G. P. Zeliony
Encyclopedia
Georgii Pavlovich Zeliony ' onMouseout='HidePop("18301")' href="/topics/Odessa">Odessa
– 1951) was a Russian physiologist
who contributed to the understanding of conditional and unconditional reflexes. He was one of I. P. Pavlov
's first students. His studies of decorticated dogs led to knowledge of brain function in man and other animals. In addition, he was the first to articulate the theoretical underpinnings of sociophysiology
.
laboratory, performed experiments on dogs (Zeliony 1906b: 80; Delabarre 1910: 85-86; Warden 1928: 507):
Pavlov, in his eighth lecture on conditioned reflexes, describes one of Zeliony's experiments:
Another of Zeliony's experiments was described by Pavlov as follows:
Zeliony completed his doctorate in 1907, the same year in which Pavlov, his supervisor, was elected to the Academy of Russian Sciences.
Philosophical Society in which he called for a special natural science to study the physical side of human interrelations. He called this potential new science, "physiological sociology," or, using a term he attributed to A. I. Wedensky, "sociophysiology
" (Zeliony 1912b: 405–406).
Zeliony's paper, later published in the July–August 1912 issue of the Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie [Archive for racial and social biology], was reviewed by Piéron (1913) and Ellwood (1916). Piéron (1913: 366) noted that Zeliony positively compared his approach to that of Emile Waxweiler
and Ernest Solvay
’s Institute of Sociology
in Brussels, and also that Zeliony argued that
However, owing perhaps to the fact that the French review mistakenly titled Zeliony's paper, "Über die zukünftige Soziopsychologie" [On the future sociopsychology], rather than the correct "Über die zukünftige Soziophysiologie" [On the future sociophysiology], and also to the fact that the journal in which it was published later became a mouthpiece for eugenicist
, anti-semitic, Nazi
propaganda
, Zeliony's future field floundered.
Half a century or more later, and often without remarking on Zeliony's preliminary sketch, scattered workers in diverse fields began to rediscover sociophysiology
: clinical psychiatrists (e. g., Kaiser 1952; Boyd and Di Mascio 1954; Di Mascio et al. 1955; Lacroix 1955); sociologists and ethologists (e. g., Wickler 1976; Quddus 1980; Barchas 1984, 1986; Barchas and Mendoza 1984; Waid 1984); evolutionary psychiatrists (e. g., Gardner 1996, 1997, 2001; Gardner and Price 1999; Gardner and Wilson 2004); and medical doctors (e. g., Adler 2002; Mandel and Mandel 2003).
and early Soviet regimes. In 1919, for instance, he became chair of the Department of Normal Physiology at the newly created Veterinarian Bacteriological Institute in Petrograd
. Though Zeliony was still officially an employee of the state-run laboratory under Pavlov's leadership, in 1921, he attempted to found his own institute for the study of animal behaviour. Zeliony's proposal to secure funding for his project from the government was criticized by Pavlov and rejected (Todes 1998: 38–39).
Around the same time, Zeliony worked with P. A. Sorokin
and other sociologists in both the Russian Sociological Society and the Circle for the Objective Study of Human Social and Individual Behaviour.
Later, under Stalin
, it seems that Zeliony faded from view:
However, in 1951, an article, by a certain G. P. Zelenyi, on methods of researching conditioned reflexes in animals, was published in a Soviet journal (Zelenyi 1951). Given the various other ways of transliterating his name, it could be the case that G. P. Zelenyi was indeed G. P. Zeliony.
Odessa
Odessa or Odesa is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 .The predecessor of Odessa, a small Tatar settlement,...
– 1951) was a Russian physiologist
Physiology
Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...
who contributed to the understanding of conditional and unconditional reflexes. He was one of I. P. Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a famous Russian physiologist. Although he made significant contributions to psychology, he was not in fact a psychologist himself but was a mathematician and actually had strong distaste for the field....
's first students. His studies of decorticated dogs led to knowledge of brain function in man and other animals. In addition, he was the first to articulate the theoretical underpinnings of sociophysiology
Sociophysiology
Sociophysiology is the "interplay between society and physical functioning" involving "collaboration of two neighboring sciences: physiology and sociology"...
.
