Friesoythe
Encyclopedia
Friesoythe, in Saterland Frisian language Ait or Äit, is a town
in the district of Cloppenburg
, in Lower Saxony
, Germany
. It is situated on the river Soeste
, approximately 25 km northwest of Cloppenburg
, and 30 km southwest of Oldenburg
.
. Most of the town’s 4,000 population moved out to the surrounding countryside on about April 11–12, 1945.
The town was defended by some 200 paratroopers of Battalion Raabe of the 7th German Parachute Division. These paratrooper repelled the first attack by the Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) on April 13. The Lake Superior Regiment suffered two dead and nineteen wounded. German casualties are not known.
Vokes then ordered the resumption of the attack the next day by The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada commanded by Lt. Col. Frederick E. Wigle. Wigle decided on a night march on April 13 to position his battalion of some 800 men south of the town and to attack at dawn on April 14. The aim was to gain the element of surprise. The night march was undetected and hence a success. All seemed to be going well.
Col. Wigle himself, along with a group of some twenty heavily armed men also provided with radio communication, remained behind in his Tactical Headquarters south of the town. Four other Argyll companies resumed the battle on the morning of April 14, 1945. They made good progress, and the paratroopers either retreated north to the Coastal Canal or were captured during the engagement.
Against all odds, Wigle’s Tactical Headquarters south of the main action then came under attack. In the dawn’s early light, a small detachment of German paratroopers, possibly a returning patrol, stumbled on Wigle’s Tactical Headquarters. Gunshots rang out; it is not known who fired first.
In the resulting firefight, Col. Wigle was killed instantly by a burst of fire from a machine pistol. Privates John Brown and Cecil (Cec) French, a sharpshooter, were also killed by a grenade hurled through the upstairs bedroom of the isolated farmhouse that served as the Argyll Tactical Headquarters. Lieutenant Alan Earp survived a direct shot through the head.
In the course of this local infantry engagement, Lance Corporal Fraser continued to man the Wireless Set No. 19
. Fraser urgently broadcast the fact of Colonel Wigle’s death in coded form, and requested immediate reinforcements. This help arrived in short order, and beat off the attack by the German paratroopers surrounding the Tactical Headquarters.
Despite this radio message, some members of the 4th Canadian Armoured Division informed General Vokes that Wigle had been killed by a German civilian. Vokes determined on an immediate reprisal. “A first-rate officer of mine, for whom I had a special regard and affection, and in whom I had a particular professional interest because of his talent for command, was killed. Not merely killed, it was reported to me, but sniped in the back.” Vokes then announced his draconian decision. “I summoned my GSO1 . . ‘Mac,’ I roared at him, ‘I’m going to raze that goddam town.’”
Individual units and soldiers of the Argylls had spontaneously begun the arson of Friesoythe by way of revenge for the death of their Colonel, but after Vokes issued his direct order, the town was systematically set on fire by means of flamethrowers mounted on Wasp Carriers. The flames were clearly visible far and wide during the night of April 14/15th, 1945. When the fire was burned out, armoured bulldozers razed the remaining walls, and the resulting rubble was loaded on trucks to reinforce the local roads to permit them to bear the weight of the Canadian 28 ton Sherman tanks.
The destruction was massive. According to German estimates, 85% to 90% of the town was destroyed in the course of this reprisal, making it one of the most devastated towns in all of Germany at the time.
C.P. Stacey, the official historian of the Canadian Army in World War II, was in the Friesoythe area at the time these events occurred, and he wrote an account of his impressions given the documentation available to him. “. . . at Friesoythe, the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada of this division lost their popular commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Freddie Wigle. Apparently a rumour was going round that Colonel Wigle had been killed by a civilian sniper; as a result a great part of the town of Friesoythe was set on fire in a mistaken reprisal. This unfortunate episode only came to my notice and thus got into the pages of history because I was in Friesoythe at the time and saw people being turned out of their houses and the houses burned. How painfully easy it is for the business of ‘reprisals’ to get out of hand! I am glad to say that I never heard of another such case.”
The virtually complete destruction of Friesoythe took place within hours after the fighting. G. L. Cassidy gave an early summary of these events when he wrote: “In this town the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders had a desperate night battle and counter-attack, in which their popular C.O. [Commanding Officer], Lt. Col. Fred Wigle, had been killed. The raging Highlanders cleared the remainder of that town as no town has been cleared for centuries, we venture to say.” As the narrative has demonstrated, there was no night-battle as such but rather a localized and fierce firefight at the miserable sharp end of war in the early hours of the morning of April 14, 1945, but the remainder of Cassidy’s memorable passage is devastatingly accurate.
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
in the district of Cloppenburg
Cloppenburg (district)
Cloppenburg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by the districts of Ammerland, Oldenburg, Vechta, Osnabrück, Emsland and Leer....
, in Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony is a German state situated in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
. It is situated on the river Soeste
Soeste
The Soeste is a river in Lower Saxony in the Cloppenburg district.The Soeste forms from two source brooks in Hesselnfeld and Egterholz, two small settlements in the Emstek municipality. It flows northwest through Cloppenburg, where its water flow was already sufficient for water mills to be...
