Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain

Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain is a structural domain of glutathione S-transferase

Glutathione S-transferase

Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase family are composed of many cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins. GSTs are present in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes, where they catalyze a variety of reactions and accept endogenous and xenobiotic substrates.GSTs can constitute up to 10% of...

(GST).

GST conjugates reduced glutathione

Glutathione

Glutathione is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain...

to a variety of targets including
S-crystallin

Crystallin

In anatomy, a crystallin is a water-soluble structural protein found in the lens and the cornea of the eye accounting for the transparency of the structure. It has also been identified in other places such as the heart, and in aggressive breast cancer tumors....

from squid

Squid

Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs and two, usually longer, tentacles...

, the eukaryotic elongation factor

Elongation factor

Elongation factors are a set of proteins that facilitate the events of translational elongation, the steps in protein synthesis from the formation of the first peptide bond to the formation of the last one.Elongation is the most rapid step in translation:...

1-gamma, the HSP26 family of stress-related proteins

Heat shock protein

Heat shock proteins are a class of functionally related proteins involved in the folding and unfolding of other proteins. Their expression is increased when cells are exposed to elevated temperatures or other stress. This increase in expression is transcriptionally regulated...

and
auxin

Auxin

Auxins are a class of plant hormones with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins have a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant's life cycle and are essential for plant body development. Auxins and their role in plant growth were first described by...

-regulated proteins in plants.

The glutathione molecule binds in a cleft between N and C-terminal domains. The catalytically important residues are proposed to reside in the N-terminal
domain. In plants, GSTs are encoded by a large gene family (48 GST genes in Arabidopsis) and can be divided into the phi, tau, theta, zeta, and lambda classes.

Biological function and classification

In eukaryotes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) participate in the detoxification of reactive electrophilic compounds by catalysing their conjugation to glutathione. The GST domain is also found in S-crystallins from squid, and proteins with no known GST activity, such as eukaryotic elongation factors 1-gamma and the HSP26 family of stress-related proteins, which include auxin-regulated proteins in plants and stringent starvation proteins in Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms . Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls...

. The major lens polypeptide of cephalopods is also a GST.

Bacterial GSTs of known function often have a specific, growth-supporting role in biodegradative metabolism: epoxide ring opening and tetrachlorohydroquinone reductive dehalogenation are two examples of the reactions catalysed by these bacterial GSTs. Some regulatory proteins, like the stringent starvation proteins, also belong to the GST family. GST seems to be absent from Archaea in which gamma-glutamylcysteine substitute to glutathione as major thiol.

Oligomerization

Glutathione S-transferases form homodimers, but in eukaryotes can also form heterodimers of the A1 and A2 or YC1 and YC2 subunits. The homodimeric enzymes display a conserved structural fold. Each monomer is composed of a distinct N-terminal sub-domain, which adopts the thioredoxin fold, and a C-terminal all-helical sub-domain. This entry is the C-terminal domain.

Human proteins containing this domain

EEF1E1

Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1E1 gene.-Further reading:...

; EEF1G

EEF1G

Elongation factor 1-gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1G gene.-Interactions:EEF1G has been shown to interact with RECQL5, EEF1B2, EEF1D, LZTS1, HARS and Leucyl-tRNA synthetase.-Further reading:...

; GDAP1

GDAP1

Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDAP1 gene.-External links:* * *...

; GSTA1

GSTA1

Glutathione S-transferase A1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTA1 gene.-Further reading:...

; GSTA2

GSTA2

Glutathione S-transferase A2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTA2 gene.-Further reading:...

; GSTA3

GSTA3

Glutathione S-transferase A3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTA3 gene.-Further reading:...

; GSTA4

GSTA4

Glutathione S-transferase A4, also known as GSTA4, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the GSTA4 gene.- Function :Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families. These enzymes are involved in cellular defense against toxic,...

; GSTA5;
GSTM1; GSTM2

GSTM2

Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTM2 gene.-Further reading:...

; GSTM3

GSTM3

Glutathione S-transferase M3 , also known as GSTM3, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the GSTM3 gene.- Function :Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families...

; GSTM4

GSTM4

Glutathione S-transferase Mu 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTM4 gene.In the August 2009 issue of Oncogene journal, researchers at Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah demonstrated that expression levels of GSTM4 could predict response to chemotherapy in patients...

; GSTM5; GSTO1

GSTO1

Glutathione S-transferase omega-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTO1 gene.-Further reading:...

; GSTP1

GSTP1

Glutathione S-transferase P is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTP1 gene.-Interactions:GSTP1 has been shown to interact with Fanconi anemia, complementation group C and MAPK8.-Further reading:...

; GSTT1

GSTT1

Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTT1 gene.-References:...

;
GSTT2

GSTT2

Glutathione S-transferase theta-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTT2 gene.-Further reading:...

; GSTZ1

GSTZ1

Maleylacetoacetate isomerase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTZ1 gene.-Further reading:...

; MARS

MARS

MARS is a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process. MARS was selected as an AES finalist in August 1999, after the AES2 conference in March 1999, where it was voted as the fifth and last finalist algorithm....

; PGDS

PGDS

PGDS protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HPGDS gene.-Further reading:...

; PTGDS2; PTGES2

PTGES2

Prostaglandin E synthase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGES2 gene.The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin E2...

; VARS

VARS

Valyl-tRNA synthetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the VARS gene.-Further reading:...

;