Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Encyclopedia
Holstein-Gottorp
Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein that were ruled by the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. Other parts of the duchies were ruled by the kings of Denmark. The...
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He was the elder son of Duke Johann Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp and Augusta of Denmark
Augusta of Denmark
Princess Augusta of Denmark was the third daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark and Sophia of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, and Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp as the wife of Duke John Adolf...
. His mother was a daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark
Frederick II of Denmark
Frederick II was King of Denmark and Norway and duke of Schleswig from 1559 until his death.-King of Denmark:Frederick II was the son of King Christian III of Denmark and Norway and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. Frederick II stands as the typical renaissance ruler of Denmark. Unlike his father, he...
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He had ambitious plans concerning the development of sea trade. With this purpose he established Friedrichstadt
Friedrichstadt
Friedrichstadt is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the river Eider approx. 12 km south of Husum. It was founded in 1621 by Dutch settlers...
in 1621, in sympathy with city of Glückstadt
Glückstadt
Glückstadt is a town in the Steinburg district of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is located on the right bank of the Lower Elbe at the confluence of the small Rhin river, about northwest of Altona...
established in 1617 by Christian IV of Denmark
Christian IV of Denmark
Christian IV was the king of Denmark-Norway from 1588 until his death. With a reign of more than 59 years, he is the longest-reigning monarch of Denmark, and he is frequently remembered as one of the most popular, ambitious and proactive Danish kings, having initiated many reforms and projects...
. Furthermore, he attempted to find a commercial way to Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
and Persia that would not pass around Africa. For this reason he sent on 6 November 1633 the expedition from Hamburg
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
to Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
under the management of a commercial agent of Otto Brüggemann and a ducal adviser, Philipp Crusius, and with Adam Olearius
Adam Olearius
Adam Olearius , born Adam Ölschläger or Oehlschlaeger, was a German scholar, mathematician, geographer and librarian...
as secretary. On 14 August 1634 the delegation arrived at Moscow. Although it was not successful in concluding a commercial agreement with Tsar Michael I of Russia, nevertheless, immediately after the return of the delegation to Gottorp
Gottorp
Gottorf Castle is a castle and estate in the city of Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is the ancestral home of the Holstein-Gottorp branch of the House of Oldenburg...
on 6 April 1635, Frederick began the preparation of the following expedition.
The difficult task of leading the country through the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
confronted Frederick. He tried a policy of neutrality, which meant in practice the refusal of the union with Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
and inclinations toward Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
. Thus, he married his daughter Hedwig Eleonore
Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp was the queen consort of King Charles X of Sweden and queen mother of King Charles XI...
to King Charles X of Sweden. Since the Swedish attempt at being the Great Power failed, Frederick's pro-Swedish policy led to the weakening of the house of Holstein-Gottorp.
Frederick as the patron of art and culture was more successful. Thus he founded on 3 September 1642 together with Duke Ludwig I of Anhalt-Köthen the Fruitbearing Society
Fruitbearing Society
The Fruitbearing Society was a German literary society founded in 1617 in Weimar by German scholars and nobility to emulate the idea of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence and similar groups already thriving in Italy, to be followed in later years also in France and Britain...
. Furthermore, he contributed to the creation of the Globe of Gottorf
Globe of Gottorf
The Globe of Gottorf is a 17th century large globe of the earth in the Kunstkammer museum in St.Petersburg in Russia. It measures 3.1 meters in diameter....
. The painter Jürgen Ovens
Jürgen Ovens
Jürgen Ovens , also known as Georg, or Jurriaen Ovens whilst in the Netherlands, was a portrait painter from North Frisia and, according to Arnold Houbraken, a pupil of Rembrandt...
worked more than 30 years for him and his successor Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp.
Ancestors
Family and children
He was married in DresdenDresden
Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
on 21 February 1630 to Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony, daughter of Elector John George I of Saxony
John George I, Elector of Saxony
John George I was Elector of Saxony from 1611 to 1656.-Biography:Born in Dresden, he was the second son of the Elector Christian I and Sophie of Brandenburg....
and Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia
Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia
Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia was an Electress of Saxony as the spouse of John George I, Elector of Saxony.-Life:...
