Federico Halbherr
Encyclopedia
Federico Halbherr was an Italian archaeologist and epigrapher, known for his excavations of Crete
.
First studying in Vienna
alongside Paolo Orsi
, he then moved to the University of Rome to become a student of Domenico Comparetti
, where Halbherr became professor of ancient Greek epigraphy
in 1889. Students under him included, among others, Gaetano de Sanctis
, Luigi Pernier
and above all Margherita Guarducci
, who completed and edited Halbherr's work on his death.
He carried out important excavations at Phaistos
, Gortyn
a and Hagia Triada
, whose results he presented in several publications. In 1910 he was the founder and first director of the Italian Archaeological Mission to Crete
(what later became known as the Italian Archaeological School of Athens). His most important Greek discovery was the major inscription in the Greek Doric script of the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC containing the Laws of Gortyna
on family law, which was found in the 1884-87 excavations at Gortyna - a cast of it is on display in the Sala Dutuit of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
's base at Palazzo Corsini alla Lungara (Halbherr was an associate of the academy). He was also among the pioneers of archaeological studies of Cyrene
.
Crete
Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...
.
Life
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
alongside Paolo Orsi
Paolo Orsi
Paolo Orsi was an Italian archaeologist and classicist.-Life:Orsi was born in Rovereto, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now in the province of Trento in Italy. After studying at a gymnasium in Rovereto, Orsi moved to Vienna to study ancient history and archaeology...
, he then moved to the University of Rome to become a student of Domenico Comparetti
Domenico Comparetti
Domenico Comparetti , Italian scholar, was born at Rome.-Life:He studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza, took his degree in 1855 in natural science and mathematics, and entered his uncle's pharmacy as assistant. His scanty leisure was, however, given to study...
, where Halbherr became professor of ancient Greek epigraphy
Epigraphy
Epigraphy Epigraphy Epigraphy (from the , literally "on-writing", is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; that is, the science of identifying the graphemes and of classifying their use as to cultural context and date, elucidating their meaning and assessing what conclusions can be...
in 1889. Students under him included, among others, Gaetano de Sanctis
Gaetano De Sanctis
Gaetano De Sanctis was an Italian historian and lifetime senator .He was president of the "Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana" from 1947 to 1954....
, Luigi Pernier
Luigi Pernier
Luigi Pernier was an Italian archaeologist and academic now best known for his discovery of the Disc of Phaistos.-Career:...
and above all Margherita Guarducci
Margherita Guarducci
Margherita Guarducci was an Italian archaeologist, classical scholar and epigrapher. She was a major figure in several crucial moments of the 20th century academic community. A student of Federico Halbherr, she edited his works after his death...
, who completed and edited Halbherr's work on his death.
He carried out important excavations at Phaistos
Phaistos
Phaistos , also transliterated as Phaestos, Festos and Phaestus is an ancient city on the island of Crete. Phaistos was located in the south-central portion of the island, about 5.6 kilometres from the Mediterranean Sea. It was inhabited from about 4000 BC. A palace, dating from the Middle Bronze...
, Gortyn
Gortyn
Gortyn, Gortys or Gortyna is a municipality and an archaeological site on the Mediterranean island of Crete, 45 km away from the modern capital Heraklion. The seat of the municipality is the village Agioi Deka...
a and Hagia Triada
Hagia triada
Hagia Triada is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement. Hagia Triada is situated on a prominent coastal ridge, with the Mesara Plain below. Hagia triada sits at the western end of the ridge, while Phaistos is at the eastern end...
, whose results he presented in several publications. In 1910 he was the founder and first director of the Italian Archaeological Mission to Crete
Crete
Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...
(what later became known as the Italian Archaeological School of Athens). His most important Greek discovery was the major inscription in the Greek Doric script of the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC containing the Laws of Gortyna
Gortyn code
The Gortyn code was a legal code that was the codification of the civil law of the ancient Greek city-state of Gortyn in southern Crete.- History :...
on family law, which was found in the 1884-87 excavations at Gortyna - a cast of it is on display in the Sala Dutuit of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
Accademia dei Lincei
The Accademia dei Lincei, , is an Italian science academy, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy....
's base at Palazzo Corsini alla Lungara (Halbherr was an associate of the academy). He was also among the pioneers of archaeological studies of Cyrene
Cyrene, Libya
Cyrene was an ancient Greek colony and then a Roman city in present-day Shahhat, Libya, the oldest and most important of the five Greek cities in the region. It gave eastern Libya the classical name Cyrenaica that it has retained to modern times.Cyrene lies in a lush valley in the Jebel Akhdar...
.
Writings
- Federico Halbherr, Ernst FabriciusErnst FabriciusErnst Christian Andreas Martin Fabricius was a German historian, archaeologist and classical scholar...
, & Domenico ComparettiDomenico ComparettiDomenico Comparetti , Italian scholar, was born at Rome.-Life:He studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza, took his degree in 1855 in natural science and mathematics, and entered his uncle's pharmacy as assistant. His scanty leisure was, however, given to study...
, Leggi antiche della città di Gortyna in Creta. FirenzeFlorenceFlorence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
(TorinoTurinTurin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...
, RomaRomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
) : Loescher, 1885 - Federico Halbherr & Domenico Comparetti, Relazione sui nuovi scavi eseguiti a Gortyna presso il Letheo ; Iscrizioni arcaiche rinvenute nei medesimi ; Iscrizioni di varie citta cretesi. Firenze : Tip. Bencini, 1887
- Federico Halbherr & Paolo OrsiPaolo OrsiPaolo Orsi was an Italian archaeologist and classicist.-Life:Orsi was born in Rovereto, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now in the province of Trento in Italy. After studying at a gymnasium in Rovereto, Orsi moved to Vienna to study ancient history and archaeology...
, Antichità dell'antro di Zeus Ideo e di altre località in Creta, descritte ed illustrate da F. Halbherr e P. Orsi. Firenze (Torino, Roma) : Loescher, 1888 - Federico Halbherr, Lavori eseguiti in Creta dalla missione archeologica italiana dal 9 giugno al 9 novembre 1899. Roma : Tipografia della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1899
- Federico Halbherr, Relazione sugli scavi del tempio d'Apollo Pythio in Gortyna e nuovi frammenti d'iscrizioni arcaiche trovati nel medesimo. Roma : Tipografia della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1889
- Federico Halbherr, Lavori eseguiti dalla missione archeologica italiana ad Haghia Triada e nella necropoli di Phaestos dal 15 maggio al 12 giugno 1902. Roma : Tipografia della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1902
- Federico Halbherr, Rapporto alla presidenza del R. Istituto lombardo di scienze e lettere sugli scavi eseguiti dalla missione archeologica ad Haghia Triada ed a Festo nell'anno 1904. Milano : Ulrico Hoepli edit., 1905
- Federico Halbherr, Lavori eseguiti dalla missione archeologica italiana in Creta dal 15 dicembre 1903 al 15 agosto 1905 : relazione del prof. Federico Halbherr a Luigi PigoriniLuigi PigoriniLuigi Pigorini was an Italian palaeoethnologist, archaeologist and ethnographer.-Biography:Pigorini was born at Fontanellato, near Parma....
. Roma : Tipografia della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1906 - Federico Halbherr & Luigi Savignoni, Resti dell'eta micena scoperti ad Haghia Triada presso Phaestos : rapporto delle ricerche del 1902. Roma : Tipografia della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 1903
Edited by Margherita Guarducci
- Federico Halbherr & Margherita Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae. 1., Tituli Cretae mediae praeter Gortynios; 2., Tituli Cretae occidentalis / curavit Margarita Guarducci. Roma : Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria, 1935, 1939
- Federico Halbherr & Margherita Guarducci, Inscriptiones creticae opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae. 3., Tituli Cretae orientalis, curavit Margarita Guarducci. Roma : Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria, 1942
- Federico Halbherr & Margherita Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae. 4., Tituli Gortynii, curavit Margarita Guarducci. Roma : Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria, 1950
- Federico Halbherr & Margherita Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae,(I: Tituli cretae mediae praeter Gortynios; II Tituli Cretae occidentalis; III Tituli Cretae orientalis; IV Tituli Gortynii, opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae ; curavit Margarita Guarducci. Roma : Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria, 1935-1950
Letters
- Silvio Accade (ed.), Federico Halbherr e Gaetano De Sanctis pionieri delle missioni archeologiche italiane a Creta e in Cirenaica : dal carteggio De Sanctis 1909-1913. Roma : La Roccia, 1984
- Silvio Accade (ed.), Federico Halbherr e Gaetano De Sanctis : nuove lettere dal carteggio De Sanctis 1892-1932. Roma : Don Bosco, 1986