Friesland
Encyclopedia
Friesland is a province in the north of the Netherlands
and part of the ancient region of Frisia
.
Until the end of 1996, the province bore Friesland as its official name. In 1997 this Dutch name lost its official status to the Frisian Fryslân. Nevertheless, Friesland remains in common usage, being the Dutch (and English) name for the province.
Friesland has 646,000 inhabitants (2010) and its capital is Leeuwarden (W.Frisian: Ljouwert), with 91,817 inhabitants, in the center of the province.
, which is also spoken in a small adjacent part of the province of Groningen
, to the east. Closely related languages, East Frisian
("Seeltersk", which is different from "East Frisian (Ostfriesisch)
", a collection of Low German
dialects of East Frisia
) and North Frisian
, are spoken in the Saterland
and in North Friesland areas in Germany
, respectively.
Friesland is mainly an agricultural province. The famous black and white Frisian
cattle
and the well known black Frisian horse originated here. Tourism
is another important source of income, principal greatest tourist destinations including the lakes in the south west of the province, and the islands in the Wadden Sea
in the north.
Another interesting feature is the presence of many windmills. There are 195 windmills in the province of Friesland, from a total of about 1200 in the entire country.
The ancient cities of Friesland are shown below:
Source: Fryslân.nl (1 December 2009), mun. and CBS
>
Year
Population
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1982
1990
1999
2010
The years 1880-1900 show slower population growth
. Due to a farm crisis
20,000 Frisians emigrated
to the United States
.
, with mass participation in cross-country ice skating when weather conditions permit. When winters are cold enough to allow the freshwater canals to freeze hard, the province holds its traditional Elfstedentocht
(Eleven cities tour), a 200 kilometers ice skating
tour. A traditional sport is Frisian handball
. Another Frisian practice is fierljeppen
, a sport with some similarities to pole vaulting. A jump consists of an intense sprint to the pole (polsstok), jumping and grabbing it, then climbing to the top while trying to control the pole's forward and lateral movements over a body of water and finishing with a graceful landing on a sand bed opposite to the starting point. Because of all the diverse skills required in fierljeppen, fierljeppers are considered to be very complete athletes with superbly developed strength and coordination. In the warmer months, many Frisians practice wadlopen
, the traditional art of wading across designated sections of the Wadden Sea
at low tide. There are currently two top level football clubs playing in Friesland: SC Heerenveen (home stadium Abe Lenstra Stadion
) and SC Cambuur from Leeuwarden (home stadium Cambuur Stadion
).
refers this in his Divine Comedy when, in the canticle about Hell
talks about the magnitude of an infernal demon by stating that "not even three tall Frieslanders, were they set one upon the other, would have matched his height".
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
and part of the ancient region of Frisia
Frisia
Frisia is a coastal region along the southeastern corner of the North Sea, i.e. the German Bight. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak Frisian, a language group closely related to the English language...
.
Until the end of 1996, the province bore Friesland as its official name. In 1997 this Dutch name lost its official status to the Frisian Fryslân. Nevertheless, Friesland remains in common usage, being the Dutch (and English) name for the province.
Friesland has 646,000 inhabitants (2010) and its capital is Leeuwarden (W.Frisian: Ljouwert), with 91,817 inhabitants, in the center of the province.
Culture
Fryslân distinguishes itself from the other eleven provinces by having its own language, West FrisianWest Frisian language
West Frisian is a language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. West Frisian is the name by which this language is usually known outside the Netherlands, to distinguish it from the closely related Frisian languages of Saterland Frisian and North Frisian,...
, which is also spoken in a small adjacent part of the province of Groningen
Groningen (province)
Groningen [] is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. In the east it borders the German state of Niedersachsen , in the south Drenthe, in the west Friesland and in the north the Wadden Sea...
, to the east. Closely related languages, East Frisian
Saterland Frisian language
Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian or Saterlandic , is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language. It is closely related to the other Frisian languages—North Frisian, which, like Saterland Frisian, is spoken in Germany and West Frisian, which is spoken in the Netherlands.- Old...
("Seeltersk", which is different from "East Frisian (Ostfriesisch)
East Frisian Low Saxon
East Frisian Low Saxon is a West Low German dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony. It is used quite frequently in everyday speech there. About half of the East Frisian population in the coastal region uses Platdüütsk. A number of individuals, despite not being...
", a collection of Low German
Low German
Low German or Low Saxon is an Ingvaeonic West Germanic language spoken mainly in northern Germany and the eastern part of the Netherlands...
dialects of East Frisia
East Frisia
East Frisia or Eastern Friesland is a coastal region in the northwest of the German federal state of Lower Saxony....
