Geneva score
Encyclopedia
The Geneva score is a clinical prediction rule
used in determining the pre-test probability of pulmonary embolism
(PE) based on a patient's risk factors and clinical findings. It has been shown to be as accurate as the Wells Score, and is less reliant on the experience of the doctor applying the rule. The Geneva score has been revised and simplified from its original version. The simplified Geneva score is the newest version and predicted to have the same diagnostic utility as the original Geneva score.
The score obtained relates to the probability of the patient having had a pulmonary embolism (the lower the score, the lower the probability):
The revised score uses 8 parameters, but does not include figures which require an arterial blood gas sample to be performed:
The score obtained relates to probability of PE:
The probabilities derived from the scoring systems can be used to determine the need for, and nature of, further investigations such as D-dimer
, ventilation/perfusion scan
ning and CT pulmonary angiography
to confirm or refute the diagnosis of PE.
on October 27 of 2008. The simplified scoring system replaced the weighted scores for each parameter with a 1 point score for each parameter present to reduce the likelihood of error when the score is used in a clinical setting. The report noted that the simplified Geneva score does not lead to a decrease in diagnostic utility in evaluating patients for a PE when compared to previous Geneva scores.
The simplified Geneva score:
Patients with a score of 2 or less are considered unlikely to have a current PE. Authors suggest that the likelihood of patients having a PE with a simplified Geneva score less than 2 and a normal D-Dimer is 3 percent.
Clinical prediction rule
A clinical prediction rule is type of medical research study in which researchers try to identify the best combination of medical sign, symptoms, and other findings in predicting the probability of a specific disease or outcome....
used in determining the pre-test probability of pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream . Usually this is due to embolism of a thrombus from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism...
(PE) based on a patient's risk factors and clinical findings. It has been shown to be as accurate as the Wells Score, and is less reliant on the experience of the doctor applying the rule. The Geneva score has been revised and simplified from its original version. The simplified Geneva score is the newest version and predicted to have the same diagnostic utility as the original Geneva score.
Original Geneva Score
The original Geneva score is calculated using 7 risk factors and clinical variables:| Variable | Score |
|---|---|
| Age | |
| 60–79 years | 1 |
| 80+ years | 2 |
| Previous venous thromboembolism | |
| Previous DVT or PE | 2 |
| Previous surgery | |
| Recent surgery within 4 weeks | 3 |
| Heart rate | |
| Heart rate >100 beats per minute | 1 |
| PaCO2 (partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood) | |
| <35mmHg | 2 |
| 35-39mmHg | 1 |
| PaO2 (partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood) | |
| <49mmHg | 4 |
| 49-59mmHg | 3 |
| 60-71mmHg | 2 |
| 72-82mmHg | 1 |
| Chest X-ray findings | |
| Band atelectasis | 1 |
| Elevation of hemidiaphragm | 1 |
The score obtained relates to the probability of the patient having had a pulmonary embolism (the lower the score, the lower the probability):
- <5 points indicates a low probability of PE
- 5 - 8 points indicates a moderate probability of PE
- >8 points indicates a high probability of PE
Revised Geneva Score
More recently, the revised Geneva score has been introduced. This simplifies the scoring process, and has also been shown to be as effective as the Wells score.The revised score uses 8 parameters, but does not include figures which require an arterial blood gas sample to be performed:
| Variable | Score |
|---|---|
| Age 65 years or over | 1 |
| Previous DVT or PE | 3 |
| Surgery or fracture within 1 month | 2 |
| Active malignant condition | 2 |
| Unilateral lower limb pain | 3 |
| Haemoptysis | 2 |
| Heart rate 75 to 94 beats per minute | 3 |
| Heart rate 95 or more beats per minute | 5 |
| Pain on deep palpation of lower limb and unilateral oedema | 4 |
The score obtained relates to probability of PE:
- 0 - 3 points indicates low probability (8%)
- 4 - 10 points indicates intermediate probability (28%)
- 11 points or more indicates high probability (74%)
The probabilities derived from the scoring systems can be used to determine the need for, and nature of, further investigations such as D-dimer
D-dimer
D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product , a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis. It is so named because it contains two crosslinked D fragments of the fibrinogen protein....
, ventilation/perfusion scan
Ventilation/perfusion scan
A ventilation/perfusion lung scan, also called a V/Q lung scan, is a type of medical imaging using scintigraphy and medical isotopes to evaluate the circulation of air and blood within a patient's lungs, in order to determine the ventilation/perfusion ratio...
ning and CT pulmonary angiography
CT pulmonary angiogram
CT pulmonary angiogram is a medical diagnostic test that employs computed tomography to obtain an image of the pulmonary arteries. Its main use is to diagnose pulmonary embolism...
to confirm or refute the diagnosis of PE.
Simplified Geneva Score
A newer revision referred to as the simplified revised Geneva score has been prospectively studied and reported in the Archives of Internal MedicineArchives of Internal Medicine
The Archives of Internal Medicine is a peer-reviewed medical journal published twice a month by the American Medical Association. The Archives of Internal Medicine was established in 1908 and covers all aspects of internal medicine, including cardiovascular disease, geriatrics, infectious disease,...
on October 27 of 2008. The simplified scoring system replaced the weighted scores for each parameter with a 1 point score for each parameter present to reduce the likelihood of error when the score is used in a clinical setting. The report noted that the simplified Geneva score does not lead to a decrease in diagnostic utility in evaluating patients for a PE when compared to previous Geneva scores.
The simplified Geneva score:
| Variable | Score |
|---|---|
| Age >65 | 1 |
| Previous DVT or PE | 1 |
| Surgery or fracture within 1 month | 1 |
| Active malignancy | 1 |
| Unilateral lower limb pain | 1 |
| Hemoptysis | 1 |
| Pain on deep vein palpation of lower limb and unilateral edema | 1 |
| Heart rate 75 to 94 bpm | 1 |
| Heart rate greater than 94 bpm* | |
Patients with a score of 2 or less are considered unlikely to have a current PE. Authors suggest that the likelihood of patients having a PE with a simplified Geneva score less than 2 and a normal D-Dimer is 3 percent.