Haplogroup E2 (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Haplogroup E2 (M75) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E2, along with haplogroup E1
, is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup E
.
n and Kenya
n Bantus, with moderate frequencies of this haplogroup being observed in samples from Burkina Faso
, Cameroon
, Gabon
, Hutu
and Tutsi
from Rwanda
, Malagasy
from Madagascar
, Fon
from Benin
, Iraqw
from Tanzania
, unidentified South African Khoisan
, Sudan
, and Senegal
, as well as small frequencies in the Qatar
, Oman
, and Ethiopia
n Oromo
samples.
E2 was also detected amongst African Americans from Philadelphia at a frequency of 5% (11/217) and a sample of Senegalese men at a frequency of 6% (3/49).
from Namibia, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda
from Uganda, 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka
from Gambia/Senegal, and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona
from Zimbabwe.
and Upper Nile
regions of Central
-East
Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur
from the DRC, 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema
from the DRC, 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia, 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda
from Uganda, 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan, 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda, 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya, and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw
from Tanzania.
from northern Cameroon, 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa, 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya, 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic
and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon, 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy
from Madagascar, 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon, 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba
from southern Cameroon, 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia, 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon
from Benin, 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia, 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu
from Rwanda, 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi
from Rwanda, 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti
from the DRC, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa, 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa, 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon, 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof
from Gambia/Senegal, 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar, 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya, 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon
from Mali, and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.
It has been suggested that haplogroup E2b1-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E2b1-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E2b1-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.
E2b1a-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti
from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
. According to Figure 4 of Cruciani et al. (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E2b1-M85(xE2b1a-M200) Khoisan
(!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Haplogroup E2 (M75) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E2, along with haplogroup E1
Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup E1 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E1, along with haplogroup E2, is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup E. The E1 clade is divided into two subclades: E1a & E1b.- External links :*...
, is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup E
Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup E is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup DE, the other main branch being haplogroup D. The E clade is divided into two subclades: E1 and E2 .-Origins:Underhill et al. proposed that haplogroup E...
.
Distribution
E2 (M75) is present throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, in East Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, and West Africa. The highest concentration of haplogroup E2 has been found among South AfricaSouth Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
n and Kenya
Kenya
Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...
n Bantus, with moderate frequencies of this haplogroup being observed in samples from Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...
, Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...
, Gabon
Gabon
Gabon , officially the Gabonese Republic is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west...
, Hutu
Hutu
The Hutu , or Abahutu, are a Central African people, living mainly in Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo.-Population statistics:The Hutu are the largest of the three peoples in Burundi and Rwanda; according to the United States Central Intelligence Agency, 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians...
and Tutsi
Tutsi
The Tutsi , or Abatutsi, are an ethnic group in Central Africa. Historically they were often referred to as the Watussi or Watusi. They are the second largest caste in Rwanda and Burundi, the other two being the Hutu and the Twa ....
from Rwanda
Rwanda
Rwanda or , officially the Republic of Rwanda , is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million . Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
, Malagasy
Malagasy people
The Malagasy ethnic group forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the "Highlander" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo, Alaotra and Fianarantsoa, and the côtiers elsewhere in the country. This division has its...
from Madagascar
Madagascar
The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...
, Fon
Fon people
The Fon people, or Fon nu, are a major West African ethnic and linguistic group in the country of Benin, and southwest Nigeria, made up of more than 3,500,000 people. The Fon language is the main language spoken in Southern Benin, and is a member of the Gbe language group...
from Benin
Benin
Benin , officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located...
, Iraqw
Iraqw
The Iraqw, known as the Mbulu in Swahili, are a Cushitic people of the Arusha and Manyara Regions of north-central Tanzania, near the Rift Valley wall and south of Ngorongoro Crater...
from Tanzania
Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state...
, unidentified South African Khoisan
Khoisan
Khoisan is a unifying name for two ethnic groups of Southern Africa, who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region. Culturally, the Khoisan are divided into the foraging San and the pastoral Khoi...
, Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
, and Senegal
Senegal
Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...
, as well as small frequencies in the Qatar
Qatar
Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its...
, Oman
Oman
Oman , officially called the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the...
, and Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
n Oromo
Oromo people
The Oromo are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, .and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census...
samples.
E2 was also detected amongst African Americans from Philadelphia at a frequency of 5% (11/217) and a sample of Senegalese men at a frequency of 6% (3/49).
E2*
Haplogroup E2*-M75(xE2a-M41, E2b-M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of DamaDamara people
The Damara are an ethnic group who make up 8.5% of Namibia's population...
from Namibia, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda
Baganda
The Ganda are an ethnic group native to Buganda, a subnational kingdom within Uganda. Traditionally comprising 52 tribes the Ganda have a rich history and culture...
from Uganda, 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka
Mandinka
Mandinka, Mandika or Mandingo may refer to:*the Mandinka people of West Africa*the Mandinka language*Mandingo , a bestselling novel originally published in 1957*Mandingo , a 1975 film based on the novel of the same name...
from Gambia/Senegal, and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona
Shona people
Shona is the name collectively given to two groups of people in the east and southwest of Zimbabwe, north eastern Botswana and southern Mozambique.-Shona Regional Classification:...
from Zimbabwe.