In Pavlov's lab
Beginning around 1905, Zeliony, along with colleagues in Pavlov’sIvan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a famous Russian physiologist. Although he made significant contributions to psychology, he was not in fact a psychologist himself but was a mathematician and actually had strong distaste for the field....
laboratory, performed experiments on dogs (Zeliony 1906b: 80; Delabarre 1910: 85-86; Warden 1928: 507):
Experiments conducted by M. Pawlow and his pupils add confirmation to the view that “all physiological phenomena may be completely studied as if psychical phenomena had no existence.” Direct excitation of the mouth cavity of a dog produces an “unconditional” reflex secretion of the saliva. In case the exciting substance is something the dog eats, the secretion is thick; if it be one that the dog refuses, the secretion is more liquid. Any other excitant, acting on any sense whatever (or any combination of excitants), may provoke a “conditional” reflex secretion of either kind, provided it has previously acted on the animal conjointly with another excitant which has produced an unconditional reflex. The conditional reflexes are very instable and variable. But the exact conditions of their origin, their force and their disappearance can be stated in physiological terms. The so-called psychical excitants are identical with these conditional reflexes (Delabarre 1910: 85–86).
Pavlov, in his eighth lecture on conditioned reflexes, describes one of Zeliony's experiments:
A conditioned alimentary reflex was established to the simultaneous application of the tone of a pneumatic tuning-fork, which was considerably damped by being placed within a wooden box coated with wool, and of a visual stimulus of three electric lamps placed in front of the dog in the slightly shaded room (Pavlov 1927: 142–143 [Lecture VIII]).
Another of Zeliony's experiments was described by Pavlov as follows:
An alimentary reflex was established in a dog to a compound stimulus made up of the sound of a whistle and the sound of the tone d sharp of a pneumatic tuning-fork. Both these sounds appeared to the human ear to be of equal intensity, and both when tested separately elicited a secretion of 19 drops of saliva during one minute. In addition to this, another compound stimulus was established, made up of the same sound of the whistle plus the tone a of a tuning-fork of weaker intensity. When tested separately the whistle in this case elicited a secretion of seven drops of saliva during thirty seconds, and the tone only one drop (Pavlov 1927: 143 [Lecture VIII]).
Zeliony completed his doctorate in 1907, the same year in which Pavlov, his supervisor, was elected to the Academy of Russian Sciences.
The future sociophysiology
On March 19, 1909, Zeliony presented a paper before the Saint PetersburgSaint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
Philosophical Society in which he called for a special natural science to study the physical side of human interrelations. He called this potential new science, "physiological sociology," or, using a term he attributed to A. I. Wedensky, "sociophysiology
Sociophysiology
Sociophysiology is the "interplay between society and physical functioning" involving "collaboration of two neighboring sciences: physiology and sociology"...
" (Zeliony 1912b: 405–406).
Zeliony's paper, later published in the July–August 1912 issue of the Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie [Archive for racial and social biology], was reviewed by Piéron (1913) and Ellwood (1916). Piéron (1913: 366) noted that Zeliony positively compared his approach to that of Emile Waxweiler
Emile Waxweiler
Emile Waxweiler was a Belgian engineer and sociologist. He was a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium as well as the International Institute of Statistics ....
and Ernest Solvay
Ernest Solvay
Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay was a Belgian chemist, industrialist and philanthropist.Born at Rebecq, he was prevented by acute pleurisy from going to university...
’s Institute of Sociology
Solvay Institute of Sociology
The Solvay Institute of Sociology [SIS; Institut de Sociologie Solvay] assumed its first “definitive form” on November 16, 1902, when its founder Ernest Solvay, a wealthy Belgian chemist, industrialist, and philanthropist, inaugurated the original edifice of SIS in Parc Léopold...
in Brussels, and also that Zeliony argued that
Sociology, in order to enter the ranks of the natural sciences, must be physiological. As it is with animals (bees, ants, etc.), there will likewise be a human socio-physiology studying the reciprocal interrelations among humans. (Piéron 1913: 365).
However, owing perhaps to the fact that the French review mistakenly titled Zeliony's paper, "Über die zukünftige Soziopsychologie" [On the future sociopsychology], rather than the correct "Über die zukünftige Soziophysiologie" [On the future sociophysiology], and also to the fact that the journal in which it was published later became a mouthpiece for eugenicist
Eugenics
Eugenics is the "applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population", usually referring to human populations. The origins of the concept of eugenics began with certain interpretations of Mendelian inheritance,...
, anti-semitic, Nazi
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself or one's group....
, Zeliony's future field floundered.
Half a century or more later, and often without remarking on Zeliony's preliminary sketch, scattered workers in diverse fields began to rediscover sociophysiology
Sociophysiology
Sociophysiology is the "interplay between society and physical functioning" involving "collaboration of two neighboring sciences: physiology and sociology"...
