Free recoil
Encyclopedia
This article is about the energy produced by small arms when discharged. For other uses, go to Recoil (disambiguation)
Free recoil is a vernacular
term or jargon
for recoil energy. Free recoil denotes the translational kinetic energy (Et) imparted to the shooter of a small arm when discharged and is expressed in joule
(J) and foot-pound force (ft·lbf) for non-SI units of measure.
Free recoil should not be confused with recoil
. Free recoil is the given name for the translational kinetic energy transmitted from a small arm to a shooter. Recoil is a name given for conservation of momentum as it generally applies to an everyday event.
Free recoil, sometimes called recoil energy, is a byproduct of the propulsive force from the powder charge held within a firearm chamber (metallic cartridge firearm) or breech
(black powder firearm). The physical event of free recoil occurs when a powder charge is detonated within a firearm, resulting in the conversion of chemical energy
held within the powder charge into thermodynamic energy
. This energy is then transferred to the base of the bullet and to the rear of the cartridge or breech, propelling the firearm rearward into the shooter while the projectile is propelled forward down the barrel, with increasing velocity, to the muzzle. The rearward energy of the firearm
can be when calculated is the free recoil and the forward energy of the bullet when calculated and is the muzzle energy
.
The concept of free recoil comes from the tolerability of gross recoil energy. Trying to figure the net recoil energy of a firearm (also known as felt recoil) is a futile endeavor. Even if you can calculate the recoil energy loss due to: muzzle brake
; recoil operated action or gas operated action; mercury recoil suppression tube; recoil reducing butt pad and or hand grip; shooting vest and or gloves, the human factor is not calculable.
Therefore, free recoil stands as a scientific measurement
of recoil energy, just as the room or outside temperature
is measured. The comfort level of a shooter’s ability to tolerate free recoil is a personal perception. Just as it is a person's, personal perception of how comfortable he or she feels to room or outside temperature.
There are many factors that determine how a shooter will perceive the free recoil of his or her small arm. Some of the factors are, but not limited to: body mass; body frame; experience; shooting position; recoil suppression equipment; small arm fit and or environmental stressors.
short and long forms.
Both forms will yield the same value. The short form uses one equation as where the long form requires two equations. With the long form you will first find for the fire arm velocity. With the velocity known for the small arm, the free recoil of the small arm can be calculated using the translational kinetic energy equation.
Where as:
Etgu is the translational kinetic energy of the small arm as expressed by the joule (J).
mgu is the weight of the small arm expressed in kilograms (kg).
mp is the weight of the projectile expressed in grams (g).
mc is the weight of the powder charge expressed in grams (g).
vgu is the velocity of the small arm expressed in meters per second (m/s).
vp is the velocity of the projectile expressed in meters per second (m/s).
vc is the velocity of the powder charge expressed in meters per second (m/s).
1000 is the conversion factor to set the equation equal to kilograms.
98 chambered in 7 x 57 mm
weighing 4.54 kilograms (10 pounds).
Projectile
: spitzer type weighing 9.1 grams (140 grains) with a muzzle velocity
of 823 meters per second (2700 feet per second).
Powder charge: single base nitrocellulose
weighing 2.75 grams (42.5 grains) with a powder charge velocity
of 1585 meters per second (5200 feet per second).
The momentum short form:
and with the numaric values in place;
of free recoil
format:
Where as:
Etgu is the translational kinetic energy of the small arm as expressed by the foot-pound force (ft·lbf).
mgu is the weight of the small arm expressed in pounds
(lb).
mp is the weight of the projectile expressed in grains
(gr).
mc is the weight of the powder charge expressed in grains (gr).
vgu is the velocity of the small arm expressed in feet per second (ft/s).
vp is the velocity of the projectile expressed in feet per second (ft/s).
vc is the velocity of the powder charge expressed in feet per second (ft/s).
gc is the dimensional constant and is the numeral coefficient of 32.1739
7000 is the conversion factor to set the equation equal to pounds.
See physics of firearms
for a more detailed discussion.
Recoil (disambiguation)
Recoil may refer to:* Recoil, the backward momentum produced when firing guns* Recoil , in physics rapid motion of atom, electron or atomic nucleus due interaction with rapidly-moving elementary particle...
