again on the 10th November 1947 and changed their name to The Joint International Committee for European Unity. They retained this name until after the 1948 Congress of The Hague.
From 7 to 11 May 1948, 800 delegates from Europe and observers from Canada and the United States gathered in The Hague
The Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam...
, the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
for the Congress of Europe
Hague Congress (1948)
The Hague Congress was held in the Congress of Europe in Hague from 7–11 May 1948 with 750 delegates participating from around Europe as well as observers from Canada and the United States....
. Organised by the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity and presided over by Winston Churchill, the Congress brought together representatives from across a broad political spectrum, providing them with the opportunity to discuss ideas about the development of European Union
European Union
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
. Important political figures such as Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer was a German statesman. He was the chancellor of the West Germany from 1949 to 1963. He is widely recognised as a person who led his country from the ruins of World War II to a powerful and prosperous nation that had forged close relations with old enemies France,...
, Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, was a predominantly Conservative British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century and served as Prime Minister twice...
, Harold Macmillan
Harold Macmillan
Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC was Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 January 1957 to 18 October 1963....
, François Mitterrand
François Mitterrand
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand was the 21st President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra, serving from 1981 until 1995. He is the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the only figure from the left so far elected President...
, Paul-Henri Spaak
Paul-Henri Spaak
Paul Henri Charles Spaak was a Belgian Socialist politician and statesman.-Early life:Paul-Henri Spaak was born on 25 January 1899 in Schaerbeek, Belgium, to a distinguished Belgian family. His grandfather, Paul Janson was an important member of the Liberal Party...
, Albert Coppé
Albert Coppé
Albert Coppé was a Belgian and European politician and economist. He was a founding member of the CDV party and served in the European Commission as Commissioner for Social Affairs, Transport & Budget under the Malfatti & Mansholt Commissions...
and Altiero Spinelli
Altiero Spinelli
Altiero Spinelli was an Italian political theorist and a European federalist. Spinelli is referred to as one of the "Founding Fathers of the European Union" due to his co-authorship of the Ventotene Manifesto, his founding role in the European federalist movement, his strong influence on the first...
took an active role in the congress and a call was launched for a political, economic and monetary Union of Europe. This landmark conference was to have a profound influence on the shape of the European Movement, which was created soon afterwards.
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
and Léon Blum
Léon Blum
André Léon Blum was a French politician, usually identified with the moderate left, and three times the Prime Minister of France.-First political experiences:...
, Winston Churchill, Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide De Gasperi was an Italian statesman and politician and founder of the Christian Democratic Party. From 1945 to 1953 he was the prime minister of eight successive coalition governments. His eight-year rule remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics...
and Paul-Henri Spaak were elected as Honorary Presidents.
The first major achievement of the European Movement was the setting up of the Council of Europe
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe is an international organisation promoting co-operation between all countries of Europe in the areas of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation...
in May 1949. The European Movement was also responsible for the creation of the College of Europe
College of Europe
The College of Europe is an independent university institute of postgraduate European studies with the main campus in Bruges, Belgium...
in Bruges
Bruges
Bruges is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located in the northwest of the country....
and the European Center of Culture in Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
.
One of its major functions during the 1950s through to the 1990s was the setting up of think-tanks and a network of discussion groups across Europe, in countries both democratic and Communist.
Since 1948, the European Movement has lobbied for further integration, on numerous subjects. It worked in favour of the direct election of the European Parliament
European Parliament
The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world...
by all European citizens, in favour of the Treaty on the European Union (the Maastricht Treaty
Maastricht Treaty
The Maastricht Treaty was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands. On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty...
) and also for a European Constitution.
