Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Haplogroup N is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, defined by the presence of the marker M231. The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree.
. Its emergence and the spread of its subclades are still not very well established. One research places the origins of this haplogroup arising from southeast Asia from over 19.4±4.8 ky years ago, and then migrating in a counter-clockwise path from modern day regions of Mongolia and northern China to as far as northeastern Europe. Other "Zhivotovsky EEMR" theories propose North Eastern Europe as a point of origin for N1b. Another study hints Khakassia for N1c based on haplogroup N branches location (or with a much lesser probability the Ural mountains based on N1c frequencies).
males from China.
Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene
. The absence of haplogroup N in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the Bering land bridge.
Haplogroup N is the ancestral group for Haplogroup N1 (LLY22g) and its subclade
s, N1a, N1b, and N1c (formerly known as N1, N2, and N3, respectively).
and Baltic
peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric
and Northern Samoyedic
peoples of western Siberia, and the Siberian Turkic-speaking Yakuts
.
It is also carried by about 10% to 20% of Russians
.
Haplogroup N1* reaches a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yizu
of Butuo County
, Sichuan
Province in southwestern China. Haplogroup N1* also has been found in samples of Han Chinese
, but with widely varying frequency: 15.0% (6/40) Guangdong
Han, 6.8% (3/44) Shaanxi
Han, 3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han, 3.0% (5/166) Han. Other populations in which representatives of haplogroup N1* have been found include Hani
(4/34 = 11.8%), Sibe
(4/41 = 9.8%), Tujia (2/49 = 4.1%), Manchu
(2/52 = 3.8% - 2/35 = 5.7%), Uyghur
(2/70 = 2.9% - 2/67 = 3.0%), Tibet
an (3/105 = 2.9% - 3/35 = 8.6%), Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% - 2/25 = 8%), Vietnam
ese (2/70 = 2.9%), Japanese
(0/70 Tokushima - 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori
), Manchuria
n Evenk
(0/26 = 0.0% - 1/41 = 2.4%), Altaians
(0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada), Shorians (2/23 = 8.7%), Khakas
(5/181 = 2.8%), Tuvinians (5/311 = 1.6%), southern Borneo
(1/40 = 2.5%), Forest Nenets
(1/89 = 1.1%), Fiji
(1/107 = 0.9%), Yakuts
(0/215 - 1/121 = 0.8%), and Turks
(1/523 = 0.2%). In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N amounts to 4% of the male population. One individual who belongs either to N1*-LLY22g(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat) or to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g) has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat)).
, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks
, Koreans, northern Han Chinese
, Buyei
, and some Turkic peoples
of Central Asia
.
; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples
, Mongolic peoples
, Tungusic peoples
, and Siberian Yupik
s.
Haplogroup N1b forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter now mostly distributed in Uralic
-speakers and related populations.
In Siberia, haplogroup N1c reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts
, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, it is practically non-existent among many of the Yakuts' neighboring ethnic groups, such as Tungusic speakers
. It also has been detected in 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan.
The haplogroup N1c has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck
or founder effect
. This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baïkal area.
The subclade N1c1 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. (It was previously known as N3a.) N1c1* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians
and Lithuanians
.
Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia (approximately 10,000 years ago on their calculated by the Zhivotovsky method) and spread into Northern Europe where its age they calculated as around 8,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) approximately 4,000 years ago.
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Haplogroup N is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, defined by the presence of the marker M231. The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree.
Origins
Haplogroup N is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NOHaplogroup NO (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup NO is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup MNOPS and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup M, Haplogroup P, and Haplogroup S.-Origins:...
. Its emergence and the spread of its subclades are still not very well established. One research places the origins of this haplogroup arising from southeast Asia from over 19.4±4.8 ky years ago, and then migrating in a counter-clockwise path from modern day regions of Mongolia and northern China to as far as northeastern Europe. Other "Zhivotovsky EEMR" theories propose North Eastern Europe as a point of origin for N1b. Another study hints Khakassia for N1c based on haplogroup N branches location (or with a much lesser probability the Ural mountains based on N1c frequencies).
Mutations
Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N but do not display the LLY22g mutation that defines Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to Haplogroup N*. At present research, haplogroup N* Y-DNA has been found in 1.2% of a sample of 165 HanHan Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
males from China.
Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene
Holocene
The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...
. The absence of haplogroup N in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the Bering land bridge.
Haplogroup N is the ancestral group for Haplogroup N1 (LLY22g) and its subclade
Subclade
In genetics, subclade is a term used to describe a subgroup of a subgenus or haplogroup. It is commonly used today in describing genealogical DNA tests of human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups....
s, N1a, N1b, and N1c (formerly known as N1, N2, and N3, respectively).