Free recoil is a vernacular
Vernacular
A vernacular is the native language or native dialect of a specific population, as opposed to a language of wider communication that is not native to the population, such as a national language or lingua franca.- Etymology :The term is not a recent one...
term or jargon
Jargon
Jargon is terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event. The philosophe Condillac observed in 1782 that "Every science requires a special language because every science has its own ideas." As a rationalist member of the Enlightenment he...
for recoil energy. Free recoil denotes the translational kinetic energy (Et) imparted to the shooter of a small arm when discharged and is expressed in joule
Joule
The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second...
(J) and foot-pound force (ft·lbf) for non-SI units of measure.
Free recoil should not be confused with recoil
Recoil
Recoil is the backward momentum of a gun when it is discharged. In technical terms, the recoil caused by the gun exactly balances the forward momentum of the projectile and exhaust gasses, according to Newton's third law...
. Free recoil is the given name for the translational kinetic energy transmitted from a small arm to a shooter. Recoil is a name given for conservation of momentum as it generally applies to an everyday event.
Free recoil, sometimes called recoil energy, is a byproduct of the propulsive force from the powder charge held within a firearm chamber (metallic cartridge firearm) or breech
Breech-loading weapon
A breech-loading weapon is a firearm in which the cartridge or shell is inserted or loaded into a chamber integral to the rear portion of a barrel....
(black powder firearm). The physical event of free recoil occurs when a powder charge is detonated within a firearm, resulting in the conversion of chemical energy
Chemical energy
Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or, to transform other chemical substances...
held within the powder charge into thermodynamic energy
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation...
. This energy is then transferred to the base of the bullet and to the rear of the cartridge or breech, propelling the firearm rearward into the shooter while the projectile is propelled forward down the barrel, with increasing velocity, to the muzzle. The rearward energy of the firearm
Firearm
A firearm is a weapon that launches one, or many, projectile at high velocity through confined burning of a propellant. This subsonic burning process is technically known as deflagration, as opposed to supersonic combustion known as a detonation. In older firearms, the propellant was typically...
can be when calculated is the free recoil and the forward energy of the bullet when calculated and is the muzzle energy
Muzzle energy
Muzzle energy is the kinetic energy of a bullet as it is expelled from the muzzle of a firearm. It is often used as a rough indication of the destructive potential of a given firearm or load...
.
The concept of free recoil comes from the tolerability of gross recoil energy. Trying to figure the net recoil energy of a firearm (also known as felt recoil) is a futile endeavor. Even if you can calculate the recoil energy loss due to: muzzle brake
Muzzle brake
Muzzle brakes and recoil compensators are devices that are fitted to the muzzle of a firearm or cannon to redirect propellant gases with the effect of countering both recoil of the gun and unwanted rising of the barrel during rapid fire...
; recoil operated action or gas operated action; mercury recoil suppression tube; recoil reducing butt pad and or hand grip; shooting vest and or gloves, the human factor is not calculable.
Therefore, free recoil stands as a scientific measurement
Measurement
Measurement is the process or the result of determining the ratio of a physical quantity, such as a length, time, temperature etc., to a unit of measurement, such as the metre, second or degree Celsius...
of recoil energy, just as the room or outside temperature
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot...
is measured. The comfort level of a shooter’s ability to tolerate free recoil is a personal perception. Just as it is a person's, personal perception of how comfortable he or she feels to room or outside temperature.
There are many factors that determine how a shooter will perceive the free recoil of his or her small arm. Some of the factors are, but not limited to: body mass; body frame; experience; shooting position; recoil suppression equipment; small arm fit and or environmental stressors.
Calculating free recoil
There are several different ways to calculate free recoil. However, the two most common are the momentumMomentum
In classical mechanics, linear momentum or translational momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object...
short and long forms.
Both forms will yield the same value. The short form uses one equation as where the long form requires two equations. With the long form you will first find for the fire arm velocity. With the velocity known for the small arm, the free recoil of the small arm can be calculated using the translational kinetic energy equation.
- Momentum short form:
- Momentum long form:
→ 
Where as:
Etgu is the translational kinetic energy of the small arm as expressed by the joule (J).
mgu is the weight of the small arm expressed in kilograms (kg).
mp is the weight of the projectile expressed in grams (g).
mc is the weight of the powder charge expressed in grams (g).
vgu is the velocity of the small arm expressed in meters per second (m/s).
vp is the velocity of the projectile expressed in meters per second (m/s).
vc is the velocity of the powder charge expressed in meters per second (m/s).
1000 is the conversion factor to set the equation equal to kilograms.
An example of calculating free Recoil using SI units
Small arm: MauserMauser
Mauser was a German arms manufacturer of a line of bolt-action rifles and pistols from the 1870s to 1995. Mauser designs were built for the German armed forces...
