Francis Tukey
Encyclopedia
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
, Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...
from 1846 to 1852 and a member of the California State Assembly
California State Assembly
The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. There are 80 members in the Assembly, representing an approximately equal number of constituents, with each district having a population of at least 420,000...
.
Early history
Francis Tukey was born in Falmouth, MaineFalmouth, Maine
Falmouth is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The population was 11,185 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area....
in year 1814. His family was well established in the area of Falmouth. His father was Benjamin Tukey, as was also the name of his grandfather. His grandfather fought in the Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Saratoga
The Battles of Saratoga conclusively decided the fate of British General John Burgoyne's army in the American War of Independence and are generally regarded as a turning point in the war. The battles were fought eighteen days apart on the same ground, south of Saratoga, New York...
during the American Revolution
American Revolution
The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America...
. Upon the town’s celebration of the surrender of General Burgoyne
John Burgoyne
General John Burgoyne was a British army officer, politician and dramatist. He first saw action during the Seven Years' War when he participated in several battles, mostly notably during the Portugal Campaign of 1762....
, Benjamin Tukey was killed accidentally. As the celebration had commenced around Alice Greele’s Tavern, Benjamin was mortally wounded by the premature discharge from a cannon. Benjamin Tukey left behind two children: Benjamin, Francis's father, and William. Francis Tukey is described as "5 feet, 9 inches tall, hair black as a raven, eyes large, dark and piercing with a pale face and an infectious smile."
Francis Tukey was a mechanic by trade and left Falmouth for Boston, Massachusetts to practice his trade further. After moving to Boston, he decided that he would pursue a career in law instead. Tukey entered the Harvard Law School
Harvard Law School
Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is home to the largest academic law library in the world. The school is routinely ranked by the U.S...
and graduated after two years in 1843. Francis Tukey was admitted to the Suffolk
Suffolk County, Massachusetts
Suffolk County has no land border with Plymouth County to its southeast, but the two counties share a water boundary in the middle of Massachusetts Bay.-National protected areas:*Boston African American National Historic Site...
bar on March 6, 1844.
Entering the law enforcement profession would be Tukey’s calling and he would become appointed as the City Marshal of Boston by Mayor Josiah Quincy Jr. The position had been more of a revolving political door at the time. During the eight years between 1838 and 1846, there were six men appointed to the seat of city marshal. Francis Tukey was the successor to an office held by Benjamin Pollard, Daniel Parkman, Erza Weston, James Blake and Ira Gibbs. Tukey was appointed at the age of only 32 to the high profile position.
Tukey era as City Marshal of Boston
The early years of Tukey’s era as marshal was relatively quiet compared to what he would encounter close to the end of the decade. He began with the reorganization of the Boston Police DepartmentBoston Police Department
The Boston Police Department , created in 1838, holds the primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is one of the oldest police departments in the United States...
. Under Tukey, the force increased to 22 officers during the day and 8 at night. They were dispatched throughout the city at $2.00 per day and $1.25 per night. The city was divided into sections and the order was set to clean up the streets of Boston. The increased visibility of officers gave rise to local notoriety to certain constables, such as Derastus Clapp
Derastus Clapp
Derastus Clapp was head of the first city detective bureau in the United States, located in Boston, Massachusetts. He was appointed to the office of constable by the elderly Mayor Josiah Quincy in 1828, and was reappointed every succeeding year to 1874. In 1848, he was promoted to be one of the...
and Samuel Fuller.
During the 1848 public excavation on Boston Common
Boston Common
Boston Common is a central public park in Boston, Massachusetts. It is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Boston Commons". Dating from 1634, it is the oldest city park in the United States. The Boston Common consists of of land bounded by Tremont Street, Park Street, Beacon Street,...
, Tukey and his people discovered stolen money in front of an eager crowd. The January 7 excavation found $1100.00. This was the beginning of his public image in Boston and he welcomed the publicity.
Francis Tukey was a major character in the John White Webster
John White Webster
John White Webster , born in Boston, Massachusetts, was a professor of chemistry and geology at Harvard Medical College...
murder trial in 1849. Tukey, as acting city marshal, was the police official in charge of bringing to trial the murder of the beneficiary of the Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts....
, George Parkman
George Parkman
George Parkman , a Boston Brahmin , belonged to one of Boston's richest families...