Distribution
Haplogroup N has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in more southerly areas, including Southeast Asia, Nepal, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe. Its highest frequency occurs among the FinnicFinnic peoples
The Finnic or Fennic peoples were historic ethnic groups who spoke various languages traditionally classified as Finno-Permic...
and Baltic
Balts
The Balts or Baltic peoples , defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the Jutland peninsula in the west and Moscow, Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east...
peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric
Ob-Ugric languages
The Ob-Ugric languages are a hypothetical branch of the Uralic languages, specifically referring to the Khanty and Mansi languages. Both are split in numerous and highly divergent dialects...
and Northern Samoyedic
Samoyedic peoples
The term Samoyedic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking Samoyedic languages, which are part of the Uralic family. They are a linguistic grouping, not an ethnic or cultural one. The name derives from the obsolete term Samoyed used in Russia for some indigenous peoples of Siberia...
peoples of western Siberia, and the Siberian Turkic-speaking Yakuts
Yakuts
Yakuts , are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic.The Yakut or Sakha language belongs to the Northern branch of the Turkic family of languages....
.
It is also carried by about 10% to 20% of Russians
Russians
The Russian people are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
.
Haplogroup N1
Y-chromosomes that display the M231 and LLY22g mutations that define Haplogroup N and Haplogroup N1 but do not display any of the downstream mutations that define the subclades N1a (M128), N1b (P43), and N1c (TAT) are said to belong to Haplogroup N1*.Haplogroup N1* reaches a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yizu
Yi people
The Yi or Lolo people are an ethnic group in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Numbering 8 million, they are the seventh largest of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China...
of Butuo County
Butuo County
Butuo County is a county of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture....
, Sichuan
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
Province in southwestern China. Haplogroup N1* also has been found in samples of Han Chinese
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
, but with widely varying frequency: 15.0% (6/40) Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
Han, 6.8% (3/44) Shaanxi
Shaanxi
' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province...
Han, 3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han, 3.0% (5/166) Han. Other populations in which representatives of haplogroup N1* have been found include Hani
Hani people
thumb|Typical daily attire of ethnic Hani in China. Near [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan|Yuanyang]], [[Yunnan]] Province, [[China]] The Hani people are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They also form one of the 54 officially...
(4/34 = 11.8%), Sibe
Xibe
The Xibe or Sibo are a Tungusic ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.- History :...
(4/41 = 9.8%), Tujia (2/49 = 4.1%), Manchu
Manchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
(2/52 = 3.8% - 2/35 = 5.7%), Uyghur
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
(2/70 = 2.9% - 2/67 = 3.0%), Tibet
Tibet
Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
an (3/105 = 2.9% - 3/35 = 8.6%), Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% - 2/25 = 8%), Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
ese (2/70 = 2.9%), Japanese
Japanese people
The are an ethnic group originating in the Japanese archipelago and are the predominant ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide, approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent; of these, approximately 127 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries...
(0/70 Tokushima - 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori
Aomori Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku Region. The capital is the city of Aomori.- History :Until the Meiji Restoration, the area of Aomori prefecture was known as Mutsu Province....
), Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
n Evenk
Evenks
The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
(0/26 = 0.0% - 1/41 = 2.4%), Altaians
Altay people
The Altay or Altai are an ethnic group of Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas of Tuva and Mongolia. For alternative ethnonyms see also Teleut, Tele, Telengit, Mountain Kalmuck, White Kalmuck, Black Tatar, Oirat/Oirot.The Uriankhai people were...
(0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada), Shorians (2/23 = 8.7%), Khakas
Khakas
The Khakas, or Khakass , are a Turkic-speaking people, who live in Russia, in the republic of Khakassia in southern Siberia. They speak the Khakas language.The origin of the Khakas people is disputed...
(5/181 = 2.8%), Tuvinians (5/311 = 1.6%), southern Borneo
Borneo
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....
(1/40 = 2.5%), Forest Nenets
Forest Nenets language
Forest Nenets is a Samoyedic language spoken in northern Russia, around the Agan, Pur, Lyamin and Nadym rivers, by the Nenets people. It is closely related to the Tundra Nenets language, and the two are still sometimes seen as simply being dialects of a single Nenets language, despite there being...
(1/89 = 1.1%), Fiji
Fiji
Fiji , officially the Republic of Fiji , is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island...
(1/107 = 0.9%), Yakuts
Yakuts
Yakuts , are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic.The Yakut or Sakha language belongs to the Northern branch of the Turkic family of languages....
(0/215 - 1/121 = 0.8%), and Turks
Turkish people
Turkish people, also known as the "Turks" , are an ethnic group primarily living in Turkey and in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire where Turkish minorities had been established in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Romania...