98 chambered in 7 x 57 mm
7 x 57 mm Mauser
The 7×57mm cartridge, also known as the 7 mm Mauser, 7×57mm Mauser, 7 mm Spanish Mauser in the USA and .275 Rigby in the United Kingdom, was developed by Paul Mauser of the Mauser company in 1892 and adopted as a military cartridge by Spain in 1893. It was subsequently adopted by several...
weighing 4.54 kilograms (10 pounds).
Projectile
Projectile
A projectile is any object projected into space by the exertion of a force. Although a thrown baseball is technically a projectile too, the term more commonly refers to a weapon....
: spitzer type weighing 9.1 grams (140 grains) with a muzzle velocity
Muzzle velocity
Muzzle velocity is the speed a projectile has at the moment it leaves the muzzle of the gun. Muzzle velocities range from approximately to in black powder muskets , to more than in modern rifles with high-performance cartridges such as the .220 Swift and .204 Ruger, all the way to for tank guns...
of 823 meters per second (2700 feet per second).
Powder charge: single base nitrocellulose
Nitrocellulose
Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as guncotton...
weighing 2.75 grams (42.5 grains) with a powder charge velocity
Velocity
In physics, velocity is speed in a given direction. Speed describes only how fast an object is moving, whereas velocity gives both the speed and direction of the object's motion. To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed and motion in a constant direction. Constant ...
of 1585 meters per second (5200 feet per second).
The momentum short form:
and with the numaric values in place;
of free recoil- For non-SISiSi, si, or SI may refer to :- Measurement, mathematics and science :* International System of Units , the modern international standard version of the metric system...
units of measure of energy see Foot-pound force. The conversion is: 1 J = 0.737 562 ft·lbf
Calculating free Recoil using non-SI units
From the momentum long form in both Imperial units of measure and in an English EngineeringEnglish Engineering Units
Some fields of engineering in the United States use a system of measurement of physical quantities known as the English Engineering Units. The system is based on English units of measure.-Definition:...
format:
- Momentum long form:
→ 
Where as:
Etgu is the translational kinetic energy of the small arm as expressed by the foot-pound force (ft·lbf).
mgu is the weight of the small arm expressed in pounds
Pound (mass)
The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement...
(lb).
mp is the weight of the projectile expressed in grains
Grain (measure)
A grain is a unit of measurement of mass that is nominally based upon the mass of a single seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat and barley grains were part of the legal definition of units of mass. However, there is no evidence of any country ever...
(gr).
mc is the weight of the powder charge expressed in grains (gr).
vgu is the velocity of the small arm expressed in feet per second (ft/s).
vp is the velocity of the projectile expressed in feet per second (ft/s).
vc is the velocity of the powder charge expressed in feet per second (ft/s).
gc is the dimensional constant and is the numeral coefficient of 32.1739
7000 is the conversion factor to set the equation equal to pounds.
The Calculated free recoil for small arms
- The following free recoil energy table does not take into consideration: recoil suppression devices or loss of energy due to auto loading mechanism.
- English units of measure are enclosed in parentheses.
