Harlequin rasbora
Encyclopedia
The Harlequin Rasbora a small fish belonging to the Family Cyprinidae, subfamily Rasborinae, which was originally given the scientific name of Rasbora heteromorpha. The specific name heteromorpha, translating from the Greek as "differently shaped", alludes to the fact that the body shape of this species differs from that of other members of the genus Rasbora, and as a consequence of this and assorted other factors (including the difference in breeding technique), the fish was assigned to a new genus, Trigonostigma, and is thus now known to science as Trigonostigma heteromorpha. The common name for this fish, Harlequin Rasbora or Harlequin fish, alludes to the black triangular patch upon the body, which is reminiscent of the patterns found on the costume of a Harlequin
.
The species is a popular aquarium
fish, and is perhaps the best known of all the Rasbora
s. The species has been in circulation among aquarists since 1934 (Innes, 1966, p. 172).
, Sumatra
and southern Thailand
. It is an inhabitant of streams and other waterbodies that are located in peat swamp forest
s (more details covered in the Habitat section below).
(fishes possessing an auxiliary mechanism for detecting sound consisting of a set of internal bones called the Weberian Ossicles
).
The dorsal, anal, caudal and pelvic fins are all tinted red, the caudal fin being forked, with the red colour concentrated in the outermost rays, the inner section of the tail fin being more hyaline
.
It is possible to confuse this fish with two similar species that were indeed originally considered to be subspecies of T. heteromorpha, namely Trigonostigma espei and Trigonostigma hengeli. These fishes are more slender in body shape than T. heteromorpha, and the black marking, instead of being approximately triangular, has a horizontal stripe which tapers towards the caudal peduncle, and is greatly thickened and extended downwards below the dorsal fin. Due to this fishes with this marking are commonly known as "Lamb Chop Rasboras" due to its perceived resemblance to the butchery cut known as a Lamb Chop.
A fully mature individual Harlequin Rasbora attains a standard length of 2 inches (5 cm).
Males are cited as possessing a slightly larger black body patch than females, with the section adjoining the anal fin being more rounded in males. Ripe females are noticeably fuller in body outline.
s. The waterlogged soils of these forests inhibit the complete decay of leaf litter, and result in the formation of peat
, which leaches humic acids and related compounds into the watercourses flowing through these forests. The conditions thus resemble those found on a different continent, namely the blackwater habitats of South America, and the water chemistry of the Asian habitats of the Harlequin Rasbora is accordingly similar to that of the Rio Negro.
The Harlequin Rasbora is a shoaling fish, and should be kept in a group comprising a minimum of six individuals, though shoals of larger numbers are preferable not only from the standpoint of the well-being of the fish, but from an aesthetic standpoint - a large shoal of Harlequin Rasboras presents a striking vista even to non-fishkeepers, and their active disposition in the water adds to the spectacle. Being a peaceful species, the Harlequin Rasbora may be maintained in a community aquarium setup with other similarly sized and peaceful aquarium fishes, including many of the small Characins from South America (the similarity in water chemistry of the two habitats for these different fishes has already been covered), assorted small Barbs, Danios, other small Rasboras, Corydoras catfishes, Otocinclus catfishes and others.
An aquarium intended to house Harlequin Rasboras should be planted with live plants, with some open areas for swimming provided between stands of plants such as Cryptocoryne
species, these being among the plants that inhabit the Harlequin Rasbora's native waters. Likewise, some Asiatic species of Aponogeton
may be utilised. Bushy plants such as Cabomba
may also be used in the aquarium, but this genus of plants requires intense lighting, while the Cryptocoryne and Aponogeton species prefer more subdued lighting, as does the Harlequin Rasbora, so if the aquarist wishes to have a variety of plants in the aquarium, other species that prefer subdued lighting are better choices. Filtration should provide modest currents (most of the home watercourses inhabited by the fish are relatively slow moving) but still provide sufficient filtration turnover to maintain aquarium cleanliness.