) and North Frisian
North Frisian language
North Frisian is a minority language of Germany, spoken by about 10,000 people in North Frisia. The language is part of the larger group of the West Germanic Frisian languages.-Classification:...
, are spoken in the Saterland
Saterland
Saterland is a municipality in the district of Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated between the cities of Leer, Cloppenburg, and Oldenburg...
and in North Friesland areas in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, respectively.
Friesland is mainly an agricultural province. The famous black and white Frisian
Holstein (cattle)
Holstein cattle is a breed of cattle known today as the world's highest production dairy animal. Originating in Europe, Holsteins were bred in what is now the Netherlands and more specifically in the two northern provinces of North Holland and Friesland...
cattle
Cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
and the well known black Frisian horse originated here. Tourism
Tourism
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".Tourism has become a...
is another important source of income, principal greatest tourist destinations including the lakes in the south west of the province, and the islands in the Wadden Sea
Wadden Sea
The Wadden Sea is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It is rich in biological diversity...
in the north.
Another interesting feature is the presence of many windmills. There are 195 windmills in the province of Friesland, from a total of about 1200 in the entire country.
Cities
| Dutch | West Frisian West Frisian language West Frisian is a language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. West Frisian is the name by which this language is usually known outside the Netherlands, to distinguish it from the closely related Frisian languages of Saterland Frisian and North Frisian,... |
Charter Granted |
|---|---|---|
| Leeuwarden | Ljouwert | 1285; renewed in 1435 |
| Sneek Sneek Sneek is a city southwest of Leeuwarden and seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland . As for 2011 it is part of the municipality Súdwest Fryslân... |
Snits | 1456 |
| IJlst IJlst IJlst is a city in Friesland, Netherlands. It is located about 3 km southwest of Sneek. It lies within the municipality of Wymbritseradiel. It received city rights in 1268 and is one of the eleven cities in Friesland. The little city counts approximately 3800 people.-Name:The name IJlst... |
Drylts | 1268 |
| Sloten Sloten (Friesland) Sloten received city rights in 1426, and is the smallest of the eleven Frisian cities. It lies within the municipality of Gaasterlân-Sleat.Sloten is one of the smallest cities of the Netherlands and is a popular place for sports such as sailing.... |
Sleat | 1426 |
| Stavoren Stavoren Stavoren is a small town on the coast of the IJsselmeer, about 5 km south of Hindeloopen. It lies within the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân. Stavoren was granted city rights in 1118, making it the oldest city in Friesland... |
Starum | 1118 |
| Hindeloopen Hindeloopen -External links:* Museum Hindeloopen: Hindelooper schilderkunst, klederdracht, stads- en scheepvaarthistorie.*... |
Hylpen | 1285 |
| Workum Workum Workum is the largest town of Nijefurd in Friesland. It received city rights in 1374. It lies within the municipality of Nijefurd. Currently has around 4000 inhabitants.... |
Warkum | 1399 |
| Bolsward Bolsward Bolsward is a city in Súdwest Fryslân in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. Bolsward is just short of a population of 10,000.- History :The town is founded on three artificial dwelling hills, of which the first was built some time before Christ.... |
Boalsert | 1425 |
| Harlingen Harlingen, Netherlands Harlingen is a municipality and a city in the northern Netherlands, in the province of Friesland at the Wadden Sea. Harlingen is an old town with a long history of fishing and shipping.... |
Harns | 1234 |
| Franeker Franeker Franeker is one of the eleven historical cities of Friesland and capital of the municipality of Franekeradeel. It is located about 20 km west of Leeuwarden on the Van Harinxma Canal. As of 1 January 2006, it had 12,996 inhabitants. The city is famous for the Eisinga Planetarium from around... |
Frjentsjer | 1374 |
| Dokkum Dokkum Dokkum is a Dutch fortified town in the municipality of Dongeradeel in the province of Friesland. It has 13,145 inhabitants . The fortifications of Dokkum are well preserved and are known as the bolwerken . - History :... |
Dokkum | 1298 |
Major towns
10 largest towns by population| Towns (Frisian name) | Population | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Leeuwarden (Ljouwert) | 96,578 |