Pistols and shotguns
| Firearm mass-kg (lb) | Cartridge and projectile mass-g (gr) | Velocity-m/s (ft/s) | Powder Charge mass-g (gr) | Free recoil | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | (ft·lbf) | ||||
| Glock Glock Glock Ges.m.b.H. is a weapons manufacturer headquartered in Deutsch-Wagram, Austria, named after its founder, Gaston Glock... 17/ 905 g (31 oz) |
9 mm Luger/8.0 (124) | 374 (1228) | 0.39 (6.1) | 7.7 | 5.7 |
| Glock Glock Glock Ges.m.b.H. is a weapons manufacturer headquartered in Deutsch-Wagram, Austria, named after its founder, Gaston Glock... 20/ 1110 g (39 oz) |
10 mm Auto 10 mm Auto The 10mm Auto is a semi-automatic pistol cartridge developed by Jeff Cooper and introduced in 1983 for the Bren Ten pistol. It was initially produced by ammunitions manufacturer FFV Norma AB of Åmotfors, Sweden.Although it was selected by the F.B.I. for use in the field following the 1986 F.B.I... /11.7 (180) |
338 (1110) | 0.5 (7.7) | 10.3 | 7.6 |
| Dan Wesson Daniel B. Wesson Daniel Baird Wesson was a firearms designer from the United States. He was responsible for helping develop several firearms that had a very large influence in the field.-Early years:... VH7/ 1390 g (49 oz) |
.357 Magnum .357 Magnum The .357 S&W Magnum , or simply .357 Magnum, is a revolver cartridge created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe, Colonel D. B. Wesson of firearms manufacturer Smith & Wesson, and Winchester. It is based upon Smith & Wesson's earlier .38 Special cartridge. The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in... /9.7 (150) |
457 (1500) | 1.0 (15.5) | 14 | 10.3 |
| Smith and Wesson M29/ 1390 g (49 oz) | .44 Magnum .44 Magnum The .44 Remington Magnum, or simply .44 Magnum, is a large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers. After introduction, it was quickly adopted for carbines and rifles... /15.6 (240) |
457 (1500) | 1.6 (24) | 34 | 25 |
| Springfield Armory Springfield Armory The Springfield Armory, located in the City of Springfield, Massachusetts - from 1777 until its closing in 1968 - was the primary center for the manufacture of U.S. military firearms. After its controversial closing during the Vietnam War, the Springfield Armory was declared Western Massachusetts'... 1911A1/ 1110 g (39 oz) |
.45 ACP .45 ACP The .45 ACP , also known as the .45 Auto by C.I.P., is a cartridge designed by John Browning in 1904, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic .45 pistol and eventually the M1911 pistol adopted by the United States Army in 1911.-Design and history:The U.S... /14.9 (230) |
259 (850) | 0.47 (7.2) | 9.8 | 7.2 |
| Remington Remington - People :* Eliphalet Remington , American firearms designer* Philo Remington , American firearms and typewriter manufacturer, son of Eliphalet Remington* Frederic Remington , American painter and sculptor... SP10/ 5.0 (11) |
10 gauge/64 (2¼ oz) | 381 (1250) | 3.0 (47) | 87 | 64 |
| Benelli Eagle II/ 3.3 (7.2) | 12 gauge Gauge (bore diameter) The gauge of a firearm is a unit of measurement used to express the diameter of the barrel. Gauge is determined from the weight of a solid sphere of lead that will fit the bore of the firearm, and is expressed as the multiplicative inverse of the sphere's weight as a fraction of a pound . Thus... /32 (1⅛ oz) |
366 (1200) | 1.3 (19.5) | 30 | 22 |
| AYA No.1/ 3.0 (6.7) | 16 gauge/28 (1 oz) | 372 (1220) | 1.7 (26.5) | 33 | 24 |
| Beretta Beretta Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta is an Italian firearms manufacturer. Their firearms are used worldwide for a variety of civilian, law enforcement, and military purposes. It is also known for manufacturing shooting clothes and accessories. Beretta is the oldest active firearms manufacturer in the... 686/ 2.9 (6.5) |
20 gauge/25 (⅞ oz) | 372 (1220) | 1.5 (23) | 18.4 | 13.6 |
| Beretta Beretta Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta is an Italian firearms manufacturer. Their firearms are used worldwide for a variety of civilian, law enforcement, and military purposes. It is also known for manufacturing shooting clothes and accessories. Beretta is the oldest active firearms manufacturer in the... 686/ 2.8 (6.2) |
28 gauge/21 (¾ oz) | 366 (1200) | 1.1 (17.5) | 16.7 | 12.3 |
| Remington 870 Remington 870 The Remington Model 870 is a U.S.-made pump-action shotgun manufactured by Remington Arms Company, Inc. It is widely used by the public for sport shooting, hunting, and self-defense. It is also commonly used by law enforcement and military organizations worldwide.-Development:The Remington 870 was... / 2.7 (6.0) |
.410/14 (½ oz) | 366 (1200) | 0.9 (14) | 8.0 | 5.9 |
Rifles
