Frederick Campion Steward
Encyclopedia
Frederick "Camp" Campion Steward (16 June 1904 – 13 September 1993) was a British
botanist and plant physiologist.
and then attended the University of Leeds
, where he gained a B.Sc in Chemistry in 1924 and then undertook research in the Botany department.
in 1924 and then to the University of California
at Berkeley four years later. In 1934 he returned to England as a Reader in botany and from 1940 to serve in the Ministry of Aircraft Production. After the war he returned to the USA, holding appointments at the Universities of Chicago and Rochester before finally moving to Cornell in 1950.
Professor F.C. Steward discovered and laid the foundation for plant tissue culture
; and for better or for worse genetic engineering
and plant biotechnology of plants be they food crops or trees.
His most important scientific contribution came in 1958, when he established that plants could be totally regenerated from one cell. The finding revolutionized the world of plant cell biology, establishing for the first time that plant cuttings and shoots were no longer required to propagate hybrids and create mutations but that individual plant cells contained all the necessary information to regulate the entire plant organism. His discovery of the means to obtain such regeneration has formed the basis of the entire field of plant molecular biology, meaning that clones, hybrids and mutations of plants can be accomplished in the laboratory rather than having to resort to the far longer and cumbersome process of taking and then cultivating cuttings.
From his Cornell classrooms and laboratories, Steward was responsible for creating and inspiring a generation of botanists. Former students said that his lectures, in "advanced plant physiology" were the high point of their education. The lectures covered an entire year , he used no notes, and would speak as he walked back and forth in front of the lecture theater in Plant Science hall. From the outset of his career, Steward was often associated with scientific controversy and he often tended to be at its epicenter. He believed that one could be and maybe should be a "majority of one" if scientific convictions dictated it.
Steward delivered The Royal Society's Croonian Lecture
in 1969 on "From cultured cells to whole plants: the induction and control of their growth and morphogenesis".
He wrote more than 100 scientific journal articles and several books and was an editor and contributor to the 10 volumes and 15 books of "Plant Physiology: A Treatise" (Academic Press, 1959–1991).
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
botanist and plant physiologist.
Early Life and Education
He was born in Pimlico, London but brought up in Yorkshire. He was educated at Heckmondwike Grammar SchoolHeckmondwike Grammar School
Heckmondwike Grammar School is a state selective, coeducational grammar school providing free education, located in Heckmondwike, West Yorkshire, England.-Admissions:...
and then attended the University of Leeds
University of Leeds
The University of Leeds is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England...
, where he gained a B.Sc in Chemistry in 1924 and then undertook research in the Botany department.
Career
A Rockefeller Foundation fellowship took him first to Cornell UniversityCornell University
Cornell University is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York, United States. It is a private land-grant university, receiving annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions...
in 1924 and then to the University of California
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
at Berkeley four years later. In 1934 he returned to England as a Reader in botany and from 1940 to serve in the Ministry of Aircraft Production. After the war he returned to the USA, holding appointments at the Universities of Chicago and Rochester before finally moving to Cornell in 1950.
Professor F.C. Steward discovered and laid the foundation for plant tissue culture
Plant tissue culture
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation...
; and for better or for worse genetic engineering
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...
and plant biotechnology of plants be they food crops or trees.
His most important scientific contribution came in 1958, when he established that plants could be totally regenerated from one cell. The finding revolutionized the world of plant cell biology, establishing for the first time that plant cuttings and shoots were no longer required to propagate hybrids and create mutations but that individual plant cells contained all the necessary information to regulate the entire plant organism. His discovery of the means to obtain such regeneration has formed the basis of the entire field of plant molecular biology, meaning that clones, hybrids and mutations of plants can be accomplished in the laboratory rather than having to resort to the far longer and cumbersome process of taking and then cultivating cuttings.
From his Cornell classrooms and laboratories, Steward was responsible for creating and inspiring a generation of botanists. Former students said that his lectures, in "advanced plant physiology" were the high point of their education. The lectures covered an entire year , he used no notes, and would speak as he walked back and forth in front of the lecture theater in Plant Science hall. From the outset of his career, Steward was often associated with scientific controversy and he often tended to be at its epicenter. He believed that one could be and maybe should be a "majority of one" if scientific convictions dictated it.
Recognition
Steward was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1957. His candidature citation read:- "[Steward] has contributed to knowledge of salt absorption, accumulation and transport since 1930. His earlier work established that ion accumulation was linked to metabolism at a time when this was doubted, and in this connection extensive studies of protein metabolism were undertaken. Steward and his colleagues Dent and Stepka made important early studies using the (then) new technique of chromatographic separation of amino acids. He has (following a distinguished war record as Director of Aircraft Equipment II) been successful in recent years in isolating from coconut milk the factors which promote or maintain plant cells in the embryonic or meristematic condition. Two have been identified definitely as diphenylures and a leuco-anthocyanin. His current studies are dealing with mode of action of these substances and with ion accumulation processes of meristem tissue".
Steward delivered The Royal Society's Croonian Lecture
Croonian Lecture
The Croonian Lectures are prestigious lectureships given at the invitation of the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians.Among the papers of William Croone at his death in 1684, was a plan to endow one lectureship at both the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians...
in 1969 on "From cultured cells to whole plants: the induction and control of their growth and morphogenesis".
He wrote more than 100 scientific journal articles and several books and was an editor and contributor to the 10 volumes and 15 books of "Plant Physiology: A Treatise" (Academic Press, 1959–1991).