. Tukey first learned of the disappearance of Parkman on Friday, 23 November 1849. He was charged with finding Parkman immediately. Robert Gould Shaw
Robert Gould Shaw
Robert Gould Shaw was an American officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. As colonel, he commanded the all-black 54th Regiment, which entered the war in 1863. He was killed in the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, near Charleston, South Carolina...
and Edward Blake asked for his help and from there it progressed from quietly keeping an eye out to a full scale departmental search of Boston and its surroundings.
Saturday, 24 November, the entire police force of Boston was informed of the disappearance and the man hunt began. Tukey sent messengers fifty or sixty miles outside of Boston to search for Dr. Parkman
George Parkman
George Parkman , a Boston Brahmin , belonged to one of Boston's richest families...
. The Charles River
Charles River
The Charles River is an long river that flows in an overall northeasterly direction in eastern Massachusetts, USA. From its source in Hopkinton, the river travels through 22 cities and towns until reaching the Atlantic Ocean at Boston...
and Boston Harbor
Boston Harbor
Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, and is located adjacent to the city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a major shipping facility in the northeast.-History:...
were dredged and put some 28,000 handbills, offering “liberal rewards,” out to citizens asking for his whereabouts. The Saturday news informed the entire area of his disappearance, for those who were not already on the search. Tukey directed a quickly mobilized, widespread search for Dr. Parkman. The search was unsuccessful, so the direction then focused on the last place that Dr. Parkman had been seen: Harvard Medical School.
Ephraim Littlefield found the body of what is believed to be Dr. George Parkman under the privy of John Webster
John White Webster
John White Webster , born in Boston, Massachusetts, was a professor of chemistry and geology at Harvard Medical College...
. Tukey had told Officer George W. Trenholm
George Trenholm
George Alfred Trenholm was a prominent politician in the Confederate States of America and served as the Secretary of the Treasury during its final year.-Biography:...
and Littlefield to go in and pass out what they found in the grave. What came out of the hole in the wall were the pelvis, a thigh, and a leg that was believed to be the body of Dr. Parkman. There was only one entrance to the grave and it was from Webster's privy. Tukey issued an order for his officers to proceed in arresting John Webster. Upon his arrest, Tukey was going to be one of the keys to the proceedings as he was putting the case together. The story had caught the public’s attention well outside of Boston and soon became the center of attention to the nation. Tukey needed to keep order in Boston, in addition to allowing tens of thousands of people to witness the actual court proceedings. During the trial, Francis Tukey was examined and cross examined twice; all the while maintaining the order of the courtroom. His testimony included examination of the "Civis Letters" that had been written referring to the disappearance of Dr. Parkman. These three letters gave valuable information on exact happenings in the case, which were mailed directly to the attention of Francis Tukey, but were never able to be identified.
The results of the trial were that John White Webster was convicted and eventually hanged for the murder in 1850. The lasting image of Tukey's work during the trial was of him placing a chain around the courthouse to keep the order inside while the public waited news outside. He placed a steel chain, waste high around the courthouse, in an attempt to keep the inside of the courthouse manageable. Meanwhile, he was still allowing the masses to gaze on the proceedings, at his discretion. Francis Tukey gained national attention during the proceedings, but this still would not be his only mark on Boston Society.
A year later in 1851, Francis Tukey made an important decision for Boston of the time. A runaway slave named Thomas Sims
Thomas Sims
Thomas Sims was an enslaved African American who escaped from slavery in Georgia at age 17 and lived for a time in Boston, Massachusetts. He was arrested there under the federal Fugitive Slave Law on April 4, 1851. Following a dramatic court trial, he was returned to his owner against the strong...
was captured in the city of Boston. The Fugitive Slave Law required his capture and return to Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...
. He was captured on April 3, as the U.S Marines were marching through the streets of Boston in search for him. The trial again captured national attention. The trial commenced and by April 19, Sims was sent back to Georgia on a ship under the full cooperation of Marshal Tukey as the courts saw it fit to return his south.
Shortly thereafter, Tukey began using raids to clean up the city. Tukey had an eye on vice establishments in the city. The early results of the first raid concluded that nine men and sixty women were arrested for prostitution. The following week's raid is known as the "Celebrated Ann Street" raid. There were over 150 arrests made in the red-light district of Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
on 23 April 1851. The targets were gamblers and prostitutes, with Tukey finding great success.