| Firearm mass kg (lb) | Cartridge and Projectile mass g (gr) | Velocity m/s (ft/s) | Powder charge g (gr) | Free recoil | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | (ft·lbf) | ||||
| M16 rifle M16 rifle The M16 is the United States military designation for the AR-15 rifle adapted for both semi-automatic and full-automatic fire. Colt purchased the rights to the AR-15 from ArmaLite, and currently uses that designation only for semi-automatic versions of the rifle. The M16 fires the 5.56×45mm NATO... / 2.9 (6.4) |
5.56 x 45 mm NATO 5.56 x 45 mm NATO 5.56×45mm NATO is a rifle cartridge developed in the United States and originally chambered in the M16 rifle. Under STANAG 4172, it is a standard cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries. It is derived from, but not identical to, the .223 Remington cartridge... /3.6 (55) |
985 (3231) | 1.6 (25.3) | 6.4 | 4.7 |
| Remington Remington - People :* Eliphalet Remington , American firearms designer* Philo Remington , American firearms and typewriter manufacturer, son of Eliphalet Remington* Frederic Remington , American painter and sculptor... M700/ 3.6 (8) |
.223 Remington .223 Remington The .223 Remington is a sporting cartridge with almost the same external dimensions as the 5.56×45mm NATO military cartridge. The name is commonly pronounced either two-two-three or two-twenty-three. It is loaded with a diameter, jacketed bullet, with weights ranging from , though the most common... /3.6 (55) |
985 (3231) | 1.6 (25.3) | 5.0 | 3.7 |
| Mauser Mauser Mauser was a German arms manufacturer of a line of bolt-action rifles and pistols from the 1870s to 1995. Mauser designs were built for the German armed forces... / 4.1 (9) |
6.5 x 55 mm 6.5 x 55 mm 6.5×55mm or 6.5×55mm SE is a rifle cartridge developed in 1891 for use in the new rifles then under consideration by the Swedish-Norwegian Kingdom. The two nations had independent armies... Swedish Mauser/9.1 (140) |
800 (2626) | 3.0 (47) | 17.9 | 13.2 |
| CZ CZ CZ is an acronym or abbreviation for:* Cubic zirconia, a common simulation diamond* Czech Republic, ISO 3166 and obsolete NATO digram... 550FS/ 4.1 (9) |
7 x 57 mm Mauser 7 x 57 mm Mauser The 7×57mm cartridge, also known as the 7 mm Mauser, 7×57mm Mauser, 7 mm Spanish Mauser in the USA and .275 Rigby in the United Kingdom, was developed by Paul Mauser of the Mauser company in 1892 and adopted as a military cartridge by Spain in 1893. It was subsequently adopted by several... /9.1 (140) |
792 (2596) | 2.75 (42.5) | 16.5 | 12.2 |
| Marlin Model 1894/ 2.9 (6.5) | .30-30 Winchester .30-30 Winchester The .30-30 Winchester/.30 Winchester Center Fire/7.62×51mmR cartridge was first marketed in early 1895 for the Winchester Model 1894 lever-action rifle. The .30-30 , as it is most commonly known, was the USA's first small-bore, sporting rifle cartridge designed for smokeless powder. The .30-30 is... /11 (170) |
617 (2025) | 2.0 (31) | 17 | 12.5 |
| M14 rifle M14 rifle The M14 rifle, formally the United States Rifle, 7.62 mm, M14, is an American selective fire automatic rifle firing 7.62x51mm NATO ammunition. It was the standard issue U.S. rifle from 1959 to 1970. The M14 was used for U.S... / 4.5 (9.9) |
7.62 x 51 mm NATO/10.1 (156) | 845 (2771) | 3.1 (48) | 20 | 14.9 |
| Remington Remington - People :* Eliphalet Remington , American firearms designer* Philo Remington , American firearms and typewriter manufacturer, son of Eliphalet Remington* Frederic Remington , American painter and sculptor... Sendero/ 4.5 (10) |
.308 Winchester .308 Winchester The .308 Winchester is a rifle cartridge and is the commercial cartridge upon which the military 7.62x51mm NATO centerfire cartridge is based. The .308 Winchester was introduced in 1952, two years prior to the NATO adoption of the 7.62x51mm NATO T65... /10.1 (156) |
845 (2771) | 3.1 (48) | 20 | 14.8 |
| Marlin Model 1894/ 2.9 (6.5) | .32 H&R Magnum .32 H&R Magnum The .32 H&R Magnum is a rimmed cartridge designed for use in revolvers. It was developed in 1984 as a joint venture between Harrington & Richardson and Federal Cartridge... /11 (95) |
274 (900) | 2.0 (31) | 1.12 | 0.84 |
| Mauser Mauser Mauser was a German arms manufacturer of a line of bolt-action rifles and pistols from the 1870s to 1995. Mauser designs were built for the German armed forces... / 4.1 (9) |
8 x 68 S/14.3 (220) | 847 (2780) | 4.5 (70) | 46 | 34 |
| Remington Remington - People :* Eliphalet Remington , American firearms designer* Philo Remington , American firearms and typewriter manufacturer, son of Eliphalet Remington* Frederic Remington , American painter and sculptor... M700/ 4.5 (10) |
9.3 x 62 mm Mauser/18.5 (285) | 710 (2330) | 1.6 (25.3) | 5.0 | 3.7 |