| 2 | Drachten Drachten Drachten is a Dutch town, located in the municipality of Smallingerland in the province of Friesland.-Beginnings:Drachten began as a small community on the east side of the Drait River. There, early settlers started draining the land to use it for agriculture... |
44,598 |
| 3 | Sneek Sneek Sneek is a city southwest of Leeuwarden and seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland . As for 2011 it is part of the municipality Súdwest Fryslân... (Snits) |
33,401 |
| 4 | Heerenveen Heerenveen Heerenveen is a town in the Heerenveen municipality of the province of Friesland , in the north of the Netherlands.- History :The town was established in 1551 by three lords as a location for the purpose of digging peat which was used for fuel, hence the name... (It Hearrenfean) |
28,497 |
| 5 | Harlingen (Harns) | 15,729 |
| 6 | Dokkum Dokkum Dokkum is a Dutch fortified town in the municipality of Dongeradeel in the province of Friesland. It has 13,145 inhabitants . The fortifications of Dokkum are well preserved and are known as the bolwerken . - History :... |
13,145 |
| 7 | Franeker Franeker Franeker is one of the eleven historical cities of Friesland and capital of the municipality of Franekeradeel. It is located about 20 km west of Leeuwarden on the Van Harinxma Canal. As of 1 January 2006, it had 12,996 inhabitants. The city is famous for the Eisinga Planetarium from around... (Frjentsjer) |
12,995 |
| 8 | Joure Joure Joure is a town in the Dutch province of Friesland. With 13,000 inhabitants, it is the largest town in the municipality of Skarsterlân.-History:... (De Jouwer) |
12,902 |
| 9 | Wolvega (Wolvegea) | 12,738 |
| 10 | Lemmer Lemmer Lemmer is a town in the municipality of Lemsterland , in the Netherlands. It has a population of around 10,500 and is one of Friesland's most famous water sport towns.Lemmer also is a common Luxembourgish last name.... (De Lemmer) |
10,220 |
Source: Fryslân.nl (1 December 2009), mun. and CBS
Municipalities
- AchtkarspelenAchtkarspelen-History:The name Achtkarspelen is derived from the original eight kerspelen within the grietenij, namely: Augustinusga, Buitenpost, Drogeham, De Kooten, Kortwoude, Lutkepost, Surhuizum and Twijzel. Achtkarspelen held a separate status within Friesland for many years...
- AmelandAmelandAmeland is a municipality and one of the West Frisian Islands off the north coast of the Netherlands. It consists mostly of sand dunes. It is the third major island of the West Frisians. It neighbours islands Terschelling to the West and Schiermonnikoog to the East...
- BoarnsterhimBoarnsterhimBoarnsterhim is a municipality in the northern Netherlands. The Dutch name is Boornsterhem.- Population centres :Akkrum, Aldeboarn , Dearsum , Eagum , Friens, Grou , Idaerd , Jirnsum , Nes, Poppenwier , Raerd , Reduzum , Sibrandabuorren ,...
- Dantumadiel
- DongeradeelDongeradeel- History :Dongeradeel was created in 1984 from a merger of the old municipalities Westdongeradeel, Oostdongeradeel, and Dokkum. The new municipality is still colloquially referred to in the plural, "de Dongeradelen".- Population centres :...
- FerwerderadielFerwerderadielFerwerderadiel is a municipality in the northern Netherlands. Its official name is West Frisian. The Dutch name is Ferwerderadeel.- Population centres :...
- FranekeradeelFranekeradeelFranekeradeel is a municipality in the northern Netherlands. It was created in 1984 by combining an earlier Franekeradeel municipality with the city of Franeker and parts of the former municipality of Barradeel...
- Gaasterlân-SleatGaasterlân-SleatGaasterlân-Sleat is a municipality in the northern Netherlands. Its official name is in West Frisian. The name in Dutch is Gaasterland-Sloten .- Population centres :...
- HarlingenHarlingen, NetherlandsHarlingen is a municipality and a city in the northern Netherlands, in the province of Friesland at the Wadden Sea. Harlingen is an old town with a long history of fishing and shipping....
- HeerenveenHeerenveenHeerenveen is a town in the Heerenveen municipality of the province of Friesland , in the north of the Netherlands.- History :The town was established in 1551 by three lords as a location for the purpose of digging peat which was used for fuel, hence the name...
- Het BildtHet Bildthet Bildt is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the northern Netherlands; its capital is Sint Annaparochie. As of 1 November 2006 it had a population of 10,975. Het Bildt has 15.4 kilometers of coastline...
- Kollumerland c.a.Kollumerland c.a.Kollumerland c.a. or fully Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland is a municipality in the northern Netherlands, in the province of Friesland.- Population centres :...
- Leeuwarden
- LeeuwarderadeelLeeuwarderadeelLeeuwarderadeel is a municipality in the northern Netherlands. Its capital is Stiens.- Population centres :Bartlehiem, Britsum, Cornjum, Finkum, Hijum, Jelsum, Oude Leije, Stiens.- Bartlehiem :...
