Hand dryers are electric devices found in public washroom

Washroom

A public toilet is a room or small building containing one or more toilets and possibly also urinals which is available for use by the general public, or in a broader meaning of "public", by customers of other...

s that are used to dry hands. They may either operate with a button or automatically using an infrared sensor.

Costs

Hand dryers have been popular with industries for their apparent economies. According to manufacturers, hand dryers can cut costs by as much as 90%, when compared to paper towels. They require very little maintenance compared to paper towels, which must be replaced. An added benefit is the removal of the paper waste. Hand Dryers represent a larger initial investment, so those responsible for facility management

Facility management

Facility management is an interdisciplinary field primarily devoted to the maintenance and care of commercial or institutional buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, office complexes, arenas, schools or convention centers...

 must do a careful cost analysis to determine whether they are cost effective in their building.

Environment

Due to the reduction in litter and waste in comparison with paper towels, which cannot be recycled, hand dryers are also claimed to be better for the environment. One source claims that an average fast-food restaurant using paper towels, annually, results in 9 fully-grown trees being cut down, and 1,000 pounds (≈450 kilograms) of landfill waste created, though many are often unaware of these consequences. Even before the paper towels are used, each ton has claimed 20,000 gallons (≈76000 litres) of water in chemical cleansing. Another study shows that whereas the majority of the environmental impact of a hand dryer occurs during its use, the environmental impact of paper towels is predominantly in the material production and manufacturing stages. The flip side of these arguments is that: a) the very reason that paper towel is not recyclable (i.e. that the fibre is too weak) also makes it easily broken down as opposed to the by-products created by producing electricity, b) it is possible to use trees from plantations that are grown specifically for that purpose instead or ripping up old-growth forests as is implied and c) it is also possible to use recycled or desalinated water in the manufacturing process. In addition, paper towel may not be recyclable but it can be made from recycled paper.

It's estimated that hand dryers use 5% less energy than paper towels in the first year, and 20% less over five years.
However, a Dutch study published in March 1995 indicated that there was environmental parity between hand dryers and paper towels as hand drying methods when all factors were taken into consideration.

An independently published report compares warm air hand dryers to paper towels. Carried out by Environmental Resources Management (ERM), an independent research organisation, the looks at the environmental footprint of hand dryers vs paper towels.

See also Tissue paper

Tissue paper

Tissue paper is a lightweight paper or, light crêpe paper. Tissue can be made both from virgin and recycled paper pulp.-Properties:Key properties are: strength, absorbency, basis weight, thickness , brightness, stretch, appearance and comfort....

 for information about the ways in which the paper towel industry has worked to improve its sustainability.

Hygiene

Whether hand dryers are more or less hygienic than the alternatives is a matter of dispute.

Doctors at the University of Ottawa claim that "the blowing of warm air may lead to an accelerated dehydration of the skin surface, thereby affecting the viability" of the microorganisms, and that the warm air may "penetrate all the crevices in the skin, whereas absorbent towels may not reach such areas, even though the skin appears dryer".

In 2008, an unpublished study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, for the trade body, European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers. The key findings were:

• after washing and drying hands with the warm air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%
• drying with the jet air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%
• after washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.

The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method. They found that:

• the jet air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 400 mph (≈640 km/h), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away
• use of a warm air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer
• paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.

In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt on behalf of the German Pulp and Paper Association (Verband Deutscher Papierfabriken e.V. – VdP), different hand drying methods were evaluated. The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:

Drying method	Effect on Bacterial Count
Paper towels and roll	Decrease of 24%
Hot-air dryer	Increase of 117%

Another paper found that air dryers dispersed marker bacteria in a radius of three feet (one metre) and onto the investigator's laboratory coat. Another study found that hot air dryers had the capacity to increase the bacterial count on the skin, and that paper towel drying decreased skin bacterial count. This is agreed upon by another study, which also found that the mechanical action of paper towel drying removed bacteria, which is something hand dryers cannot do.

The European Tissue Symposium, a trade body, has produced a position statement on the hygiene standards of different hand drying systems. This summarises some of the scientific research undertaken.

Reception

Research conducted in 2008 indicated that European consumers much prefer hand towels over hand dryers in public washrooms. 63% of respondents said paper towels were their preferred drying method, while just 28% preferred a hand dryer. Respondents overwhelmingly considered paper towels to offer faster hand drying than electric hand dryers (68% vs 14%). On the whole they also considered paper towels to be the most hygienic form of hand drying in public washrooms (53% vs 44%).

Developments

The hand dryer was invented in 1948 by George Clemens.

In 1993, Mitsubishi Electric

Mitsubishi Electric

is a multinational electronics and information technology company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the core companies of the Mitsubishi Group....

 introduced a new type of hand dryer, called the Jet Towel. This high-speed dryer blows jets of air on both sides of the hand, pushing the water off rather than evaporating it. Other companies have since used the same concept, such as Bio JetDrier, Dyson, U.S.-based Excel Dryer Ltd, American Dryer, World Dryer

World Dryer

World Dryer Corporation is a Berkeley, Illinois based manufacturer of hand dryers and related products. It is an ISO 9002 certified company, briefly a subsidiary of Beatrice Foods, and has been a subsidiary of Carrier Corporation since 2000.-Products:...

, Warner Howard UK, Askon Engineers, and the Jet Dryer company ,