| Shilo Sharps Sharps Sharps may refer to:* Medical instruments etc which are disposed of as Sharps waste* Sharps, Virginia, unincorporated community in USA* Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company firearms company* Sharps Buffalo Rifle* Sharps Carbine... 1874/ 5.4 (12) |
.45-70 Government/25.9 (400) | 543 (1783) | 3.6 (56) | 56 | 41 |
| Weatherby Weatherby Weatherby, Inc. is an American gun manufacturer founded in 1945 by Roy Weatherby. The company is best known for its high-powered magnum cartridges, such as the .257 Weatherby Magnum and the .460 Weatherby Magnum... Mark V/ 4.6 (10.1) |
.460 Weatherby Magnum .460 Weatherby Magnum The .460 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge, developed by Roy Weatherby in 1957. The cartridge is based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the bullet. The original .378 Weatherby Magnum parent case was inspired by the .416 Rigby... /32.4 (500) |
762 (2500) | 8.1 (125) | 156 | 115 |
| A-Square A-Square A-SQUARE COMPANY, LLC is a manufacturer of rifles, ammunition and bullets based in Chamberlain, South Dakota in the United States. The company is one of 19 that are members of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturer's Institution. The company's focus is on its firearms for hunting large... Hannibal/ 5.4 (12) |
.500 A-Square .500 A-Square The .500 A-Square is a belted, bottleneck rifle cartridge, developed by Col. Arthur B. Alphin in 1976. The cartridge is based on the .460 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the .510 in bullet; the same as the .50 BMG cartridge. This was Col... /38.9 (600) |
762 (2500) | 7.3 (113) | 156 | 115 |
| M82 Barrett rifle/ 14 (31) | .50BMG/41.9 (647) | 902 (2960) | 15.2 (235) | 127 | 97 |
| A-Square A-Square A-SQUARE COMPANY, LLC is a manufacturer of rifles, ammunition and bullets based in Chamberlain, South Dakota in the United States. The company is one of 19 that are members of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturer's Institution. The company's focus is on its firearms for hunting large... Hannibal/ 6.8 (15) |
.577 Tyrannosaur .577 Tyrannosaur The .577 Tyrannosaur or .577 T-rex is a type of cartridge developed by A-Square in 1993 for big game hunting in Africa. The .577 contains a diameter Monolithic Solid Projectile which when fired moves at producing of muzzle energy. The production model from A-square is based on their Hannibal... /48.6 (750) |
753 (2470) | 10.4 (160) | 206 | 152 |
Black powder
| Firearm mass-kg (lb) | Cartridge and projectile mass-g (gr) | Velocity-m/s (ft/s) | Powder charge mass-g (gr) | Free recoil | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | (ft·lbf) | ||||
| Shilo Sharps Sharps Sharps may refer to:* Medical instruments etc which are disposed of as Sharps waste* Sharps, Virginia, unincorporated community in USA* Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company firearms company* Sharps Buffalo Rifle* Sharps Carbine... 1874/5.4 (12) |
Government .45-70/27.2 PP (420 PP) | 428 (1403) | 4.9 (75) | 17.9 | 13.2 |
See also
- Foot-pound (energy)
- Muzzle energyMuzzle energyMuzzle energy is the kinetic energy of a bullet as it is expelled from the muzzle of a firearm. It is often used as a rough indication of the destructive potential of a given firearm or load...
- Kinetic energyKinetic energyThe kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion.It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes...
- MomentumMomentumIn classical mechanics, linear momentum or translational momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object...
See physics of firearms
Physics of firearms
From the viewpoint of physics , a firearm, as for most weapons, is a system for delivering maximum destructive energy to the target with minimum delivery of energy on the shooter. The momentum delivered to the target however cannot be any more than that on the shooter...
for a more detailed discussion.
Resources
- Arthur B. Alphin, Any Shot You Want, The A-Square Handloading and Rifle Manual, On Target Press, 1996.
- Edward F. Obert, Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1948.
- McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and TechnologyMcGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and TechnologyThe McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology isan English-language multivolume encyclopedia, specifically focused on scientific and technical subjects, and published by McGraw-Hill. The most recent edition in print is the tenth edition, copyright 2007 , comprising twenty volumes...
, volume ice-lev, 9th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 2002.