, approximately 25 km northwest of Cloppenburg
Cloppenburg
Cloppenburg is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District. It lies 38 km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border. Cloppenburg is not far from the A1, the major motorway connecting the Ruhr area to Bremen and Hamburg...
, and 30 km southwest of Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Oldenburg is an independent city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the western part of the state between the cities of Bremen and Groningen, Netherlands, at the Hunte river. It has a population of 160,279 which makes it the fourth biggest city in Lower Saxony after Hanover, Braunschweig...
.
Destruction of Friesoythe
In April, 1945, the ancient and medieval town of Friesoythe felt the full force of an attack by General Christopher (Chris) Vokes of the 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division4th Canadian (Armoured) Division
The 4th Canadian Division was created by the conversion of the 4th Canadian Infantry Division at the beginning of 1942 in Canada. The division proceeded overseas in 1942, with its two main convoys reaching the United Kingdom in August and October....
. Most of the town’s 4,000 population moved out to the surrounding countryside on about April 11–12, 1945.
The town was defended by some 200 paratroopers of Battalion Raabe of the 7th German Parachute Division. These paratrooper repelled the first attack by the Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) on April 13. The Lake Superior Regiment suffered two dead and nineteen wounded. German casualties are not known.
Vokes then ordered the resumption of the attack the next day by The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada commanded by Lt. Col. Frederick E. Wigle. Wigle decided on a night march on April 13 to position his battalion of some 800 men south of the town and to attack at dawn on April 14. The aim was to gain the element of surprise. The night march was undetected and hence a success. All seemed to be going well.
Col. Wigle himself, along with a group of some twenty heavily armed men also provided with radio communication, remained behind in his Tactical Headquarters south of the town. Four other Argyll companies resumed the battle on the morning of April 14, 1945. They made good progress, and the paratroopers either retreated north to the Coastal Canal or were captured during the engagement.
Against all odds, Wigle’s Tactical Headquarters south of the main action then came under attack. In the dawn’s early light, a small detachment of German paratroopers, possibly a returning patrol, stumbled on Wigle’s Tactical Headquarters. Gunshots rang out; it is not known who fired first.
In the resulting firefight, Col. Wigle was killed instantly by a burst of fire from a machine pistol. Privates John Brown and Cecil (Cec) French, a sharpshooter, were also killed by a grenade hurled through the upstairs bedroom of the isolated farmhouse that served as the Argyll Tactical Headquarters. Lieutenant Alan Earp survived a direct shot through the head.
In the course of this local infantry engagement, Lance Corporal Fraser continued to man the Wireless Set No. 19
Wireless Set No. 19
The Wireless Set No. 19 was a Second World War mobile radio transceiver designed for the British Army to give armoured troops reliable communications.- Specifications :...
. Fraser urgently broadcast the fact of Colonel Wigle’s death in coded form, and requested immediate reinforcements. This help arrived in short order, and beat off the attack by the German paratroopers surrounding the Tactical Headquarters.
Despite this radio message, some members of the 4th Canadian Armoured Division informed General Vokes that Wigle had been killed by a German civilian. Vokes determined on an immediate reprisal. “A first-rate officer of mine, for whom I had a special regard and affection, and in whom I had a particular professional interest because of his talent for command, was killed. Not merely killed, it was reported to me, but sniped in the back.” Vokes then announced his draconian decision. “I summoned my GSO1 . . ‘Mac,’ I roared at him, ‘I’m going to raze that goddam town.’”
Individual units and soldiers of the Argylls had spontaneously begun the arson of Friesoythe by way of revenge for the death of their Colonel, but after Vokes issued his direct order, the town was systematically set on fire by means of flamethrowers mounted on Wasp Carriers. The flames were clearly visible far and wide during the night of April 14/15th, 1945. When the fire was burned out, armoured bulldozers razed the remaining walls, and the resulting rubble was loaded on trucks to reinforce the local roads to permit them to bear the weight of the Canadian 28 ton Sherman tanks.
The destruction was massive. According to German estimates, 85% to 90% of the town was destroyed in the course of this reprisal, making it one of the most devastated towns in all of Germany at the time.
C.P. Stacey, the official historian of the Canadian Army in World War II, was in the Friesoythe area at the time these events occurred, and he wrote an account of his impressions given the documentation available to him. “. . . at Friesoythe, the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada of this division lost their popular commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Freddie Wigle. Apparently a rumour was going round that Colonel Wigle had been killed by a civilian sniper; as a result a great part of the town of Friesoythe was set on fire in a mistaken reprisal. This unfortunate episode only came to my notice and thus got into the pages of history because I was in Friesoythe at the time and saw people being turned out of their houses and the houses burned. How painfully easy it is for the business of ‘reprisals’ to get out of hand! I am glad to say that I never heard of another such case.”
The virtually complete destruction of Friesoythe took place within hours after the fighting. G. L. Cassidy gave an early summary of these events when he wrote: “In this town the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders had a desperate night battle and counter-attack, in which their popular C.O. [Commanding Officer], Lt. Col. Fred Wigle, had been killed. The raging Highlanders cleared the remainder of that town as no town has been cleared for centuries, we venture to say.” As the narrative has demonstrated, there was no night-battle as such but rather a localized and fierce firefight at the miserable sharp end of war in the early hours of the morning of April 14, 1945, but the remainder of Cassidy’s memorable passage is devastatingly accurate.