: clinical psychiatrists (e. g., Kaiser 1952; Boyd and Di Mascio 1954; Di Mascio et al. 1955; Lacroix 1955); sociologists and ethologists (e. g., Wickler 1976; Quddus 1980; Barchas 1984, 1986; Barchas and Mendoza 1984; Waid 1984); evolutionary psychiatrists (e. g., Gardner 1996, 1997, 2001; Gardner and Price 1999; Gardner and Wilson 2004); and medical doctors (e. g., Adler 2002; Mandel and Mandel 2003).
Revolution and disappearance
It appears that Zeliony continued to work and publish during the first two decades of Russia's BolshevikBolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
and early Soviet regimes. In 1919, for instance, he became chair of the Department of Normal Physiology at the newly created Veterinarian Bacteriological Institute in Petrograd
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
. Though Zeliony was still officially an employee of the state-run laboratory under Pavlov's leadership, in 1921, he attempted to found his own institute for the study of animal behaviour. Zeliony's proposal to secure funding for his project from the government was criticized by Pavlov and rejected (Todes 1998: 38–39).
Around the same time, Zeliony worked with P. A. Sorokin
Pitirim Sorokin
Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist born in Komi . Academic and political activist in Russia, he emigrated from Russia to the United States in 1923. He founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University. He was a vocal opponent of Talcott Parsons' theories...
and other sociologists in both the Russian Sociological Society and the Circle for the Objective Study of Human Social and Individual Behaviour.
Later, under Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
, it seems that Zeliony faded from view:
In 1932, before our Laboratory started on decorticate conditioning, Mettler had come across studies more recent than Zeliony’s 1911 report [i. e., Zeliony 1912a]. Using Bechterev’s shock-reinforcement technique with three dogs operated on in 1928, the objective was to determine the minimal essential functional cortex to establish conditioning (Poltyreff & Zeliony, 1929, 1930). The reports were imprecise and the animals were then still alive. At any rate, Mettler made serious attempts to communicate with Zeliony, but to no avail. According to him, “these two workers disappeared from the scene, and it was very difficult to communicate with specific people in Russia if they did not hold key positions” (Mettler, Note 1). Knowledgeable Soviet scholars have demonstrated that the period of the 1930s in the Stalin era was difficult and that many disappearances were not accidental. There is little question that the behavioral sciences had been politicized over the years since the 1917 Revolution (Girden 1983: 246).
However, in 1951, an article, by a certain G. P. Zelenyi, on methods of researching conditioned reflexes in animals, was published in a Soviet journal (Zelenyi 1951). Given the various other ways of transliterating his name, it could be the case that G. P. Zelenyi was indeed G. P. Zeliony.
Works by Zeliony
- Zeleny, G. P. (1906a). L’orientation du chien dans le domaine des sens. Trudy obchestva russkikh vratchei [Proceedings of the Russian medical society], tome 73. (Cited in Heissler 1958: 407, 426.)
- Zeliony, G. (1906b). De la sécrétion de salive dite psychique. D’après les travaux de Pawlow et de ses élèves. L’Année Psychologique, tome 13, pp. 80–91. http://www.persee.fr/showPage.do?luceneQuery=%28zeliony+AND+%28%2Bjournal%3Apsy%29%29+AND+%28indexable_type%3Aarticlepage%3F%29&words=zeliony&words=psy&words=articlepage&urn=psy_0003-5033_1906_num_13_1_1289
- Zeliony, G. P. (1907a). [A conditioned reflex to an interruption of a sound.] Proc. of Russian Med. Soc. in Petrograd, vol. 74; also Karkov Med. Jour., 1908. (Cited in Pavlov 1927.)
- Zeliony, G. P. (1907b). [Contribution to the problem of the reaction of dogs to auditory stimuli.] Thesis, Petrograd, 1907; Prelim. Commun. Russian Med. Soc. in Petrograd, vol. 73, 1906. (Cited in Pavlov 1927.)
- Zeliony, G. P. (1909a). [A special type of conditioned reflexes.] Archive Biol. Sciences, vol. xiv, no. 5. (Cited in Pavlov 1927.)
- Zeliony, G. P. (1909b). Über der Reaktion der Katze auf Tonreiz. Zentralblatt für Physiologie, Bd. xxiii. (Cited in Pavlov 1927.)
- Zeliony, G. P. (1910a). Analysis of complex conditioned stimuli. Proc. Russian Med. Soc. in Petrograd, vol. 77. (Cited in Pavlov 1927.)
- Zeliony, G. P. (1910b). [Upon the ability of the dog to discriminate auditory stimuli applied in succession, according to different numbers of their repetition.] Proc. Russian Med. Soc. in Petrograd, vol. 77. (Cited in Pavlov 1927.)