. They had the following children:
- Sofie AugusteSophie Augusta of Holstein-GottorpSophie Augusta of Holstein-Gottorp was a daughter van Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony.- Marriage and issue :...
(5 December 1630 – 12 December 1680), married on 16 September 1649 to John VI, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstJohn VI, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstJohn VI of Anhalt-Zerbst , was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst....
. Mother of John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-DornburgJohn Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-DornburgJohn Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg , was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dornburg....
, grandmother of Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstChristian August, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstChristian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst was a German prince of the House of Ascania. He was a ruler of the Principality of Anhalt-Dornburg, then, from 1742, a ruler of the entire Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst...
, and great-grandmother of Catherine II of RussiaCatherine II of RussiaCatherine II, also known as Catherine the Great , Empress of Russia, was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia on as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg...
. - Magdalene Sibylle (24 November 1631 – 22 September 1719), married on 28 November 1654 to Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-GüstrowGustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-GüstrowGustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg [-Güstrow] was the last ruler of Mecklenburg-Güstrow from 1636 until his death and last Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg from 1636 to 1648.-Life:...
. Mother of Louise of Mecklenburg-GüstrowLouise of Mecklenburg-GüstrowLouise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow was Queen consort of Denmark and Norway as the first spouse of the King Frederick IV of Denmark....
, Queen of Denmark. - Johann Adolf (29 September 1632 – 19 November 1633).
- Marie Elisabeth (6 June 1634 – 17 June 1665), married on 24 November 1650 to Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-DarmstadtLouis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-DarmstadtLouis VI of Hesse-Darmstadt was Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1661 to 1678.He was the eldest of three sons of the Landgrave George II of Hesse-Darmstadt and Sophia Eleonore of Saxony.- Marriage and children :...
. - Friedrich (17 July 1635 – 12 August 1654).
- Hedwig EleonoreHedwig Eleonora of Holstein-GottorpHedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp was the queen consort of King Charles X of Sweden and queen mother of King Charles XI...
(23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715), married on 24 October 1654 to King Charles X of Sweden. - Adolf August (1 September 1637 – 20 November 1637).
- Johann Georg (8 August 1638 – 25 November 1655).
- Anna Dorothea (13 February 1640 – 13 May 1713).
- Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-GottorpChristian Albert, Duke of Holstein-GottorpChristian Albert was a duke of Holstein-Gottorp and bishop of Lübeck.He was a son of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and his wife Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony. Christian Albertbecame duke when his father died in the Castle Tönning, besieged by the King Christian V of Denmark...
(3 February 1641 – 6 January 1695). - Gustav Ulrich (16 March 1642 – 23 October 1642).
- Christine Sabine (11 July 1643 – 20 March 1644).
- August Friedrich (6 May 1646 – 2 October 1705), Prince-Regent of Eutin and Prince-Bishop of Lübeck; married on 21 June 1676 to Christine of Saxe-Weissenfels. No issue.
- Adolf (24 August 1647 – 27 December 1647).
- Elisabeth Sofie (24 August 1647 – 16 November 1647), twin of Adolf.
- Auguste MarieAugusta Marie of Holstein-GottorpAugusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp was a German noblewoman. She was the daughter of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony.She married Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach on 15 May 1670 in Husum...
(6 February 1649 – 25 April 1728), married on 15 May 1670 to Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach.
See also
- History of Schleswig-HolsteinHistory of Schleswig-HolsteinThe Jutland Peninsula is a long peninsula in Northern Europe, and the current Schleswig-Holstein is its southern part. Schleswig is also called Southern Jutland...
- Globe of GottorfGlobe of GottorfThe Globe of Gottorf is a 17th century large globe of the earth in the Kunstkammer museum in St.Petersburg in Russia. It measures 3.1 meters in diameter....