Presidents
| Name | Term |
|---|---|
| Jo Leinen Jo Leinen Jo Leinen is a Member of the European Parliament. He was elected on the SPD ticket and acts as a representative within the Party of European Socialists group... |
November 2011 to date |
| Pat Cox Pat Cox Pat Cox is an Irish politician and former television current affairs presenter. He was President of the European Parliament from 2002 to 2004 and served as a member of the European Parliament from 1989–2004.... |
2005-2011 |
| José María Gil-Robles José María Gil-Robles José María Gil-Robles y Gil-Delgado is a Spanish politician. He was formerly a Member of the European Parliament in the European People's Party group, and was President of the European Parliament from 1997 to 1999.-References:... |
1999-2005 |
| Mário Soares Mário Soares Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE , Portuguese politician, served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as the 17th President of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.-Family:... |
1997-1999 |
| Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing is a French centre-right politician who was President of the French Republic from 1974 until 1981... |
1989-1997 |
| Enrique Barón Crespo Enrique Barón Crespo Enrique Barόn Crespo is a Spanish politician and lawyer. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and sits with the Party of European Socialists group in the European Parliament.... |
1987-1989 |
| Giuseppe Petrilli Giuseppe Petrilli Giuseppe Petrilli was an Italian professor and European Commissioner.He was a non-politician appointed as the first Italian European Commissioner on the Hallstein Commission from January 1958 with responsibility for the Social Affairs portfolio... |
1981-1987 |
| Georges Berthoin | 1978-1981 |
| Jean Rey Jean Rey (politician) Jean Rey was a Belgian lawyer and Liberal politician who became the second President of the European Commission.-Early life:... |
1974-1978 |
| Walter Hallstein Walter Hallstein Walter Hallstein was a German politician and professor.He was one of the key figures of European integration after World War II, becoming the first President of the Commission of the European Economic Community, serving from 1958 to 1967. He famously defined his position as "a kind of Prime... |
1968-1974 |
| Maurice Faure Maurice Faure Maurice Faure at Azerat, Dordogne is a former member of the French Resistance and a former minister in several French governments.... |
1961-1968 |
| Robert Schuman Robert Schuman Robert Schuman was a noted Luxembourgish-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat and an independent political thinker and activist... |
1955-1961 |
| Paul-Henri Spaak Paul-Henri Spaak Paul Henri Charles Spaak was a Belgian Socialist politician and statesman.-Early life:Paul-Henri Spaak was born on 25 January 1899 in Schaerbeek, Belgium, to a distinguished Belgian family. His grandfather, Paul Janson was an important member of the Liberal Party... |
1950-1955 |
| Duncan Sandys Duncan Sandys Edwin Duncan Sandys, Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC was a British politician and a minister in successive Conservative governments in the 1950s and 1960s... |
1948-1950 |
Secretaries General
| Name | Term |
|---|---|
| Diogo Pinto | 2009 to date |
| Hendrik Kröner | 2002-2009 |
| Pier Virgilio Dastoli | 1995-2001 |
| Giampiero Orsello | 1993-1995 |
| Bob Molenaar | 1987-1993 |
| Luigi Vittorio Majocchi | 1985-1987 |
| Sjouke Jonker Sjouke Jonker Sjouke Jonker was a Dutch politician.-References:... |
1984 |
| Thomas Jansen | 1981-1983 |
| Robert Van Schendel | 1955-1980 |
| Georges Rebattet (London office) | 1948-1955 |
| Józef Retinger (Paris office, from 11/1951 Brussel office) | 1948-1950 |
Philosophy
The Movement's stated objective is to "contribute to the establishment of a united, federal Europe founded on the principles of peace, democracy, libertyLiberty
Liberty is a moral and political principle, or Right, that identifies the condition in which human beings are able to govern themselves, to behave according to their own free will, and take responsibility for their actions...
, solidarity, and respect for basic human rights. It seeks to provide a structure to encourage and facilitate the active participation of citizens and civil society organisations in the development of a united Europe". Its various Councils and Associations, under the co-ordination of the European Movement International (EMI), work to influence major decision-makers across European civil society - its multitudinous associations, governments, politicians, political parties, enterprises, trade unions and individual lobbyists - to achieve these ends. The Movement focuses its attentions on seeking further integration in the political, social and cultural arenas, using its network of lobbyists to achieve those ends.
