Eutypella canker is a plant disease caused by the fungal pathogen Eutypella parasitica. This disease is capable of infecting many species of maple trees and produces a large, distinguishable canker on the main trunk of the tree. Infection and spread of the disease is accomplished with the ejection of ascospores from perithecia. Therefore, the best ways to manage the Eutypella canker is to remove trees that have been infected by Eutypella parasitica. If infected, it can decrease the quality of wood cut for lumber thus it can have a negative impact economically.

Hosts and symptoms

Eutypella canker infects many species of maple trees, most prevalently the sugar maple(Acer saccharum). Others commonly affected are the red maple(Acer rubrum), box elder(Acer negundo), striped maple(Acer pensylvanicum), Norway maple(Acer platanoides), sycamore maple(Acer pseudo-platanus), silver maple(Acer saccharinum), and black maple(Acer nigrum) (5,6). Onset usually occurs with greater probability of younger maples since they are more susceptible (3).

Symptoms are similar to all species of maple and include a canker forming most commonly between 2-12 feet from the ground (3,7). The formation of the canker begins with a small pronounced necrosis of the bark and requires several years to expand. It enlarges as the tree ages by increasing its width and forming ringed callus around it (7). The extent of it practically surrounds half the trunk with a typical size ranging from .3 to 2.5 meters in diameter. Although the canker can become quite large, it normally does not kill the tree but does increase the risk of the trunk failing and being blown over by the wind. If the bark is peeled back at the center of the canker, a mat of white mycelia fungal tissue will be visible (1).

Disease cycle

Eutypella parasitica is characterized as an ascomycete fungus; therefore it produces fruiting bodies called perithecia. When conditions are favorable (moderate temperature and high humidity), the perithecium will produce sexual spores called ascospores which are dispersed primarily by the wind. If they land on the susceptible host, a maple tree, it may enter through a wound and establishing itself in the xylem tissue of the host. Each year the fungus kills the callus material formed by the tree and invades more cambium during the growing season (7). During the summer months, the fungus is also able to produce asexual spores called conidia that are dispersed by the wind to be used as secondary inoculum to infect other maple trees in the area. Upon dispersal, they potentially land on a susceptible host which induces the spore to germinate and produces mycelia. At the end of the season, the fungus produces perithecia. Then, the fungus can overwinter using the perithecia or as mycelia in the host. Due to the slow development of the disease, these fruiting bodies are not produced until 5-8 years after initial infection (2,7). Once they are produced they can be visible with very close observation in the center of the canker, which can give it a speckled, gritty appearance (10).

Environment

The main factor that contributes to the release of the ascospores is high humidity or rain. Although, temperature is also important. For the most part, as long as temperatures are above freezing spores can be released, but they are most likely to be released at moderate temperatures. Humidity alone is not enough to make the perithecia release the spores, as the perithecia themselves need to be wet. The temperate climates of North America and Europe is where Eutypella canker is most commonly found (8,9).

Management

The best way to lower infection is to control the probability of infection in the trees themselves. Trees with canker in their trunks need to be cut down and removed optimally on a dry day, as do seedlings and saplings that are found to be cankered (1). This is done to eliminate the source of the inoculum that can infect other trees. If a tree has cankered branches, the infected branches need to be cut off close to the trunk without damaging the trunk itself. Cutting the branches flush to the trunk gets rid of the infected branches and also reduces the risk of infection since the tree can heal from this wound more easily (7). To ensure that the disease is eliminated and not going to spread elsewhere the removed branches and trees can be burned.

Importance

Maple trees with Eutypella canker have reduction in quality due to the deformity of the trunk. Therefore, if used for lumber products they would have to cut around the canker making part of the tree waste. This disease can then cause reduced economical value of lumber in areas of high infection. Although it can decrease the quality of the tree, the incidence is usually quite low. Typically infection rates range from 2 to 10 percent in a particular stand, but has been recorded infect over 20 percent (3).

External links

• Index Fungorum
• USDA ARS Fungal Database