Gilbert Clayton
Encyclopedia
Brigadier-General Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton, KCMG, KBE, CB (6 April 1875 – 11 September 1929), was a British army intelligence officer and colonial administrator, who worked in several countries in the Middle East
in the early 20th century. In Egypt, during World War I
as an intelligence officer, he supervised those who worked to start the Arab Revolt
. In Palestine, Arabia and Mesopotamia, in the 1920s as a colonial administrator, he helped negotiate the borders of the countries that later became Israel
, Jordan
, Syria
, Saudi Arabia
and Iraq
.
in 1895. He was part of the forces sent to the Sudan
during the closing stages of the Mahdist War
, seeing action in the Battle of Atbara
(1898). He then served in Egypt, but in 1910 he retired and left the army to work as private secretary to the Governor-General of Sudan, Sir Francis Reginald Wingate
. In 1912, he married Enid Caroline Thorowgood in London, with the ceremony being conducted by the Bishop of Khartoum.
, Clayton worked in army intelligence in Cairo, Egypt, serving in the newly-formed Arab Bureau
. In 1914, he sent a secret memorandum to Lord Kitchener, suggesting that Britain work with the Arabs to overthrow their Ottoman rulers. He became Director of Intelligence, and was appointed to the rank of Brigadier-General. In this role, he worked with many of the people that helped to trigger the Arab Revolt
against the Ottoman Turks.
In Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(1935), T. E. Lawrence
described Clayton's role as chief of British intelligence in Egypt between 1914 and 1917:
of Nejd, and also undertook a mission to Yemen
to negotiate with its ruler Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
. From 1928, he was High Commissioner for the British Mandate of Mesopotamia (Iraq). In this role, Clayton had been involved in negotiations over a new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
. His unexpected death, from a heart attack, delayed matters, but the new treaty was eventually signed in 1930.
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
in the early 20th century. In Egypt, during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
as an intelligence officer, he supervised those who worked to start the Arab Revolt
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt was initiated by the Sherif Hussein bin Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.- Background :...
. In Palestine, Arabia and Mesopotamia, in the 1920s as a colonial administrator, he helped negotiate the borders of the countries that later became Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, Jordan
Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
, Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...
and Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
.
Early life
Clayton become an officer in the Royal ArtilleryRoyal Artillery
The Royal Regiment of Artillery, commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery , is the artillery arm of the British Army. Despite its name, it comprises a number of regiments.-History:...
in 1895. He was part of the forces sent to the Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
during the closing stages of the Mahdist War
Mahdist War
The Mahdist War was a colonial war of the late 19th century. It was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese and the Egyptian and later British forces. It has also been called the Anglo-Sudan War or the Sudanese Mahdist Revolt. The British have called their part in the conflict the Sudan Campaign...
, seeing action in the Battle of Atbara
Battle of Atbara
The Battle of Atbara took place during the Second Sudan War. Anglo-Egyptian forces defeated 15,000 Sudanese rebels, called Mahdists or Dervishes. The battle proved to be the turning point in the conquest of Sudan by a British and Egyptian coalition....
(1898). He then served in Egypt, but in 1910 he retired and left the army to work as private secretary to the Governor-General of Sudan, Sir Francis Reginald Wingate
Francis Reginald Wingate
General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, 1st Baronet GCB GCVO GBE KCMG DSO TD , usually known as Reginald Wingate, was a British general and administrator in Egypt and the Sudan.-Early life:...
. In 1912, he married Enid Caroline Thorowgood in London, with the ceremony being conducted by the Bishop of Khartoum.
World War I
During World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, Clayton worked in army intelligence in Cairo, Egypt, serving in the newly-formed Arab Bureau
Arab Bureau
The Arab Bureau was a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department during the First World War. According to a Committee of Imperial Defence paper from January 7, 1916 the Arab Bureau was established to "harmonise British political activity in the Near East...[and] keep the Foreign Office, the India...
. In 1914, he sent a secret memorandum to Lord Kitchener, suggesting that Britain work with the Arabs to overthrow their Ottoman rulers. He became Director of Intelligence, and was appointed to the rank of Brigadier-General. In this role, he worked with many of the people that helped to trigger the Arab Revolt
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt was initiated by the Sherif Hussein bin Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.- Background :...
against the Ottoman Turks.
In Seven Pillars of Wisdom
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
Seven Pillars of Wisdom is the autobiographical account of the experiences of British soldier T. E. Lawrence , while serving as a liaison officer with rebel forces during the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Turks of 1916 to 1918....
(1935), T. E. Lawrence
T. E. Lawrence
Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence, CB, DSO , known professionally as T. E. Lawrence, was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18...
described Clayton's role as chief of British intelligence in Egypt between 1914 and 1917:
Colonial administration
Following the war, Clayton worked as an advisor for the Egyptian government, and then worked in colonial administration in the British Mandate of Palestine. He was Civil Secretary of Palestine from 1922 to 1925, at which point he was briefly acting High Commissioner. He was then involved in negotiations with Arab rulers for the 1927 Treaty of Jeddah; he was an envoy to the Sultan Ibd SaudIbn Saud of Saudi Arabia
King Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia was the first monarch of the Third Saudi State known as Saudi Arabia. He was commonly referred to as Ibn Saud....
of Nejd, and also undertook a mission to Yemen
Yemen
The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
to negotiate with its ruler Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
Yahya Muhammad Hamidaddin became Imam of the Zaydis in 1904 and Imam of Yemen in 1918. His name in full was Amir al-Mumenin al-Mutawakkil 'Ala Allah Rab ul-Alamin Imam Yahya bin al-Mansur Bi'llah Muhammad Hamidaddin, Imam and Commander of the Faithful.Yahya Muhammad Hamidaddin was born on Friday...
. From 1928, he was High Commissioner for the British Mandate of Mesopotamia (Iraq). In this role, Clayton had been involved in negotiations over a new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930)
The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 was a treaty of alliance between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the British-Mandate-controlled administration of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq. The treaty was between the governments of George V of the United Kingdom and Faisal I of Iraq...
. His unexpected death, from a heart attack, delayed matters, but the new treaty was eventually signed in 1930.
Positions
- 1922-1925 - Civil Secretary to the Palestine Government
- 1925 - Acting British High Commissioner for Palestine (British Mandate of Palestine)
- 1925-1927 - Envoy to the Sultan Ibd SaudIbn Saud of Saudi ArabiaKing Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia was the first monarch of the Third Saudi State known as Saudi Arabia. He was commonly referred to as Ibn Saud....
of Nejd - 1928-1929 - British High Commissioner to the Kingdom of Iraq (British Mandate of Mesopotamia)
Honours
- Companion of the Order of the Bath
- 1919 - Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
- 1926 - Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
External links
- Gilbert Clayton, Jenab Tutunji, Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, August 2004
- Clayton, Sir Gilbert Falkingham (1875–1929), M. W. Daly, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, September 2004
- Review of 'An Arabian Diary', Jon E. Mandaville, Middle East JournalMiddle East JournalThe Middle East Journal is published by the Washington, D.C.-based Middle East Institute. It was first published in 1947, making it the oldest U.S. peer-reviewed publication on the modern Middle East...
, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Winter, 1971), p. 115 - Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton CMG CB KBE KCMG (1875 - 1929) (dsthorne.com)
- Photographs and portraits of Gilbert Falkingham Clayton (National Portrait Gallery)
- The Clayton mission to Sana'a of 1926, including photographs (The British-Yemeni Society)