- Zeliony, G. P. (1912a). [Observations upon dogs after complete removal of the cerebral cortex.] Proc. Russian Med. Soc. in Petrograd, vol. 79; also a second commun. in same volume. (Cited in Pavlov 1927.) (Cited in Heissler (1958: 426) as Zeleny (G. P.). Le chien sans hémisphères cérébraux, Trudy obchestva russkikh vratchei, 1912.
- Zeliony, G. P. (1912b). Über die zukünftige Soziophysiologie. [On the future sociophysiology.] Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 405–429, July–August 1912. [Als Bericht in der St. Petersburger Philosophischen Gesellschaft vorgetragen am 19. März 1909.]
- Prokofiev, G., et Zeliony, G. (1926). Des modes d’associations cérébrales chez l’homme et chez les animaux. Journal de Psychologie, XXIIIe Année, no. 10, Décembre 1926.
- Poltyrev, S. S., und Zeliony, G. P. (1929). Der Hund ohne Grosshirn. Abstracts of Communications to the Thirteenth International Physiological Congress, Boston. American Journal of Physiology, vol. 90, no. 2, October 1929, pp. 475–476.
- Zeliony, G. (1929). Effets de l’ablation des hémisphéres cérébraux. Revue de médecine, vol. 46, pp. 191–214.
- Poltyreff, S. S., und Zeliony, G. (1930). Grosshirnrinde und Assoziationsfunction. Zeitschrift für Biologie, vol. 90, pp. 157–160.
- Zélény, G. P., and Kadykov, B. I. (1938). [Contribution to the study of conditioned reflexes in the dog after cortical extirpation]. Méd. exp. Kharkov, no. 3, 31–43. (Psychological Abstracts, 1938, 12, No. 5829.)
- Zelenyi, G. P. (1951). О методике исследования условных рефлексов у животных. (O metodike issledovanija uslovnykh refleksov u zhivotnykh.) [On a method of investigating conditioned reflexes in animals.] Журнал Выщей Нервно Деятельности Имени И. П. Павлова [Zhurnal vysshei nervno dejatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova], 1(2):147-59, 1951 Mar-Apr. (Cited in Medline.)
Other sources
- Adler, H. M. (2002). The sociophysiology of caring in the doctor–patient relationship. Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 883–890.
- Barchas, P. R., ed. (1984). Social Hierarchies: Essays Toward a Sociophysiological Perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
- Barchas, P. R. (1986). A sociophysiological orientation to small groups. In E. J. Lawler, ed., Advances in Group Processes, vol. 3, pp. 209–246. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
- Barchas, P. R., and Mendoza, S. P., eds. (1984). Social Cohesion: Essays Toward a Sociophysiological Perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
- Boyd, R. W., and Di Mascio, A. (1954). Social behavior and autonomic physiology (a sociophysiologic study). Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 120, nos. 3–4, pp. 207–212.
- Delabarre, E. B. (1910). [Review of L’Année Psychologique. Treizième Année, 1907; Quatorzième Année, 1908. Publiée par Alfred Binet. Paris, Masson et Cie.] Science, New Series, vol. 32, no. 811, July 15, 1910, pp. 85–86.
- Di Mascio, A., Boyd, R. W., Greenblatt, M., and Solomon, H. C. (1955). The psychiatric interview (a sociophysiologic study). Diseases of the Nervous System, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 4–9.
- Ellwood, C. A.Charles A. EllwoodCharles A. Ellwood was one of the leading American sociologists of the interwar period, studying intolerance, communication and revolutions and using many multidisciplinary methods. He argued that sociology should play a role in directing cultural evolution through education of society...
(1916). Objectivism in sociology. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 22, no. 3, November 1916, pp. 289–305. - Gardner Jr., R. J. (1996). Psychiatry needs a basic science titled sociophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 833–834.
- Gardner Jr., R. J. (1997). Sociophysiology as the basic science of psychiatry. Theoretical Medicine, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 335–356.
- Gardner Jr., R. J. (2001). Affective neuroscience, psychiatry and sociophysiology. Evolution and Cognition, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 25–30.
- Gardner Jr., R. J., and Price, J. S. (1999). Sociophysiology and depression. In T. E. Joiner and J. C. Coyne, eds., The Interactional Nature of Depression: Advances in Interpersonal Approaches. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Gardner Jr., R. J., and Wilson, D. R. (2004). Sociophysiology and evolutionary aspects of psychiatry. In J. Panksepp, ed., Textbook of Biological Psychiatry. New York: Wiley.