Again in 1851, Francis Tukey instituted a weekly “show-up of rogues.” The policy he established was to have known criminals show up and be identified in public as criminals. This was to make sure that the public knew there faces and could identify the criminals if they had to. The first collection brought 76 pickpockets, burglars, thieves and more that were forced to “run a gauntlet of crowing citizens who tore their clothing and marked their backs with chalk.”
The results of Francis Tukey’s time as city marshal are varied. During Tukey’s reign, it is believed that he neglected the growing number of wandering children in the Boston streets. The children, if taken in, would become apprentices or domestics until they reached adulthood. This was a rather “unenlightened attitude toward juvenile delinquency” in Boston at the time.
Francis Tukey would be the city marshal until 1852, a tenure lasting six years. Benjamin Seaver
Benjamin Seaver
Benjamin Seaver was an American politician, serving as the thirteenth mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from January 5, 1852 to January 2, 1854....
, the mayor, removed Francis Tukey and most of the Boston Police force and replaced him with Gilbert Nourse Esq (1852–1854). The resignation was forced. Upon his removal, Tukey decided to relocate to Sacramento, California
Sacramento, California
Sacramento is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the county seat of Sacramento County. It is located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the northern portion of California's expansive Central Valley. With a population of 466,488 at the 2010 census,...
.
Move to California
Francis Tukey’s decision to leave Boston for SacramentoSacramento
Sacramento is the capital of the state of California, in the United States of America.Sacramento may also refer to:- United States :*Sacramento County, California*Sacramento, Kentucky*Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta...
was not an attempt to leave the public realm behind. Here he became a member of the California State Assembly
California State Assembly
The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. There are 80 members in the Assembly, representing an approximately equal number of constituents, with each district having a population of at least 420,000...
, with a seat in the 16th District legislature beginning in 1863 and also a member of the Board of Levee. During his time on the Board of Levee, he helped decide the length of term and the process for the election of Levee officials. His time in California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
did encounter other notoriety as he came in front of the Supreme Court of California
Supreme Court of California
The Supreme Court of California is the highest state court in California. It is headquartered in San Francisco and regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Its decisions are binding on all other California state courts.-Composition:...
as an appeal was filed from a verdict rendered against him by the Sixth Judicial District of California. In this appeal, investment in property bought by another man, D. O. Mills, where Tukey was also an investor came before the court. The issue at hand was that Tukey was an investor on real estate property of lot 4 between J and K streets and Fourth and Fifth streets in Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento is the capital of the state of California, in the United States of America.Sacramento may also refer to:- United States :*Sacramento County, California*Sacramento, Kentucky*Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta...
. The third that was in the possession of Judson and George B. Haycock was sold to Mills. During which time, the taxes had not been paid on the property. The sheriff in Sacramento was deeded to sell the property to recoup the money owed. Tukey, in having failed to pay the taxes, forced the property to be sold and left a loan of $4000.00 to Mill’s debt. The selling of the property was eventually allowed, having the courts agreed to the original decision that the sheriff did have the right to sell the property to reclaim debts and the owner was now in fact D. O. Mills.
Legacy
Francis Tukey “demonstrated the police as a constant, serious, full-time presence into the social spaces of (BostonBoston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
).” He patrolled the streets of Boston with the great efficiency. According to Tukey, "there were 227 houses of prostitution known in Boston, along with 26 gambling dens operating and 1500 shops selling liquor, of which 900 were run by Irishmen." He was appointed by the Boston Brahmins to control the growing population of immigrants, especially the Irish who were typically used as scapegoats of the time. Tukey increased the police force and increased the operating budget each year. The police force was so well trained, that it could be brought into “service on any emergency, at short notice, with all the uniformity and efficiency of a disciplined army.” Tukey helped clean the streets in an obvious busy time for Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
. "It may be a question whether Francis Tukey is to the municipality what Fouche` was to the court of Napoleon." He is considered to be the most efficient police officer ever in Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
. Francis Tukey "styled himself as Boston's own Eugène François Vidocq
Eugène François Vidocq
Eugène François Vidocq was a French criminal and criminalist whose life story inspired several writers, including Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac...
, in regards to the vigilant detection of offenders" by forcing criminals to parade in public and arresting groups of people during police raids. He is also considered by many to be the Napoleon of his time during his reign as city marshal.
Death
Francis Tukey died in Sacramento, CaliforniaSacramento, California
Sacramento is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the county seat of Sacramento County. It is located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the northern portion of California's expansive Central Valley. With a population of 466,488 at the 2010 census,...
on November 23, 1868. His burial site is unknown.