E2a
Haplogroup E2a-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the Great LakesAfrican Great Lakes
The African Great Lakes are a series of lakes and the Rift Valley lakes in and around the geographic Great Rift Valley formed by the action of the tectonic East African Rift on the continent of Africa...
and Upper Nile
Upper Nile
Upper Nile is one of the 10 states of South Sudan. The current governor of Upper Nile, and its first governor in the independence era of South Sudan, is Simon Kun Puoch. The White Nile flows through the state, giving it its name. The state also shares a similar name with the region of Greater Upper...
regions of Central
Central Africa
Central Africa is a core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda....
-East
East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur
Alur people
Alur are an ethnic group who live mainly in the Nebbi, Zombo, and Arua districts in northwestern Uganda, but also in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, north of Lake Albert. They are part of the larger Luo group, and their language is closely related to Acholi...
from the DRC, 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema
Hema people
The Hema, or Hima, are an ethnic group with about 160,000 members located in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, in particular the Ituri region and Orientale province, as well as parts of Uganda and Rwanda...
from the DRC, 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia, 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda
Baganda
The Ganda are an ethnic group native to Buganda, a subnational kingdom within Uganda. Traditionally comprising 52 tribes the Ganda have a rich history and culture...
from Uganda, 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan, 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda, 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya, and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw
Iraqw
The Iraqw, known as the Mbulu in Swahili, are a Cushitic people of the Arusha and Manyara Regions of north-central Tanzania, near the Rift Valley wall and south of Ngorongoro Crater...
from Tanzania.
E2b
Haplogroup E2b-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa, 27% (10/37) of a sample of Rimaibe from Burkina Faso, 22% (4/18) of a sample of DabaDaba language
Daba is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Cameroon in Far North Province and in one village in neighboring Nigeria.-References:*...
from northern Cameroon, 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa, 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya, 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic
Central Sudanic languages
Starostin notes that the poorly attested language Mimi of Decorse is suggestive of Central Sudanic, though he provisionally treats it as an isolate.-References:...
and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon, 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy
Malagasy people
The Malagasy ethnic group forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the "Highlander" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo, Alaotra and Fianarantsoa, and the côtiers elsewhere in the country. This division has its...
from Madagascar, 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon, 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba
Ngumba
Ngumba may refer to:*Ngumba language of Cameroon*Ngumba people of Cameroon...
from southern Cameroon, 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia, 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon
Fon people
The Fon people, or Fon nu, are a major West African ethnic and linguistic group in the country of Benin, and southwest Nigeria, made up of more than 3,500,000 people. The Fon language is the main language spoken in Southern Benin, and is a member of the Gbe language group...
from Benin, 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia, 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu
Hutu
The Hutu , or Abahutu, are a Central African people, living mainly in Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo.-Population statistics:The Hutu are the largest of the three peoples in Burundi and Rwanda; according to the United States Central Intelligence Agency, 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians...
from Rwanda, 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi
Tutsi
The Tutsi , or Abatutsi, are an ethnic group in Central Africa. Historically they were often referred to as the Watussi or Watusi. They are the second largest caste in Rwanda and Burundi, the other two being the Hutu and the Twa ....
from Rwanda, 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti
Mbuti
Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...
from the DRC, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa, 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa, 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon, 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof
Wolof people
The Wolof are an ethnic group found in Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania.In Senegal, the Wolof form an ethnic plurality with about 43.3% of the population are Wolofs...
from Gambia/Senegal, 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar, 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya, 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon
Dogon people
The Dogon are an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali, south of the Niger bend near the city of Bandiagara in the Mopti region. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000 The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their mask dances, wooden sculpture and...
from Mali, and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.
It has been suggested that haplogroup E2b1-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E2b1-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E2b1-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.
E2b*
E2b*-M98(xE2b1-M85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.E2b1a
E2b1a-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti
Mbuti
Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...
from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...
. According to Figure 4 of Cruciani et al. (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E2b1-M85(xE2b1a-M200) Khoisan
Khoisan
Khoisan is a unifying name for two ethnic groups of Southern Africa, who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region. Culturally, the Khoisan are divided into the foraging San and the pastoral Khoi...
(!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.- E2 (M75, P68)
- E2a (M41/P210)
- E2b (M54, M90, M98)
- E2b1 (M85)
- E2b1a (M200)
- E2b1a1 (P45)
- E2b1a2 (P258)
- E2b1a (M200)
- E2b1 (M85)