Feeding the Harlequin Rasbora presents no problems to the aquarist, as the fish enthusiastically accepts prepared foods, though for best health, a variety of these should be given, preferably interspersed with feedings of live foods such as Daphnia
. For breeding purposes, conditioning with live foods is likely to boost success by a considerable margin, though even heavy live feeding will not induce spawning if the water chemistry is incorrect (see below). If available, mosquito larvae make an excellent conditioning food for this species.
The lifespan of the Harlequin Rasbora has not been systematically determined, but individuals in the aquarium can be expected, with good care, to live for 5 to 6 years.
The Harlequin Rasbora differs from the other popular "Rasboras" in the aquarium considerably with respect to breeding. Whilst other Rasboras are egg-scattering spawners, the Harlequin Rasbora deposits adhesive eggs on the underside of the leaves of plants such as Cryptocoryne and Aponogeton. The female will swim in an inverted position beneath a chosen leaf, rub her belly along the leaf in preparation for spawning, this action seemingly encouraging the male to join in spawning. When the male joins the female, he adopts a similar inverted position alongside her, and as the female extrudes her eggs and attaches them to the underside of the leaf, the male curls his tail fin around the body of the female and with a trembling motion, emits the sperm that will fertilise the eggs. 6 to 12 eggs at a time are deposited in this fashion with each such embrace, and the fishes repeat this course of action over a period of 2 hours or more, during which a large and well-conditioned female may deposit as many as 300 eggs, though 80 to 100 is a more typical number.
The breeding aquarium for the Harlequin Rasbora requires the presence of suitable plants - Cryptocoryne species being the premier choice. The water in the breeding aquarium MUST be soft and acidic, as the fishes are unlikely to spawn in hard, alkaline water, and furthermore egg fertility appears to be adversely affected in such conditions even if the parents do spawn. Aquarists intent upon simulating natural conditions as closely as possible may choose to filter the aquarium water over peat, thus replicating the humic acid concentrations found in the fish's native waters, though this is not absolutely necessary if the basic water chemistry parameters (no higher than 4°dH hardness, pH around 6.4) are correctly maintained. Temperature for breeding should be 28°C(82.4°F), and the parent fishes should be conditioned heavily with live foods such as Daphnia and mosquito larvae prior to the spawning attempt. Once spawning is completed, the parent fishes should be removed from the breeding aquarium to prevent instances of egg eating, which may occur with this species.
An excellent illustration (black-and-white photo) may be found in William T. Innes' book Exotic Aquarium Fishes on page 171, illustrating the inverted position adopted by the female during the preparation for spawning.
for a period of 7 to 14 days, after which the fry are able to feed upon newly hatched Brine Shrimp
. If infusoria are unavailable, commercial prepared foods for egglayer fry may also be used.
The Harlequin Rasbora takes approximately 8 to 10 weeks for the fry to assume full adult colouration.
Harlequin
Harlequin or Arlecchino in Italian, Arlequin in French, and Arlequín in Spanish is the most popularly known of the zanni or comic servant characters from the Italian Commedia dell'arte and its descendant, the Harlequinade.-Origins:...
.
The species is a popular aquarium
Aquarium
An aquarium is a vivarium consisting of at least one transparent side in which water-dwelling plants or animals are kept. Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, marine mammals, turtles, and aquatic plants...
fish, and is perhaps the best known of all the Rasbora
Rasbora
A rasbora is a member of a group of small minnow-type fish in the family Cyprinidae . Fish from genera such as Boraras, Microrasbora, Rasbora and Trigonostigma are commonly referred to as rasboras...
s. The species has been in circulation among aquarists since 1934 (Innes, 1966, p. 172).
Distribution
The Harlequin Rasbora is a native of Malaysia, SingaporeSingapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
, Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
and southern Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
. It is an inhabitant of streams and other waterbodies that are located in peat swamp forest
Peat swamp forest
Peat swamp forests are tropical moist forests where waterlogged soils prevent dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing, which over time creates a thick layer of acidic peat...
s (more details covered in the Habitat section below).