(1/523 = 0.2%). In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N amounts to 4% of the male population. One individual who belongs either to N1*-LLY22g(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat) or to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g) has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat)).
Haplogroup N1a
This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128. It is found with low frequency among ManchuManchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks
Evenks
The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
, Koreans, northern Han Chinese
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
, Buyei
Buyei
The Buyei are an ethnic group living in southern mainland China. Numbering 2.5 million, they are the 11th largest of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China...
, and some Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
of Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
.
Haplogroup N1b
Haplogroup N1b is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It is a significantly younger subclade, perhaps only 6,000 to 8,000 years old, with a probable origin in Siberia. It is found frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoplesSamoyedic peoples
The term Samoyedic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking Samoyedic languages, which are part of the Uralic family. They are a linguistic grouping, not an ethnic or cultural one. The name derives from the obsolete term Samoyed used in Russia for some indigenous peoples of Siberia...
; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
, Mongolic peoples
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
, Tungusic peoples
Tungusic peoples
Tungusic peoples are the peoples who speak Tungusic languages. The word originated in Tunguska, an ill-defined region of Siberia.-Peoples:Tungusic peoples are:*Evenks*Evens*Jurchens *Manchu*Negidals...
, and Siberian Yupik
Siberian Yupik
Siberian Yupiks, or Yuits, are indigenous people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the far northeast of the Russian Federation and on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska. They speak Central Siberian Yupik , a Yupik language of the Eskimo–Aleut family of languages.They were also...
s.
Haplogroup N1b forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter now mostly distributed in Uralic
Uralic languages
The Uralic languages constitute a language family of some three dozen languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Mari and Udmurt...
-speakers and related populations.
Haplogroup N1c
The mutations that define the subclade N1c (old name N3) are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It arose probably in the region of present day China, and subsequently experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe. Haplogroup N1c is approximately 14,000 years old.In Siberia, haplogroup N1c reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts
Yakuts
Yakuts , are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic.The Yakut or Sakha language belongs to the Northern branch of the Turkic family of languages....
, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, it is practically non-existent among many of the Yakuts' neighboring ethnic groups, such as Tungusic speakers
Northern Tungusic languages
The Northern Tungusic languages belong to the Tungusic family and are spoken in far eastern Russia and northeastern China.- References :*...
. It also has been detected in 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan.
The haplogroup N1c has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck
Population bottleneck
A population bottleneck is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing....
or founder effect
Founder effect
In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. It was first fully outlined by Ernst Mayr in 1942, using existing theoretical work by those such as Sewall...
. This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baïkal area.
Haplogroup N1c1
The subclade N1c1 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. (It was previously known as N3a.) N1c1* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians
Latvians
Latvians or Letts are the indigenous Baltic people of Latvia.-History:Latvians occasionally refer to themselves by the ancient name of Latvji, which may have originated from the word Latve which is a name of the river that presumably flowed through what is now eastern Latvia...
and Lithuanians
Lithuanians
Lithuanians are the Baltic ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,765,600 people. Another million or more make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Russia, United Kingdom and Ireland. Their native language...
.
Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia (approximately 10,000 years ago on their calculated by the Zhivotovsky method) and spread into Northern Europe where its age they calculated as around 8,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) approximately 4,000 years ago.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.- NOHaplogroup NO (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup NO is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup MNOPS and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup M, Haplogroup P, and Haplogroup S.-Origins:...
- N (M231)
- N*
- N1 (LLY22g)
- N1a (M128)
- N1b (P43)
- N1b1 (P63)
- N1c (M46/Tat,P105)
- N1c1 (M178, P298)
- N1c1a (P21) Arose in Omogoj tribe of YakutYakutYakut may refer to:* Yakuts, the Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic* Yakut language, a Turkic language also known as Sakha.* Ruby in Turkish language* Yakut , a breed from Russia*Yakut Pony, horse breed from Siberia, Russia...
s less than 1300 years ago. - N1c1b (P67) Arose in YakutYakutYakut may refer to:* Yakuts, the Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic* Yakut language, a Turkic language also known as Sakha.* Ruby in Turkish language* Yakut , a breed from Russia*Yakut Pony, horse breed from Siberia, Russia...
ian population less than 1300 years ago. - N1c1c (P119)
- N1c1a (P21) Arose in Omogoj tribe of Yakut
- N1c1 (M178, P298)
- N (M231)
External links
- Spread of Haplogroup N, from The Genographic ProjectThe Genographic ProjectThe Genographic Project, launched on April 13, 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, is a multi-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the...
, National Geographic - N Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA
- N1c1 Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA
- Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe
- Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA