Głos (1886–1905)
Encyclopedia
Głos was a Polish language
social, literary and political weekly review published in Warsaw between 1886 and 1905. It was one of the leading journals of the Polish positivist movement
. Many of the most renowned Polish writers published their novels in Głos, which also became a tribune of the naturalist literary movement
of late 19th century. During the Revolution of 1905 it was closed down by tsarist authorities.
The literary section published works by some of the most renowned Polish writers and poets of the epoch, including Adolf Dygasiński
, Jan Kasprowicz
, Bolesław Leśmian, Maria Konopnicka
, Władysław Orkan, Eliza Orzeszkowa
, Wacław Sieroszewski, Stanisław Przybyszewski and Leopold Staff
. Głos also frequently published translated literary works of contemporary foreign writers. Among the notable journalists of the weekly was also Janusz Korczak
who authored numerous editorials, reportages and feuilleton
s, as well as had one of his novels published there in 1904 and 1905.
, it was secretly financed and headed by the underground National League
organisation acting clandestinely in all three Partitions of Poland
(and a predecessor of the rightist National-Democratic Party
), led by Roman Dmowski
. It was targeted mostly at intelligentsia
, but thanks to novels and short stories published in every issue Głos had gained also much readership among lower strata of the society.
The journal retained a mildly positivist
programme, calling for the creation of "new society", based upon new principles, but seldom specifying what the principles should be. The newspaper's political editorials also touched the problems of assimilation
of Jewry, education of the masses and emancipation of lower classes.
called for the assimilation of the Polish Jewry, but doubted possibility of its realization, because of "fundamental religious and anthropological differences". According to the Polish historian Alina Cała
this was the first ever reference to racism in Polish press.
While anti-Semitic tendencies in Popławski's editorials became apparent from the magazine's inaugural year, another Głos editor Józef Potocki advocated friendship with Polish Jews and attempted to counter the influence of Rola
magazine, which was openly anti-Semitic and more popular among people belonging to a lower stratum of the Polish society.
But since 1889 Głos was rapidly becoming openly anti-Semitic. The articles dedicated to "the Jewish question" became more frequent, their rhetoric was becoming more violent. According to historian Brian Porter: "The glosowcy ["people of the Głos"] were well aware that they were repositioning Polish anti-Semitism and giving it legitimacy for the radical intelligentsia". But still in contrast to Rola, Głos was avoiding emotional language and personal attacks. While Rola's anti-Semitism was of an economic origin, Głos presented ideological anti-Semitism.
By 1891 Głos had created an outline of the anti-Jewish programme, which soon was adopted by the National Democracy.
Głos practically ceased to exist in 1894, after most of its staff (including the acting editor in chief Jan Ludwik Popławski
) had been arrested by tsarist authorities for taking part in an illegal commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Kościuszko Uprising
. Although most were set free the following year, they were not allowed to publish the newspaper any more.
and one of the founders of the Polish National Library
in Rapperswil
. While still supportive of the National League's vision of future Polish statehood, it returned to a more pro-leftist stance. During the last five years of its existence, the journal was headed by a renowned psychologist and teacher Jan Władysław Dawid
, who bought the title in 1901. Under his leadership Głos became somewhat more leftist, openly criticising bourgeoisie
, gentry
and other privileged classes. During the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (part of the Revolution of 1905) it was closed, in December 1905, by the Russian authorities.
Polish language
Polish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries...
social, literary and political weekly review published in Warsaw between 1886 and 1905. It was one of the leading journals of the Polish positivist movement
Positivism in Poland
Positivism in Poland was a socio-cultural movement that defined progressive thought in literature and social sciences of Partitioned Poland following the suppression of the 1863 January Uprising against the occupying army of Imperial Russia...
. Many of the most renowned Polish writers published their novels in Głos, which also became a tribune of the naturalist literary movement
Naturalism (literature)
Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character...
of late 19th century. During the Revolution of 1905 it was closed down by tsarist authorities.
The literary section published works by some of the most renowned Polish writers and poets of the epoch, including Adolf Dygasiński
Adolf Dygasinski
Adolf Dygasiński was a Polish novelist, publicist and educator. In Polish literature, he was one of the leading representatives of Naturalism....
, Jan Kasprowicz
Jan Kasprowicz
Jan Kasprowicz was a poet, playwright, critic and translator; a foremost representative of Young Poland.-Life:...
, Bolesław Leśmian, Maria Konopnicka
Maria Konopnicka
Maria Konopnicka nee Wasiłowska , was a Polish poet, novelist, writer for children and youth, a translator, journalist and critic, as well as an activist for women's rights and Polish independence.Maria Konopnicka also composed a poem about the execution of the Irish patriot, Robert...
, Władysław Orkan, Eliza Orzeszkowa
Eliza Orzeszkowa
-External links:...
, Wacław Sieroszewski, Stanisław Przybyszewski and Leopold Staff
Leopold Staff
Leopold Staff was a Polish poet and one of the greatest artists of European modernism honored two times by honorary degrees . He was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature...
. Głos also frequently published translated literary works of contemporary foreign writers. Among the notable journalists of the weekly was also Janusz Korczak
Janusz Korczak
Janusz Korczak, the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit was a Polish-Jewish children's author, and pediatrician known as Pan Doktor or Stary Doktor...
who authored numerous editorials, reportages and feuilleton
Feuilleton
Feuilleton was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams, charades and other literary trifles...
s, as well as had one of his novels published there in 1904 and 1905.
1886–1894
Officially dubbed the "scientific, literary, social and political weekly", it was first issued in October 1886. Initially clearly leftist and pro-positivist, already in 1888 the journal switched sides and started siding with the right side of the political scene. While published officially and accepted by the Imperial Russian censorshipCensorship
thumb|[[Book burning]] following the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 coup]] that installed the [[Military government of Chile |Pinochet regime]] in Chile...
, it was secretly financed and headed by the underground National League
National League (Poland)
National League was a conspirational Polish organization active in all three partitions. It was founded in April 1893 from the transformed Polish League. National League was the first organization of the nascent National Democracy movement...
organisation acting clandestinely in all three Partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years...
(and a predecessor of the rightist National-Democratic Party
National-Democratic Party (Poland)
Stronnictwo Narodowo-Demokratyczne was a Polish political party founded in 1897 by Roman Dmowski to represent the National Democracy movement at elections. It was a political opponent of the Polish Socialist Party. In 1919, when Poland regained independence, the National-Democratic Party was...
), led by Roman Dmowski
Roman Dmowski
Roman Stanisław Dmowski was a Polish politician, statesman, and chief ideologue and co-founder of the National Democracy political movement, which was one of the strongest political camps of interwar Poland.Though a controversial personality throughout his life, Dmowski was instrumental in...
. It was targeted mostly at intelligentsia
Intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a social class of people engaged in complex, mental and creative labor directed to the development and dissemination of culture, encompassing intellectuals and social groups close to them...
, but thanks to novels and short stories published in every issue Głos had gained also much readership among lower strata of the society.
The journal retained a mildly positivist
Positivism
Positivism is a a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information....
programme, calling for the creation of "new society", based upon new principles, but seldom specifying what the principles should be. The newspaper's political editorials also touched the problems of assimilation
Cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation is a socio-political response to demographic multi-ethnicity that supports or promotes the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture. The term assimilation is often used with regard to immigrants and various ethnic groups who have settled in a new land. New...
of Jewry, education of the masses and emancipation of lower classes.
Antisemitism
In 1886 co-founder of the magazine Jan Ludwik PopławskiJan Ludwik Popławski
Jan Ludwik Popławski was a Polish publicist, politician and one of the first chief activists and ideologues of the right-wing National Democracy political camp....
called for the assimilation of the Polish Jewry, but doubted possibility of its realization, because of "fundamental religious and anthropological differences". According to the Polish historian Alina Cała
Alina Cała
Alina Cała is a Polish writer, historian and sociologist. An associate professor of the Jewish Historical Institute, she specialises in the history of 19th and 20th century Polish-Jewish history, antisemitism and Jewish assimilation in Central and Eastern Europe.After 1976 Alina Cała was a...
this was the first ever reference to racism in Polish press.