- LemsterlandLemsterland- Population centres :Bantega, Delfstrahuizen, Echten, Echtenerbrug, Eesterga, Follega, Lemmer, Oosterzee, Oosterzee-Buren.-External links:** ----...
- LittenseradielLittenseradielLittenseradiel is a municipality in the northern Netherlands. In Dutch it's known as Littenseradeel.- Population centers :Baaium, Baard, Bears, Boazum, Britswert, Easterein, Easterlittens, Easterwierrum, Hidaard, Hilaard, Hinnaard, Húns, Iens, Itens, Jellum, Jorwert, Kûbaard, Leons, Lytsewierrum,...
- MenaldumadeelMenaldumadeel- Population centres :Population as of 1 January 2007:Beetgum , Beetgumermolen , Berlikum , Blessum , Boksum , Deinum , Dronrijp , Engelum , Kleaster-Anjum , Marssum , Menaldum , Schingen , Slappeterp , and Wier .- External links :*...
- OoststellingwerfOoststellingwerfOoststellingwerf is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the northern Netherlands.It is one of the municipalities of Friesland, where the spoken language is not West Frisian; instead, Stellingwerfs, a dialect of Dutch Low Saxon, is spoken here....
- OpsterlandOpsterlandOpsterland is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands.-Population centres:Bakkeveen, Beetsterzwaag, Frieschepalen, Gorredijk, Hemrik, Jonkerslân, Langezwaag, Lippenhuizen, Luxwoude, Nij Beets, Olterterp, Siegerswoude, Terwispel, Tijnje, Ureterp, Wijnjewoude.-Twin towns —...
- SchiermonnikoogSchiermonnikoogSchiermonnikoog is an island, a municipality, and a national park in the northern Netherlands. Schiermonnikoog is one of the West Frisian Islands, and is part of the province of Friesland....
- SkarsterlânSkarsterlânSkarsterlân is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands. The municipality was created January 1, 1984 by merging the municipalities of Doniawerstal and Haskerland, the part of Utingeradeel consisting of the villages Akmarijp and Terkaple and the village Nieuwebrug that used...
- SmallingerlandSmallingerlandSmallingerland is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands.-Population centres:Boornbergum, De Tike, De Veenhoop, De Wilgen, Drachten , Drachtstercompagnie, Goëngahuizen, Houtigehage, Kortehemmen, Nijega, Opeinde, Oudega, Rottevalle and Smalle Ee.-History:The name...
- Súdwest FryslânSúdwest FryslânSúdwest-Fryslân is a municipality in the northern Netherlands, in the province of Friesland. Sneek is the capital city of the municipality.It was formed in 2011 from the old municipalities of Bolsward, Nijefurd, Sneek, Wûnseradiel and Wymbritseradiel....
- TerschellingTerschellingTerschelling is a municipality and an island in the northern Netherlands, one of the West Frisian Islands.Waddenislanders are known for their resourcefulness in using anything and everything that washes ashore. With few trees to use for timber, most of the farms and barns are built with masts...
- TytsjerksteradielTytsjerksteradielTytsjerksteradiel is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands. It is named after the town of Tytsjerk, whose name is derived from a person named Tiete. Tiete was a daughter of Tryn, after whom the region is named...
- VlielandVlielandVlieland is a municipality in the northern Netherlands. The municipality of Vlieland has only one major town: Oost-Vlieland . It is the second-least densely populated municipality in the Netherlands ....
- WeststellingwerfWeststellingwerfWeststellingwerf is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the northern Netherlands.It is one of the municipalities of Friesland, where the spoken language is not West Frisian; instead, Stellingwerfs, a dialect of Dutch Low Saxon, is spoken here....
Demography
| > | Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1714 | |
| 1748 | |
| 1796 | |
| 1811 | |
| 1830 | |
| 1840 | |
| 1850 | |
| 1860 | |
| 1870 | |
| 1880 | |
| 1890 | |
| 1900 |
The years 1880-1900 show slower population growth
Population growth
Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using "per unit time" for measurement....
. Due to a farm crisis
Farm crisis
A Farm Crisis is a term describing times of agricultural recession, low crop prices and low farm incomes that can lead to farm bankruptcy, family break-ups, and increased rate of farmer suicides. In the US, most recently this was during the 1980s...
20,000 Frisians emigrated
Emigration
Emigration is the act of leaving one's country or region to settle in another. It is the same as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. Human movement before the establishment of political boundaries or within one state is termed migration. There are many reasons why people...
to the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
.
