Fort Wetherill
Encyclopedia
Fort Wetherill is a former Coast Artillery fort that occupied the southern portion of the eastern tip of Conanicut Island
, located in Jamestown, Rhode Island. The fort sat atop high granite cliffs, overlooking the entrance to Narragansett Bay
. Fort Dumpling, dating from the Revolutionary War, used to occupy a small site within Fort Wetherill, all of which was turned over to the State of Rhode Island after World War II and is now operated as Fort Wetherill State Park, a 51 acres (206,389.9 m²) reservation. Today the park is managed by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, and offers ample parking facilities, public restrooms, trash/dog waste bags, and picnic tables. Jumping off the rocks at Fort Wetherill is prohibited, along with the consumption of alcohol. There is no enterance fee to get into the park and the park can be accessed any time between sunrise and sunset.
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In 1798 construction was started on a permanent fortification at Dumpling Rock under the supervision of Major Louis Tousard of the Army Corps of Engineers. This fort was officially called Fort Louis and, later, Fort Brown, (after Major General Jacob Brown
, commanding general of the United States Army), but was commonly called Fort Dumpling throughout its existence. Fort Dumpling was in the form of an oval stone tower and was frequently used as an artistic motif and a place for social outings.
. Fort Dumpling was destroyed in the process of building the new fort, which featured numerous concrete emplacements for 20th Century breach-loading, rifled coast artillery pieces.
In 1901, Battery Varnum, mounting two 12-inch guns on barbette carriages and situated in the far southeast corner of the fort, was the first modern battery to be completed. By 1910, the other six batteries in the fort's pre-World War II arsenal had been brought into service. Although several of these batteries are now overgrown with brush, they offer what is perhaps the longest linear concrete gun line in the coast defenses of New England.
During World War I, the fort was garrisoned by five companies of Coast Artillery from the Rhode Island National Guard
. After the war, Fort Wetherill reverted to "caretaker status," with only a single Coast Artillery noncom assigned to watch over it and other nearby facilities.
Fort Wetherill was reactivated by the U.S. Army in September 1940 as a major part of the harbor defenses of Narragansett Bay and new barracks were built to house the 243rd Coast Artillery Regiment and its 1,200 soldiers. The fort also functioned in the year before World War II as a military training facility, and late in the war as a training center for German prisoners of war. In 1946, the U.S. military ceased operations at Fort Wetherill, and the site remained abandoned for the quarter century that followed.
The State of Rhode Island officially acquired the fort on August 16, 1972, and reconfigured the site for public use as a state park. In 1972 the site was also added to the National Register of Historic Places. The park continues to attract visitors with a variety of modern recreational uses. The property offers walking trails through wooded areas and along the rocky coast, and is a popular destination for scuba diving
. Spectacular ocean views draw seasonal visitors from all over who come to observe special events such as the Tall Ships Festival and annual fireworks displays from atop the old fort.
Another distinctive feature of the fort is its surviving buildings and tramway system that were once used in the operation of the submarine mining
operation that was run from the fort during World War I and World War II. During World War II, some 300 mines were planted on the east and west sides of Conanicut Island, protecting the approaches to Newport, and almost all of these were maintained from the Mine Wharf at Fort Wetherill. The image at left shows the old mine storehouse, one of the best preserved in the United States, with the remains of the tram tracks that used to carry the massive mines in and out its front door. Mine launches would tie up at the nearby wharf, load the mines that were to be laid, transport them out into the inlet, and lay them, together with their electric cables. Then, when these mines needed to be taken in, they were ferried back to the wharf and transported on the tramway to the various service buildings. A dual mine observation station sat atop the hill between the storehouse and Battery Varnum. Spotters manned this station (and others scattered around the harbor defenses) and could locate enemy ships approaching the minefields, signaling to the operators in the mining casemate when a given mine was to be electrically detonated.
Conanicut Island
Conanicut Island is the second largest island in Narragansett Bay, in the state of Rhode Island. It is connected on the east to Newport, Rhode Island, on Aquidneck Island by the Claiborne Pell Bridge, commonly known as the Newport Bridge, and on the west to North Kingstown, Rhode Island, on the...
, located in Jamestown, Rhode Island. The fort sat atop high granite cliffs, overlooking the entrance to Narragansett Bay
Narragansett Bay
Narragansett Bay is a bay and estuary on the north side of Rhode Island Sound. Covering 147 mi2 , the Bay forms New England's largest estuary, which functions as an expansive natural harbor, and includes a small archipelago...
. Fort Dumpling, dating from the Revolutionary War, used to occupy a small site within Fort Wetherill, all of which was turned over to the State of Rhode Island after World War II and is now operated as Fort Wetherill State Park, a 51 acres (206,389.9 m²) reservation. Today the park is managed by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, and offers ample parking facilities, public restrooms, trash/dog waste bags, and picnic tables. Jumping off the rocks at Fort Wetherill is prohibited, along with the consumption of alcohol. There is no enterance fee to get into the park and the park can be accessed any time between sunrise and sunset.
Early History
In the 18th Century, an earthwork fortification was constructed at the site of Dumpling Rock, which overlooks the strategic East Passage toward Newport. This old fort was occupied by American, British and French forces for various periods of time during the Revolutionary War. The British abandoned the fort at Dumpling Rock in 1779 when they evacuated NewportNewport
Newport is a city and unitary authority area in Wales. Standing on the banks of the River Usk, it is located about east of Cardiff and is the largest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent...
