The United States taxes citizens and residents on their worldwide income. Citizens and residents living and working outside the U.S. may be entitled to a foreign earned income exclusion that reduces taxable income. For 2010, the maximum exclusion is $91,500 per taxpayer. In addition, the taxpayer may exclude housing expenses in excess of 16% of this maximum (i.e., $40.11 per day in 2010), but with limits. The exclusion is available only for wages or self employment income earned for services performed outside the U.S. The exclusion is claimed on IRS Form 2555 on an expat tax return.

Qualification

Only individuals are eligible for the exclusion. To qualify for the exclusion, the taxpayer's tax home must be outside the U.S. In addition, the expatriate must meet either of two tests:

• Bona fide resident test: the expatriate was a bona fide resident of a foreign country for a period that includes a full U.S. tax year, or
• Physical presence test: the expatriate must be outside the U.S. 330 days in any 12 month period.

The bona fide resident test is not available for nonresident aliens. Further, the test is NOT met if the expatriate declares to the foreign government that they are not a resident. Such declaration could be on visa applications or tax returns, or imposed as a condition of a visa. Eligibility for the exclusion may be affected by some tax treaties

Tax treaty

Many countries have agreed with other countries in treaties to mitigate the effects of double taxation . Tax treaties may cover income taxes, inheritance taxes, value added taxes, or other taxes...

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Counting the days for the physical presence test requires a determination for each day separately. The IRS makes it clear in Publication 54 that each day can be in more than one 12 month period. Further, a 12 month period may begin on any day of any month.

Amount of exclusion

The exclusion for 2010 is limited to $91,500 plus the housing exclusion. The amount of exclusion for a tax year is the lesser of foreign earned income for the year or the maximum exclusion divided by the total number of days (365 or 366) in the year times the number of qualifying days. The maximum is indexed for inflation. The housing exclusion is the amount of housing expenses in excess of $40.11 per day in 2010. It is also based on the number of qualifying days, and is limited to a specific dollar amount based on the location of housing. For 2010,

The exclusion is limited to income earned by a taxpayer for performance of services outside the U.S. This includes salary, bonus, and self employment income. Where income relates to services both in the U.S. and outside the U.S., the income must be apportioned.

Special rules apply to Foreign Service and military personnel.

Form 2555 required

The exclusion is an election. Taxpayers may claim the exclusion only if they file IRS Form 2555 or Form 2555-EZ. The form must be attached to a timely filed U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (IRS [ Form 1040]) for the first year of election, or an amended timely filed return. IRS regulations allow the election with late filed returns in some cases. The election to exclude may be revoked at any time; however, once revoked the exclusion may not be elected again for five years.