Description
The Harlequin Rasbora is a fish that has an approximately lozenge-shaped body, whose basal colour from the head to the caudal peduncle is an orange-pink, the exact hue varying depending upon such factors as water conditions and the original population from which the fish was obtained. The posterior half of the body is overlaid with a large, roughly triangular black marking, that tapers toward the terminal end of the caudal peduncle, and begins approximately below the midpoint of the attachment of the dorsal fin (commonly called a "black wedge"). In common with all Cyprinids, the articulation of the pectoral and pelvic fins follows a familiar pattern, the pectoral fins being located immediately posterior to the operculum or gill cover, whilst the pelvic fins are located some way further back along the ventral portion of the body, in this case almost directly in a vertical line drawn through the dorsal fin. This relationship between the pectoral and pelvic fins is seen in Characins as well as Cyprinids, and is a feature of all the OstariophysansOstariophysi
Ostariophysi is the second-largest superorder of fish. Members of this superorder are called ostariophysians. This diverse group contains almost 8,000 species, about 28% of known fish species in the world and 68% of freshwater species, and are present on all major continents except Antarctica...
(fishes possessing an auxiliary mechanism for detecting sound consisting of a set of internal bones called the Weberian Ossicles
Weberian apparatus
The Weberian apparatus is an anatomical structure that connects the swim bladder to the auditory system in fishes belonging to the Superorder Ostariophysi. When it is fully developed in adult fish, the elements of the apparatus are sometimes collectively referred to as the Weberian ossicles...
).
The dorsal, anal, caudal and pelvic fins are all tinted red, the caudal fin being forked, with the red colour concentrated in the outermost rays, the inner section of the tail fin being more hyaline
Hyaline
The term hyaline denotes a substance with a glass-like appearance.-Histopathology:In histopathological medical usage, a hyaline substance appears glassy and pink after being stained with haematoxylin and eosin — usually it is an acellular, proteinaceous material...
.
A fully mature individual Harlequin Rasbora attains a standard length of 2 inches (5 cm).
Males are cited as possessing a slightly larger black body patch than females, with the section adjoining the anal fin being more rounded in males. Ripe females are noticeably fuller in body outline.
Habitat
The Harlequin Rasbora inhabits streams and other watercourses characterised principally by low mineral content, high concentrations of dissolved humic acids, a consequence of those waters flowing through peat swamp forestPeat swamp forest
Peat swamp forests are tropical moist forests where waterlogged soils prevent dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing, which over time creates a thick layer of acidic peat...
s. The waterlogged soils of these forests inhibit the complete decay of leaf litter, and result in the formation of peat
Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
, which leaches humic acids and related compounds into the watercourses flowing through these forests. The conditions thus resemble those found on a different continent, namely the blackwater habitats of South America, and the water chemistry of the Asian habitats of the Harlequin Rasbora is accordingly similar to that of the Rio Negro.
Aquarium Maintenance
Despite the relatively uniform water chemistry of its various habitats, the Harlequin Rasbora is an adaptable fish in the aquarium, provided that migration of the fishes to waters of differing chemical parameters is conducted with due care. The fish will live in an aquarium in waters ranging from a pH of 6.0 to 7.8, and hardness ranges from zero to 15°dH. However, whilst for maintenance purposes water chemistry is not critical provided that cleanliness of the aquarium is maintained, for breeding purposes the water chemistry becomes considerably more so (see below). The temperature range of the Harlequin Rasbora is usually cited as 22°C to 27°C (72°F to 81°F) (for example, Walker, 1971, p.101) but the fish is capable of living in temperatures from 21°C to 28°C, and indeed usually breeds at around 28°C (82.4°F).The Harlequin Rasbora is a shoaling fish, and should be kept in a group comprising a minimum of six individuals, though shoals of larger numbers are preferable not only from the standpoint of the well-being of the fish, but from an aesthetic standpoint - a large shoal of Harlequin Rasboras presents a striking vista even to non-fishkeepers, and their active disposition in the water adds to the spectacle. Being a peaceful species, the Harlequin Rasbora may be maintained in a community aquarium setup with other similarly sized and peaceful aquarium fishes, including many of the small Characins from South America (the similarity in water chemistry of the two habitats for these different fishes has already been covered), assorted small Barbs, Danios, other small Rasboras, Corydoras catfishes, Otocinclus catfishes and others.