.
In 1798 construction was started on a permanent fortification at Dumpling Rock under the supervision of Major Louis Tousard of the Army Corps of Engineers. This fort was officially called Fort Louis and, later, Fort Brown, (after Major General Jacob Brown
Jacob Brown
Jacob Jennings Brown was an American army officer in the War of 1812. His successes on the northern border during that war made him a hero. In 1821 he was appointed commanding general of the U.S. Army and held that post until his death.-Early life:Born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Jacob Jennings...
, commanding general of the United States Army), but was commonly called Fort Dumpling throughout its existence. Fort Dumpling was in the form of an oval stone tower and was frequently used as an artistic motif and a place for social outings.
Modern History
In 1899, during the Endicott period of coastal fortification, the U.S. government purchased additional land and built Fort Wetherill at the southeast tip of Conanicut Island (the island now occupied by the Town of Jamestown). The fort was named for Captain Alexander Macomb Wetherill, a Jamestown native who was killed in action during the Battle of San Juan HillBattle of San Juan Hill
The Battle of San Juan Hill , also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish-American War. The San Juan heights was a north-south running elevation about two kilometers east of Santiago de Cuba. The names San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill were names given by the...
. Fort Dumpling was destroyed in the process of building the new fort, which featured numerous concrete emplacements for 20th Century breach-loading, rifled coast artillery pieces.
In 1901, Battery Varnum, mounting two 12-inch guns on barbette carriages and situated in the far southeast corner of the fort, was the first modern battery to be completed. By 1910, the other six batteries in the fort's pre-World War II arsenal had been brought into service. Although several of these batteries are now overgrown with brush, they offer what is perhaps the longest linear concrete gun line in the coast defenses of New England.
During World War I, the fort was garrisoned by five companies of Coast Artillery from the Rhode Island National Guard
Rhode Island National Guard
The Rhode Island National Guard consists of the:*Rhode Island Army National Guard *Rhode Island Air National Guard ** 102nd Information Warfare Squadron** 143d Airlift Wing** 281st Combat Communications Group** 282nd Combat Communications Squadron...
. After the war, Fort Wetherill reverted to "caretaker status," with only a single Coast Artillery noncom assigned to watch over it and other nearby facilities.
Fort Wetherill was reactivated by the U.S. Army in September 1940 as a major part of the harbor defenses of Narragansett Bay and new barracks were built to house the 243rd Coast Artillery Regiment and its 1,200 soldiers. The fort also functioned in the year before World War II as a military training facility, and late in the war as a training center for German prisoners of war. In 1946, the U.S. military ceased operations at Fort Wetherill, and the site remained abandoned for the quarter century that followed.
The State of Rhode Island officially acquired the fort on August 16, 1972, and reconfigured the site for public use as a state park. In 1972 the site was also added to the National Register of Historic Places. The park continues to attract visitors with a variety of modern recreational uses. The property offers walking trails through wooded areas and along the rocky coast, and is a popular destination for scuba diving
Scuba diving
Scuba diving is a form of underwater diving in which a diver uses a scuba set to breathe underwater....
. Spectacular ocean views draw seasonal visitors from all over who come to observe special events such as the Tall Ships Festival and annual fireworks displays from atop the old fort.
Another distinctive feature of the fort is its surviving buildings and tramway system that were once used in the operation of the submarine mining
Submarine mines in U.S. harbor defense
The modern era of defending American harbors with submarine mines began in the post-Civil War period.In 1866, the U.S. [Army] Corps of Engineers established the Engineer School of Application at Willets Point, NY. The first commander of this School, Maj...
operation that was run from the fort during World War I and World War II. During World War II, some 300 mines were planted on the east and west sides of Conanicut Island, protecting the approaches to Newport, and almost all of these were maintained from the Mine Wharf at Fort Wetherill. The image at left shows the old mine storehouse, one of the best preserved in the United States, with the remains of the tram tracks that used to carry the massive mines in and out its front door. Mine launches would tie up at the nearby wharf, load the mines that were to be laid, transport them out into the inlet, and lay them, together with their electric cables. Then, when these mines needed to be taken in, they were ferried back to the wharf and transported on the tramway to the various service buildings. A dual mine observation station sat atop the hill between the storehouse and Battery Varnum. Spotters manned this station (and others scattered around the harbor defenses) and could locate enemy ships approaching the minefields, signaling to the operators in the mining casemate when a given mine was to be electrically detonated.
Modern Armament
Beginning in the early 20th Century, the seven major concrete gun batteries listed below were built and armed at Fort Wetherill. In addition, Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) Battery 923, consisting of two 90mm guns, was built upon platforms that remained from an earlier antiaircraft gun battery. Only the first two batteries listed below (plus the World War II AMTB battery) were operational during World War II.- Battery Dickenson; 2 6-inch guns M1900 on pedestal mounts; 1908-1947 (Modified in World War II)
- Battery Crittenden; 2 3-inch guns M1903 on pedestal mounts; 1908–1946
- Battery Wheaton; 2 12-inch M1888 guns on disappearing carriages; 1908–1945
- Battery Varnum; 2 12-inch M1888 guns on barbette carriages; 1903–1943
- Battery Walbach; 3 10-inch guns on disappearing carriages; 1908–1942
- Battery Zook; 3 6-inch guns on disappearing carriages; 1908–1918
- Battery Cooke; 2 3-inch guns on modified pedestal mounts; 1903–1920