While anti-Semitic tendencies in Popławski's editorials became apparent from the magazine's inaugural year, another Głos editor Józef Potocki advocated friendship with Polish Jews and attempted to counter the influence of Rola
Rola
Rola may refer to:* Rola, an Australian manufacturer of loudspeakers, tape, and transformers*British Rola Company, former loudspeaker manufacturer* Rola coat of arms* Stanisław Rola, Polish race walker...
magazine, which was openly anti-Semitic and more popular among people belonging to a lower stratum of the Polish society.
But since 1889 Głos was rapidly becoming openly anti-Semitic. The articles dedicated to "the Jewish question" became more frequent, their rhetoric was becoming more violent. According to historian Brian Porter: "The glosowcy ["people of the Głos"] were well aware that they were repositioning Polish anti-Semitism and giving it legitimacy for the radical intelligentsia". But still in contrast to Rola, Głos was avoiding emotional language and personal attacks. While Rola's anti-Semitism was of an economic origin, Głos presented ideological anti-Semitism.
By 1891 Głos had created an outline of the anti-Jewish programme, which soon was adopted by the National Democracy.
Głos practically ceased to exist in 1894, after most of its staff (including the acting editor in chief Jan Ludwik Popławski
Jan Ludwik Popławski
Jan Ludwik Popławski was a Polish publicist, politician and one of the first chief activists and ideologues of the right-wing National Democracy political camp....
) had been arrested by tsarist authorities for taking part in an illegal commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Kościuszko Uprising
Kosciuszko Uprising
The Kościuszko Uprising was an uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Poland, Belarus and Lithuania in 1794...
. Although most were set free the following year, they were not allowed to publish the newspaper any more.
1895–1905
The journal was reformed under the leadership of Zygmunt Wasilewski, another of National League's activists, until then a collaborator of Stefan ŻeromskiStefan Zeromski
Stefan Żeromski was a Polish novelist and dramatist. He was called the "conscience of Polish literature". He also wrote under the pen names: Maurycy Zych, Józef Katerla and Stefan Iksmoreż.- Life :...
and one of the founders of the Polish National Library
Polish Museum, Rapperswil
The Polish Museum, Rapperswil, was founded in Rapperswil, Switzerland, on October 23, 1870, by Polish Count Władysław Broel-Plater, at the urging of Agaton Giller, as "a refuge for [Poland's] historic memorabilia dishonored and plundered in the [occupied Polish] homeland" and for the promotion of...
in Rapperswil
Rapperswil
Rapperswil-Jona is a municipality in the Wahlkreis of See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.Besides Rapperswil and Jona, which were separate municipalities until 2006, the municipality includes Bollingen, Busskirch, Curtiberg, Kempraten-Lenggis, Wagen, and Wurmsbach.-Today:On...
. While still supportive of the National League's vision of future Polish statehood, it returned to a more pro-leftist stance. During the last five years of its existence, the journal was headed by a renowned psychologist and teacher Jan Władysław Dawid
Jan Władysław Dawid
Jan Władysław Dawid was a teacher, psychologist, pioneer of educational psychology and experimental pedagogy in Poland. He was a lecturer at the Flying University in Warsaw...
, who bought the title in 1901. Under his leadership Głos became somewhat more leftist, openly criticising bourgeoisie
Bourgeoisie
In sociology and political science, bourgeoisie describes a range of groups across history. In the Western world, between the late 18th century and the present day, the bourgeoisie is a social class "characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture." A member of the...
, gentry
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
and other privileged classes. During the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (part of the Revolution of 1905) it was closed, in December 1905, by the Russian authorities.