- Girden, E. (1983). Conditioning decorticate canines in Culler’s laboratory: Some reflexions and second thoughts. American Journal of Psychology, vol. 96, no. 2, Summer 1983, pp. 243–252.
- Heissler, N. (1958). Quelques travaux des psychologues soviétiques sur la réaction d’orientation. L’Année Psychologique, tome 58, no. 2, pp. 407–426. http://www.persee.fr/showPage.do?luceneQuery=%28heissler+AND+%28%2Bjournal%3Apsy%29%29+AND+%28indexable_type%3Aarticlepage%3F%29&words=heissler&words=psy&words=articlepage&urn=psy_0003-5033_1958_num_58_2_26703
- Kaiser, L. (1952). Naar een stichting voor Sociophysiologie. Medisch Contact, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 143–145.
- Lacroix, A. C. (1955). Le myo-œdème sociophysiologique; son intérêt dans la connaissance des états collectifs de malnutrition. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 185–191.
- Mandel, S. and Mandel, H. (2003). Comment on "The sociophysiology of caring in the doctor–patient relationship," by Adler, H. M. Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 317.
- Pavlov, I. P.Ivan PavlovIvan Petrovich Pavlov was a famous Russian physiologist. Although he made significant contributions to psychology, he was not in fact a psychologist himself but was a mathematician and actually had strong distaste for the field....
(1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. G. V. Anrep, trans. London: Oxford University Press. http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/ - Piéron, H. (1913). [Analyses bibliographiques. III. Psychologie comparée. 6° Psychologie ethnologique et sociale. Psychologie religieuse: G. P. Zeliony. — Ueber die zukünftige Soziopsychologie (Sur la socio-psychologie future). — Archiv für Rassen und Gesellschafts-biologie, 1912, 4.] L’Année Psychologique, Tome 20, pp. 365–366. http://www.persee.fr/showPage.do?luceneQuery=%28zeliony+AND+%28%2Bjournal%3Apsy%29%29+AND+%28indexable_type%3Aarticlepage%3F%29&zoom=0&words=zeliony&words=psy&words=articlepage&urn=psy_0003-5033_1913_num_20_1_4360&pageId=psy_0003-5033_1913_num_20_1_T1_0365_0000
- Quddus, M. A. (1980). Sociophysiology of political attitudes: some preliminary observations from Bangladesh. PhD dissertation in political science, University of Idaho.
- Todes, D. (1998). Павлов и Большевики. [Pavlov and the Bolsheviks.] ВИЕТ, no. 3, pp. 26-59. http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/viet/1998/3/26-59.pdf
- Waid, W. M., ed. (1984). Sociophysiology. New York: Springer Verlag.
- Warden, C. J. (1928). The development of modern comparative psychology. Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 3, no. 4, December 1928, p. 507.
- Wickler, W. (1976). The ethological analysis of attachment. Sociometric, motivational and sociophysiological aspects. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 12–28.
See also
- Biological psychology
- Classical conditioningClassical conditioningClassical conditioning is a form of conditioning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov...
- Physiological psychologyPhysiological psychologyPhysiological psychology is a subdivision of behavioral neuroscience that studies the neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiments...
- PsychophysiologyPsychophysiologyPsychophysiology is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. While psychophysiology was a general broad field of research in the 1960s and 1970s, it has now become quite specialized, and has branched into subspecializations...
- ReflexReflexA reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. A true reflex is a behavior which is mediated via the reflex arc; this does not apply to casual uses of the term 'reflex'.-See also:...
- Social psychology (psychology)
- Social psychology (sociology)Social psychology (sociology)Social psychology , known as sociological social psychology, and sometimes as psychological sociology, is an area of sociology that focuses on social actions and on interrelations of personality, values, and mind with social structure and culture...
- SociophysiologySociophysiologySociophysiology is the "interplay between society and physical functioning" involving "collaboration of two neighboring sciences: physiology and sociology"...
- Ivan PavlovIvan PavlovIvan Petrovich Pavlov was a famous Russian physiologist. Although he made significant contributions to psychology, he was not in fact a psychologist himself but was a mathematician and actually had strong distaste for the field....
- Pitirim SorokinPitirim SorokinPitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist born in Komi . Academic and political activist in Russia, he emigrated from Russia to the United States in 1923. He founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University. He was a vocal opponent of Talcott Parsons' theories...
External links
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology
- Stages in the life and work of I. P. Pavlov
- A. I. Wedensky, Russian physiologist and psychologist