Climate
Sports
The province is famous for its speed skatersSpeed skating
Speed skating, or speedskating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in traveling a certain distance on skates. Types of speed skating are long track speed skating, short track speed skating, and marathon speed skating...
, with mass participation in cross-country ice skating when weather conditions permit. When winters are cold enough to allow the freshwater canals to freeze hard, the province holds its traditional Elfstedentocht
Elfstedentocht
The Elfstedentocht is the world's largest and longest speed skating competition and leisure skating tour, and is held irregularly in the province of Friesland, Netherlands.The tour, almost 200 km in length, is conducted on frozen canals, rivers and lakes between the eleven historic...
(Eleven cities tour), a 200 kilometers ice skating
Ice skating
Ice skating is moving on ice by using ice skates. It can be done for a variety of reasons, including leisure, traveling, and various sports. Ice skating occurs both on specially prepared indoor and outdoor tracks, as well as on naturally occurring bodies of frozen water, such as lakes and...
tour. A traditional sport is Frisian handball
Frisian handball
Frisian handball is a traditional Frisian sport, related to American handball and fives, that is most commonly practiced by people from the northern Dutch province of Friesland . It is believed to be one of the oldest ballgames and was an unofficial Demonstration sport at the 1928 Summer Olympics...
. Another Frisian practice is fierljeppen
Fierljeppen
Fierljeppen is a traditional sport of the Frisians and of the Dutch. Ljeppen is West Frisian for "to leap". It is a fine example of the close relationship between the Frisian and English languages.-Description:...
, a sport with some similarities to pole vaulting. A jump consists of an intense sprint to the pole (polsstok), jumping and grabbing it, then climbing to the top while trying to control the pole's forward and lateral movements over a body of water and finishing with a graceful landing on a sand bed opposite to the starting point. Because of all the diverse skills required in fierljeppen, fierljeppers are considered to be very complete athletes with superbly developed strength and coordination. In the warmer months, many Frisians practice wadlopen
Wadlopen
Mudflat hiking is a recreation enjoyed by Frisians, Dutch, Germans, Danes, and others in the Netherlands, northwest Germany and in Denmark. Mudflat hikers are people who, with the aid of a tide table, use a period of low water to walk and wade on the watershed of the mudflats, especially from the...
, the traditional art of wading across designated sections of the Wadden Sea
Wadden Sea
The Wadden Sea is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It is rich in biological diversity...
at low tide. There are currently two top level football clubs playing in Friesland: SC Heerenveen (home stadium Abe Lenstra Stadion
Abe Lenstra Stadion
Abe Lenstra Stadion is a football stadium in Heerenveen, Netherlands. It is currently used mostly for the home matches of Eredivisie club Heerenveen.The current capacity is 26,000.-The name Abe Lenstra Stadion:...
) and SC Cambuur from Leeuwarden (home stadium Cambuur Stadion
Cambuur Stadion
Cambuur Stadion is a multi-use stadium in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cambuur Leeuwarden. The stadium is able to hold 10,500 people and was built in 1936. The soccer team has proposed plans for a new stadium in the east side...
).
Anthropometry
Since the late Middle Ages Friesland was renowned for the exceptional height of its inhabitants, which were long and by far deemed among the tallest groups of Indo-Europeans of the world. Even early Renaissance poet Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri
Durante degli Alighieri, mononymously referred to as Dante , was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem La commedia, later named La divina commedia ...
refers this in his Divine Comedy when, in the canticle about Hell
Hell
In many religious traditions, a hell is a place of suffering and punishment in the afterlife. Religions with a linear divine history often depict hells as endless. Religions with a cyclic history often depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations...
talks about the magnitude of an infernal demon by stating that "not even three tall Frieslanders, were they set one upon the other, would have matched his height".
See also
|
Frisian Solar Challenge The Frisian Solar Boat Challenge is a solar boat race.The race starts in Leeuwarden, the capital of Friesland, and follows the classic route of the Eleven City Tour... Frisians The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia, that was a part of Denmark until 1864. They inhabit an area known as Frisia... West Frisian language West Frisian is a language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. West Frisian is the name by which this language is usually known outside the Netherlands, to distinguish it from the closely related Frisian languages of Saterland Frisian and North Frisian,... |
External links
- Website of visitFryslân.nl
- Website of the province
- Frisian Film Archive
- Map of Province
- Frisian Droughts
- Frisian homeland site
- Fryslân Ferbynt, the international meetingplace
- Bus schedules:
- The frysian student society based in the city of Groningen.
- Geofrisia.com Ynterfrysk geografysk porteal, Interfrasch geografisch portåål, Interfräisk geografisk Portoal