An aquarium intended to house Harlequin Rasboras should be planted with live plants, with some open areas for swimming provided between stands of plants such as Cryptocoryne
Cryptocoryne
Cryptocoryne is a genus of about 50-60 species of aquatic monocot plants from the family Araceae . The genus is naturally distributed in tropical regions of Asia and New Guinea....
species, these being among the plants that inhabit the Harlequin Rasbora's native waters. Likewise, some Asiatic species of Aponogeton
Aponogeton
Aponogeton is a genus of 45 - 50 species of flowering plants, the only genus of the family Aponogetonaceae. The Aponogetonaceae is considered to be allied to the Potamogetonaceae - Najadaceae complex of families....
may be utilised. Bushy plants such as Cabomba
Cabomba
Cabomba is an aquatic plant genus, one of two belonging to the family Cabombaceae. It has divided submerged leaves in the shape of a fan and is much favoured by aquarists as an ornamental and oxygenating plant for fishtanks...
may also be used in the aquarium, but this genus of plants requires intense lighting, while the Cryptocoryne and Aponogeton species prefer more subdued lighting, as does the Harlequin Rasbora, so if the aquarist wishes to have a variety of plants in the aquarium, other species that prefer subdued lighting are better choices. Filtration should provide modest currents (most of the home watercourses inhabited by the fish are relatively slow moving) but still provide sufficient filtration turnover to maintain aquarium cleanliness.
Feeding the Harlequin Rasbora presents no problems to the aquarist, as the fish enthusiastically accepts prepared foods, though for best health, a variety of these should be given, preferably interspersed with feedings of live foods such as Daphnia
Daphnia
Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style...
. For breeding purposes, conditioning with live foods is likely to boost success by a considerable margin, though even heavy live feeding will not induce spawning if the water chemistry is incorrect (see below). If available, mosquito larvae make an excellent conditioning food for this species.
The lifespan of the Harlequin Rasbora has not been systematically determined, but individuals in the aquarium can be expected, with good care, to live for 5 to 6 years.
Reproduction
The breeding aquarium for the Harlequin Rasbora requires the presence of suitable plants - Cryptocoryne species being the premier choice. The water in the breeding aquarium MUST be soft and acidic, as the fishes are unlikely to spawn in hard, alkaline water, and furthermore egg fertility appears to be adversely affected in such conditions even if the parents do spawn. Aquarists intent upon simulating natural conditions as closely as possible may choose to filter the aquarium water over peat, thus replicating the humic acid concentrations found in the fish's native waters, though this is not absolutely necessary if the basic water chemistry parameters (no higher than 4°dH hardness, pH around 6.4) are correctly maintained. Temperature for breeding should be 28°C(82.4°F), and the parent fishes should be conditioned heavily with live foods such as Daphnia and mosquito larvae prior to the spawning attempt. Once spawning is completed, the parent fishes should be removed from the breeding aquarium to prevent instances of egg eating, which may occur with this species.
An excellent illustration (black-and-white photo) may be found in William T. Innes' book Exotic Aquarium Fishes on page 171, illustrating the inverted position adopted by the female during the preparation for spawning.
Development
Fertile Harlequin Rasbora eggs require approximately 18 hours to hatch at a temperature of 28°C. Upon hatching, the fry are translucent, around 3 to 4 millimetres long, and remain attached to the leaf upon which the eggs were laid for a further 12 to 24 hours, during which the yolk sac is absorbed. Once this process is completed, the fishes become free-swimming, and at this stage, require very fine sizes of food such as live infusoriaInfusoria
Infusoria is a collective term for minute aquatic creatures like ciliates, euglenoids, protozoa, and unicellular algae that exist in freshwater ponds...
for a period of 7 to 14 days, after which the fry are able to feed upon newly hatched Brine Shrimp
Brine shrimp
Artemia is a genus of aquatic crustaceans known as brine shrimp. Artemia, the only genus in the family Artemiidae, has changed little externally since the Triassic period...
. If infusoria are unavailable, commercial prepared foods for egglayer fry may also be used.
The Harlequin Rasbora takes approximately 8 to 10 weeks for the fry to assume full adult colouration.