The EM also works as a study and information group operating through various projects and activities. It tries to involve larger segments of the public in the European project by disseminating information on European affairs and activities and getting them involved in its projects.
The association attempts to remain pluralist, and integrates into its management political personalities from both the Right and the Left.
As with many pan-European organisations that deal with European integration, the Movement (including its national organisations) has been divided for a long time between the "unionists", supporters of simple intergovernmental cooperation along the lines of the pre-Maastricht
Maastricht Treaty
The Maastricht Treaty was signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands. On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty...
EU, and the "federalists", supporters of a federalised Europe governed along similar lines to the United States.
Organisation
The Movement's central office, located in BrusselsBrussels
Brussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union...
, is headed up by a President and six Vice-Presidents, all of whom usually hold significant offices in the European Union or other pan-European organisations. Honorary Presidents, generally prominent European politicians (for example Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing is a French centre-right politician who was President of the French Republic from 1974 until 1981...
), are also elected, but hold no executive powers.
The current President of the EMI is Jo Leinen, MEP and Chairman of the Environment Committee in the European Parliament. The management of the organisation is drawn from across Europe.
International Associations
The EMI currently has 32 International Member Associations: Association of European JournalistsAssociation of European Journalists
The Association of European Journalists is an organisation promoting interests of journalists involved in European affairs. It is an NGO in operational relations with UNESCO and enjoys consultative status in the Council of Europe....
- AEJ | Council of European Dentists - CED | Direct Selling Europe - DSE | European Association of Railway Personnel - AEC | European Association of Retirement Schemes for Liberal Professions - EurelPro | European Confederation of Veterans | European Centre for Culture - ECC | European League of Economic Cooperation - ELEC | Europeans Throughout the World - ETTW | Foundation Euractiv | Permanent Forum of the European Civil Society | European Association of Teachers - AEDE | Association des Etats Généraux des Etudiants de l'Europe
Association des Etats Généraux des Etudiants de l'Europe
AEGEE, or Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe, known as European Students' Forum in English, is one of Europe's largest cross-faculty student organisations....
- AEGEE | Association of Women of Southern Europe - AFEM | Association of Local Democracy Agencies
Association of Local Democracy Agencies
ALDA, the Association of Local Democracy Agencies, is a membership association created under the initiative of the Congress of the Council of Europe in 1999. ALDA comprises 150 members and works in the field of local democracy, good governance, EU integration and citizen participation...
- ALDA | European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions
European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions
The European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions is a regional trade union federation representing 8 million members of independent trade unions in Europe.CESI represents free and...
- CESI
Cesi
Cesi is a frazione of the Italian comune of Terni, in the province of Terni, southern Umbria, Italy. The small borgo, which retains its late-medieval aspect, set among olive groves, lies "stretched out lengthwise along a narrow contour on the slopes of M. Torre Maggiore," about 18 km north of...
| Council of European Municipalities and Regions
Council of European Municipalities and Regions
The Council of European Municipalities and Regions is the largest organisation of local and regional governments in Europe. Its members are national associations of towns, municipalities and regions from 39 countries...
- CEMR | Charter of European Rural Communities | Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe - CPMR | European Citizens' Action Service - ECAS | European Federation of Building Societies - EFBS | European Trade Union Confederation
European Trade Union Confederation
The European Trade Union Confederation is a trade union organization which was established in 1973 to represent workers and their national affiliates at the European level....
- ETUC | European People's Party
European People's Party
The European People's Party is a pro-European centre-right European political party. The EPP was founded in 1976 by Christian democratic parties, but later it increased its membership to include conservative parties and parties of other centre-right perspectives.The EPP is the most influential of...
