Fannie Fern Andrews
Encyclopedia
Fannie Fern Andrews (1867–1950) was an American
lecturer
, teacher
, social worker, and writer
.
(N. S.
), and educated at the Salem
(Mass.
) Normal School. She taught for six years before receiving a degree in psychology
and education
from Radcliffe College
in 1902. She also attended Harvard Summer School
.
Through her work in the public schools in Boston
, she became convinced that differing ethnic and economic backgrounds spurred conflict, and that each must be taught to understand the other in order to communicate and negotiate on peaceful terms.
In 1908, Andrews founded the American Peace League. This organization sought peace by teaching the principles of 'international justice' in American
schools. She envisioned an international bureau of education, which would promote understanding among all nations. When World War I
broke out, Andrews changed the name of her organization from the "American Peace League" to the "American School Citizenship League" in 1918.
In 1918, after being selected by President Woodrow Wilson
, Andrews attended the Paris Peace Conference
. She unsuccessfully lobbied for the League of Nations
to include a provision for her dream of the international bureau of education
. The reasoning was there was too much diversity in the cultures of the different countries to have a standard curriculum
that would work for all.
She was known as a lecturer
on education
in Europe
and America
, as secretary and organizer of the American School Citizenship League, and as a member of the advisory council of the Institute of International Education
and the International Peace Bureau
(Berne, Switzerland
), etc. She was also a delegate
to the International Conference on Education in 1914 and represented the United States Bureau of Education
at Paris
during the Peace Conference
.
Andrews was an advocate
of the ideal of peace education, and promoted action at an official level to obtain curriculam changes. Today's Civil Education classes are a result of the efforts she and others made.
Her works include:
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
lecturer
Lecturer
Lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
, teacher
Teacher
A teacher or schoolteacher is a person who provides education for pupils and students . The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional...
, social worker, and writer
Writer
A writer is a person who produces literature, such as novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, poetry, or other literary art. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images....
.
Biography
Andrews was born at MargaretsvilleMargaretsville, Nova Scotia
Margaretsville is a Canadian rural community in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia.Located on the Bay of Fundy, Margaretsville was named for Margaret Inglis by her husband the Honourable Brenton Halliburton, 8th Chief Justice of Nova Scotia. Margaret was the daughter of Bishop Inglis, the first...
(N. S.
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the...
), and educated at the Salem
Salem, Massachusetts
Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 40,407 at the 2000 census. It and Lawrence are the county seats of Essex County...
(Mass.
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...
) Normal School. She taught for six years before receiving a degree in psychology
Psychology
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...
and education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...
from Radcliffe College
Radcliffe College
Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was the coordinate college for Harvard University. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges. Radcliffe College conferred joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas beginning in 1963 and a formal merger agreement with...
in 1902. She also attended Harvard Summer School
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
.
Through her work in the public schools in Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
, she became convinced that differing ethnic and economic backgrounds spurred conflict, and that each must be taught to understand the other in order to communicate and negotiate on peaceful terms.
In 1908, Andrews founded the American Peace League. This organization sought peace by teaching the principles of 'international justice' in American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
schools. She envisioned an international bureau of education, which would promote understanding among all nations. When World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
broke out, Andrews changed the name of her organization from the "American Peace League" to the "American School Citizenship League" in 1918.
In 1918, after being selected by President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
, Andrews attended the Paris Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
. She unsuccessfully lobbied for the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
to include a provision for her dream of the international bureau of education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...
. The reasoning was there was too much diversity in the cultures of the different countries to have a standard curriculum
Curriculum
See also Syllabus.In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults...
that would work for all.
She was known as a lecturer
Lecturer
Lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
on education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...
in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
and America
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, as secretary and organizer of the American School Citizenship League, and as a member of the advisory council of the Institute of International Education
Institute of International Education
Institute of International Education - is a non-profit organization promoting international exchange of education and training. It was established in 1919 and is based in the USA....
and the International Peace Bureau
International Peace Bureau
International Peace Bureau is the world's oldest international peace federation. It was founded in 1891, and awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910....
(Berne, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
), etc. She was also a delegate
Delegate
A delegate is a person who speaks or acts on behalf of an organization at a meeting or conference between organizations of the same level A delegate is a person who speaks or acts on behalf of an organization (e.g., a government, a charity, an NGO, or a trade union) at a meeting or conference...
to the International Conference on Education in 1914 and represented the United States Bureau of Education
Bureau of Education (National)
The Office of Education was a small unit in the General Government of the United States. It was created on March 2, 1867, as the Department of Education, using the same titles as another unit which it superseded. Henry Barnard was appointed as the first Commissioner of Education in 1867. During...
at Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
during the Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
.
Andrews was an advocate
Advocate
An advocate is a term for a professional lawyer used in several different legal systems. These include Scotland, South Africa, India, Scandinavian jurisdictions, Israel, and the British Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man...
of the ideal of peace education, and promoted action at an official level to obtain curriculam changes. Today's Civil Education classes are a result of the efforts she and others made.
Her works include:
- The United States and the World (1918)
- The World Family (1918)
- The War - What Should Be Said about it in the Schools? (Boston, 1914)
- Central Organization for a Durable Peace (Boston, 1916)
- Freedom of the Seas (The Hague, 1917)
- A Course in Citizenship and Patriotism (:Houghton Mifflin, 1918)
- A Course in Foreign Relations, prepared for the Army Education Commission (Paris, 1919)