- EPP | European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party - ELDR | International Association of Former Officials of the European Communities - AIACE | International Centre for European Studies - CIFE
Centre international de formation européenne
Established in 1954, the Centre international de formation européenne is a private non-profit-making international organisation which includes several European studies courses as well as conferences, seminars and publications...
| Young European Federalists - JEF
Jef
is a fast-food chain on Okinawa Island, with five restaurants in and around Naha . They sport a menu featuring many homebrewn Okinawan specialties such as the Nūyaru burger and the Gōyā burger, hamburgers with a filling of SPAM and bitter melon omelet. They also have fried gōyā rings, similar to...
| Party of European Socialists
Party of European Socialists
The Party of European Socialists is a European political party led by Sergei Stanishev, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria. The PES comprises social-democratic national-level political parties primarily from Member state of the European Union, as well as other nations of the European continent. The...
- PES | Union Syndicale Fédérale | Union of European Federalists - UEF | European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-Sized - UEAPME
UEAPME
The European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises or UEAPME is an umbrella group for associations of SMEs based in Brussels, Belgium. UEAPME represents the interests of European crafts, trades and SMEs at EU level...
| Union of European Petroleum Independents - UPEI
National Councils
At national level there are National Councils in 42 countries, organized in a very diverse way. In principle national councils of all countries which are members of the Council of EuropeCouncil of Europe
The Council of Europe is an international organisation promoting co-operation between all countries of Europe in the areas of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation...
can join the European Movement. Only on national level the EM has youth branches.
Board
Policy is formulated by a Board, the chairmanship of which is held by the President. A 'Federal Assembly', made up of delegates from local Movements throughout Europe, foments policies for the EMI and is in charge of the organisation's Auditors. Several specialist committees, devoted to the discussion of individual policies such as Women and the Future of Europe, exist as well. Day-to-day office-work is performed by the staff, which is led by a Secretary General, since June 2009 João Diogo Pinto.Current Members of the Board are: President: Jo Leinen
Jo Leinen
Jo Leinen is a Member of the European Parliament. He was elected on the SPD ticket and acts as a representative within the Party of European Socialists group...
; Vice-presidents international organisations: Christof-Sebastian Klitz | Bernadette Ségol | Róża Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein; Vice-presidents national councils: Jessica Chamba | Olivier Hinnekens | Ksenija Milenkovic; Treasurer: Dries Callens; Board members: Michalis Angelopoulos, Erik Boel, Daniel Correa, Bernd Hüttemann, Pauline Gessant, Antonio Moreira, Natasa Owens, Eve Pakkanen, Christodoulos Pelaghias, Federica Sabbati, Frédéric Vallier, Christian Wenning
See also
- European Movement BelgiumEuropean Movement BelgiumThe European Movement - Belgium is the Belgian branch of the International European Movement. As a non-profit association, open to all individuals and organisations supporting European integration, the EMB works for the promotion of a united Europe, closer to its citizens...
- European Movement GermanyEuropean Movement GermanyEuropean Movement Germany is a non-partisan network of interest groups in the field of EU politics in Germany. It cooperates closely with all EU stakeholders on a national and European level, most particularly with the German Federal Government and the European Commission...
- European Movement IrelandEuropean Movement IrelandThe European Movement Ireland is an independent not-for-profit that campaigns for every Irish person to get involved in the European Union and by doing so, help shape it. It is the oldest Irish organisation dealing with the EU, pre-dating Ireland’s membership of the EU in 1973 by almost twenty years...
- European Movement UKEuropean Movement UKThe European Movement UK is an independent pressure group in the United Kingdom which campaigns in support of greater European integration and for reform of the European Union. It is part of the European Movement International....
- Józef Retinger
- American Committee on United EuropeAmerican Committee on United EuropeThe American Committee on United Europe , founded in 1948, was an American organization which sought to counter the Communist threat in Europe by promoting European political integration...